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This page is about the racial classification of Indian Americans, as viewed by U. S. courts, agencies, institutions, and self-identification. For anthropological racial classifications of Indians in general, see Racial groups of India. Various attempts have been made under the British Raj and later times to classify the population of India according to a racial typology.
Racial classification of Indian** immigrants by the U. S. judiciary[1]
[2]
YearCaseJudgementRationale
1909In re Balsaraprobably not Whitecongressional intent
1910U. S. v. DollaWhitevisual inspection of skin
1910U. S. v. BalsaraWhitescientific evidence, congressional intent
1913In re Akhay Kumar MozumdarWhitelegal precedent
1917In re Sadar Bhagwab Singhnot Whitecommon knowledge, congressional intent
1919In re Mohan SinghWhitescientific evidence, legal precedent
1920In re ThindWhitelegal precedence
1923U.S. v. Thindnot Whitecommon knowledge, congressional intent
1923U. United States v Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 US 204 ( 1923) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court decided that Bhagat Singh S. v. Akhaykumar Mozumdarnot Whitelegal precedent
1925U. S. v. Alinot White***common knowledge
1928U. S. v. Gokhalenot Whitelegal precedent
1939Wadia v. U. Snot Whitecommon knowledge
1942Kharaiti Ram Samras v. U. Snot Whitelegal precedent
** Court opinions and decisions on the racial classification of Indians, the last of which was in 1942, were made before formal Indian independence in 1947. While often not clear, it was generally assumed at the time that by Indians the courts meant all those originally from the Indian subcontinent, the union of British India and Princely States. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British
*** 1925 decision ruled specifically against Punjabis while other rulings were generally regarding all Indians, which is understood to have meant all those originally from the region of South Asia. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia.

The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions and is presently Asian. Indian Americans are Americans who are of Indian ancestry The U Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indians in the U. S. In 1923, the courts deemed Indians to not be white and be Asian instead which has continued to the present for the purposes of law. In 1980, the census bureau classified Indians as Asian, which has continued to the present for the purposes of demographics.

Contents

U. S. courts

Courts have classified Indians as white and non-white without any real pattern until the crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, which created the official stance to classify Indians as non-white. United States v Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 US 204 ( 1923) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court decided that Bhagat Singh At the time, this decision retroactively stripped Indians of citizenship and land rights. The ruling placated the Asiatic Exclusion League demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide / Hindoo Invasion (sic) alongside the pre-existing outrage at the Yellow Peril. The Asiatic Exclusion League, often abbreviated AEL, was an organization formed in the early twentieth century in the United States and Canada that aimed The Turban Tide, equally referred to as the Hindoo Invasion, was a Xenophobic perception of a mass immigration from the Indian subcontinent to the US Yellow Peril (sometimes Yellow Terror) was a color metaphor for race that originated in the late nineteenth century with Immigration of Chinese As they became classified as non-whites, Indian Americans were banned by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying white Americans in the states of Arizona, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia. Anti-miscegenation laws, also known as miscegenation laws, were laws that banned Interracial marriage and sometimes interracial sex between whites and members of other [3]

Suggestive of the poor coordination within the legal system of the early 20th century is the fact that Thind applied for and received U. S. citizenship through the state of New York a few years after his original U. S. citizenship was revoked by the U. S. Supreme Court. Numerous other instances exist of naïve clerks, or clerks acting in protest, who granted citizenship in defiance of the Supreme Court. Enthusiastic anti-Indian sentiments seemed fairly absent in New England.

U. S. Census

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

Earlier Census forms from 1980 and before listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro. [4] Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other". [5] But the 1980 census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander. " By the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry. [6][7]

The U.S. Census Bureau has changed over the years its own classification of Indians. The United States Census is a decennial Census mandated by the United States Constitution. In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were a separate category, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960, they were classified as Other Race, and in 1970, they were classified as White. Since 1980, Indians, and all other South Asians, have been classified as part of the Asian race[8]. Professor Madhulika Khandelwal, while serving on the National Board of Asian-American Studies, accredits activism as the catalyst for the 1980s U. S. Census re-classification of Indians. [9] A write-in response of "Indian" in the "Some other race" line of the US Census does not get the respondent classified as a race, since it is unspecified whether the respondent is an Asian Indian or an American Indian. [10] Accordingly, the US Census uses the term "Asian Indian" to make the group in question clear. [10]

Self-identification

On U. S. Census forms, 90% of Indian Americans self-identify as Asian Indian. The US Census includes people who wrote in Dravidian, Bharati, Indo-Aryan, Indo-Dravidian, Hindu,[11] Pacific Asian[11] (see Indo Kiwi and Indo Fijian, or East Indian in the "Some other race" section[12][13] as "Asian Indians". Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. The name India may refer to either the region of Greater India (the Indian subcontinent) or to the contemporary Republic of India contained therein A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Indo Kiwi is a term used to describe any persons of Indian or Subcontinental heritage, living in New Zealand. Indo-Fijians are Fijians who trace their ancestry to India. They number 311591 (37 The remaining self-identify as white, brown, and a small proportion as black. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Brown people or brown race is a Political, racial, ethnic, societal, and cultural classification similar to Black The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse [14] The U. S. Census classifies responses of "Aryan" as white even though responses of "Indo-Aryan" are counted as Asian. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" [13]

In 1993 the Arab American Institute proposed that the 2000 US Census make a new Middle Easterner racial category and the AAI wanted Pakistani Americans to be included in it. [15] According to the 2000 US Census, 25% of 2nd generation South Asian Americans marked the white category. (pp. 76)[14] Under the South Asian American umbrella, Pakistani Americans marked white in the 2000 US Census to a greater degree than Indian Americans. (pp. 72)[14]

References

  1. ^ Lopez, Ian Haney (1996). White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York University Press.  
  2. ^ Francis C. Assisi. Are Desis White?.
  3. ^ Loving Day: Celebrate the Legalization of Interracial Couples
  4. ^ 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www. IPUMS is an acronym for the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. ipums. org Accessed 19 Nov 2006.
  5. ^ Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution. " 2003. January 28, 2007. [1]
  6. ^ 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www. ipums. org Accessed 19 Nov 2006.
  7. ^ Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006. [2].
  8. ^ Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States Working Paper no. 76 (2005); see footnote 6 in paper
  9. ^ Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Report on Annual SASA Conference. 1996. October 26, 2006. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. way.net
  10. ^ a b Surveillance Epidemology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. 2007. May 21, 2007. [3]
  11. ^ a b University of Virginia. Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. "1990 PUMS Ancestry Codes. " 2003. August 30, 2007. [4]
  12. ^ Innovative Computing:Custom Census and Corporate Data Analysis. "Race. " August 27, 2007. [5]
  13. ^ a b University of Michigan. Census 1990: Ancestry Codes. August 27, 2007. [6]
  14. ^ a b c Morning, Ann. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. "The Racial Self-Identification of South Asians in the United States. " 2001. July 21, 2007. [7]
  15. ^ Menon, Sridevi. Duke University. "Where is West Asia in Asian America?Asia and the Politics of Space in Asian America. " 2004. April 26, 2007. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [8]

See also

This page lists the summary of congressional acts and judicial rulings affecting immigration and naturalization of Asian Americans Congressional pacts Indian Americans are Americans who are of Indian ancestry The U Akhoy Kumar Mozumdar (1864-1953 was a lecturer and writer of the New Thought Movement during the first half of twentieth-century America Race legislation in the United States has known several historical phases
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