Citizendia

Province of New York
British colony
←
1664 – 1776 →
 
→
Location of New York
A map of the Province of New York. This is a list of the various territories that have been under the political control of the United Kingdom and/or its predecessor states New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U
CapitalNew York City
Language(s)English, some Dutch
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
King
 - 1664-1685Charles II
 - 1769-1776George III
Royal Governor
 - 1664-1783List of colonial governors of New York
LegislatureNew York
 - Upper houseExecutive Council
 - Lower houseNew York Assembly
History
 - Capture of New AmsterdamAugust 27, 1664
 - New York Provincial CongressJuly 9, 1776
CurrencyPound sterling, Spanish dollar

The Province of New York (1664-1776) (Dutch: Provincie Nieuw-Nederland or Provincie New York) was a British colony which included most of the present U.S. state of New York. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital The City of New York English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places This is a list of colonial governors of the Province of New York during British rule See also Director-General of New Netherland A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The New York State Assembly is the Lower house of the New York Legislature, the state legislature of the U New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan The New York Provincial Congress (1775-1777 was an organization formed by rebels in 1775 during the American Revolution, as a replacement for the Province of New York Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency History Spain Following the introduction of the Guldengroschen in Austria in 1486 the concept of a large silver coin with high purity (sometimes known as "specie" Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The province originally included the current states of New Jersey, Delaware and Vermont, along with inland portions of Massachusetts and Maine. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The province was named for James, Duke of York and brother to Charles II in 1664, when the colony was won from the Dutch. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The New York Provincial Congress declared itself the government of the State of New York in 1776 and ratified the New York State Constitution in the following year. The New York Provincial Congress (1775-1777 was an organization formed by rebels in 1775 during the American Revolution, as a replacement for the Province of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous While the British regained New York City as its military and political base of operations in North America during the American Revolutionary War,[1][2] with a British governor technically in office, much of the remainder of the former colony fell to the Patriots. The City of New York In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" This article concerns Patriots in the American Revolution. For other uses see Patriot (disambiguation. British claims on any part of New York ended with the Treaty of Paris (1783). The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally

Contents

Geography

This English province was established within the former Dutch territory of New Netherland. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast

Counties

See also: Counties of New York
See also: List of extinct U.S. counties

The Province of New York was divided into twelve counties on November 1, 1683:

On March 12, 1772:

History

See also: History of New York City (1665-1783)

Propriety government (1664-1685)

In March, 1664, the Duke of York was granted a Proprietary colony which included New Netherland and present day Maine. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James A proprietary colony is a Colony in which one or more private land owners retain rights that are normally the privilege of the state and in all cases eventually became so New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast This charter included parts of present day Massachusetts which conflicted with its charter. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The charter allowed the traditional propriety rights and imposed the fewest restrictions upon his powers. In general terms, the charter was equivalent to a conveyance of land conferring on him the right of possession, control, and government, subject only to the limitation that the government must be consistent with the laws of England. The Duke of York never visited his colony and exercised little direct control of it. He elected to administer his government through governors, councils, and other officers appointed by himself. No provision was made for an elected assembly.

New Netherland was captured from the Dutch on August 27, 1664. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan The capture was confirmed by the Treaty of Breda in July, 1667. For other meanings see Treaty of Breda (disambiguation. The Treaty of Breda was signed at the Dutch city of Breda, July 31

In 1665, New Jersey was split off from New York to become a separate province, but the final border was not finalized until 1765 (see New York-New Jersey Line War). The New York–New Jersey Line War (also known as the NJ Line War) refers to a series of skirmishes and raids that took place for over half a century between 1701 and 1765 In 1667, the western half of Connecticut was split off to join the rest of Connecticut.

In July 1673, a Dutch fleet recaptured New York and held it until it was traded to the English by the Treaty of Westminster for Suriname in February 1674. The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 was the Peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The second grant was obtained by the Duke of York in July 1674 to perfect his title.

The first governor Richard Nicolls was known for writing the so called "Duke's Laws" which served as the first compilation of English laws in colonial New York. Richard Nicolls (born 1624 in Ampthill, Bedfordshire; died May 28, 1672 on the North Sea, off Suffolk) was the first British The British continued the Dutch policy of welcoming dissenting Christian sects, including the founders of New Rochelle. New Rochelle ( French: Nouvelle-Rochelle) is a city in the south-east portion of the U The Duke's Laws established a non-denominational state church. Governor Andros in 1674 said "permit all persons of what religion soever, quietly to inhabit within the precincts of your jurisdiction"[3] The British replaced the Dutch in their alliance with the Iroquois against New France with an agreement called the Covenant Chain. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the The Covenant Chain was an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee and the British colonies of North America.

A colonial Assembly was created in October, 1683. New York was the last of the English colonies to have an assembly. The organization and structure of British Colonial governments in America shared many attributes The assembly passed the Province of New York constitution on October 30, 1683, the first of its kind in the colonies. This constitution gave New Yorkers more rights than any other group of colonists including the protection from taxation without representation. " No taxation without representation " began as a Slogan in the period 1763–1776 that summarized a primary grievance of the British Colonists On November 1, 1683, the government was reorganized, and the state was divided into twelve counties, each of which was subdivided into towns. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan Ten of those counties still exist (see below), but two (Cornwall and Dukes) were in territory purchased by the Duke of York from the Earl of Stirling, and are no longer within the territory of the State of New York, having been transferred by treaty to Massachusetts, Dukes in 1686 and Cornwall in 1692. Cornwall County was a county of the former Province of New York, established on 1665-09-05 from of land that had been granted to the Duke of York in modern Maine Dukes County New York was formed on November 1, 1683 by New York from the Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Earl of Stirling was a title in the Peerage of Scotland created on 14 June 1633, along with the titles Viscount Canada and Lord Alexander The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. While the number of counties has been increased to 62, the pattern still remains that a town in New York State is a subdivision of a county, similar to New England.

An act of the assembly in 1683 naturalized all those of foreign nations then in the colony professing Christianity. To encourage immigration, it also provided that foreigners professing Christianity may, after their arrival, be naturalized if they took the oath of allegiance as required.

Royal province (1685-1783)

New York became a royal province in February, 1685 when the Duke of York was crowned King James II of England. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James James II did not approve the New York constitution and declared it void in October, 1685. The charter assembly did not meet after 1685.

In May, 1688 the province was made of part of the Dominion of New England. The Dominion of New England in America (1686-1689 was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America In April, 1689, when news that King James II of England had been overthrown in the Glorious Revolution arrived, Bostonians overthrew their government and imprisoned their governor. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union The province of New York rebelled in May in what is know as Leisler's Rebellion. Leisler's Rebellion was an uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 King William's War with France began during which the French attacked Schenectady. The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War ( 1689 – 1697) was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North The Schenectady Massacre was an attack against the village of Schenectady in the colony of New York on 1690-02-08. In July, New York participated in a abortive attack on Montreal and Quebec. A new governor Henry Sloughter arrived in March, 1691. Henry Sloughter (died 1691) was briefly colonial Governor of New York in 1691 and he put down the Leisler's Rebellion. He had Jacob Leisler arrested, tried, and executed. Jacob Leisler (ca 1640 - May 16, 1691) was a German -born American colonist

New York's charter and constitution was re-enacted in 1691 and was the constitution of the province until the creation of the State of New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

In the 1690s, New York City was the largest importer of the colonies of slaves and a supply port for pirates.

During Queen Anne's War with France from 1702 to 1713, the province had little involvement with the military operations, but benefited from being a supplier to the British fleet. Queen Anne's War ( 1702 &ndash 1713) was the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and England (later New York militia participated in two abortive attacks on Quebec in 1709 and 1711.

The first wave of Palatine German emigrants arrived in 1710. The Poor Palatines were some 13000 German refugees from the Upper Rhine who fled to England between May and November 1709 Initially they were employed in the production of naval stores.

The first newspaper was started in 1725.

There were two notable slaves revolts in New York City in 1712 and 1741. The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City of 23 enslaved African Americans in which nine whites were shot stabbed or beaten to The Heavy slave imports occurred in the 1720s through 1740s.

King George's War

Main article: King George's War

This province, as a British colony, fought against the French during King George's War. King George's War is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the 1740&ndash1748 War of the Austrian Succession. King George's War is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the 1740&ndash1748 War of the Austrian Succession. The assembly was determined to control expenditures for this war and only weak support was given. When the call came for New York to help raise an expeditionary force against Louisburg, the New York assembly refused to raise troops and only appropriated a token three thousand pounds. [4]The assembly was opposed to a significant war effort because it would interrupt trade with Quebec and would result in higher taxes. The French in 1745 destroyed the New York settlement of Saratoga, killing and capturing more than one hundred persons. After this attack the assembly was more generous and raised 1,600 men and forty thousand pounds. [5]New York was unique among the continental colonies in that it had four companies of regulars permanently stationed in the province. They were little used and were disbanded in 1763.

French and Indian War

Main article: French and Indian War

In 1754, the Albany Congress took place in Albany and discussed a failed plan of union of the British colonies. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Albany Congress, also known as the Albany Conference, was a meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically

Upstate New York was the scene of fighting during the French and Indian War, with British and French forces contesting control of Lake Champlain in association with Native American allies. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet and other agents brought about the participation of the Iroquois. Sir William Johnson 1st Baronet (1715 &ndash 11 July 1774) founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army

One of the largest impressment operations occurred in New York City in the spring of 1757 when three thousand British troops cordoned off the city and impressed nearly eight hundred persons they found in taverns and other gathering places of sailors. Impressment (colloquially " the Press " or " press-ganging " is the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy usually [6] New York City was the centre for privateering. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Forty New York ships were commissioned as privateers in 1756 and in the spring of 1757 it was estimated the value of French prizes brought into New York City was two hundred thousand pounds. By 1759, the seas had been cleaned of French vessels and the privateers were diverted into traded with the enemy. The ending of the war caused a severe recession in New York.

Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet negotiated an end to Pontiac's Rebellion and promoted the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix to protect the Indians from further English settlement. Sir William Johnson 1st Baronet (1715 &ndash 11 July 1774) founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after The Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was an important Treaty between North American Indians and the British Empire.

Political Parties

During the middle years of the 1700s, politics in New York revolved around the rivalry of two great families, the Livingstons and the DeLanceys. The Livingston family of New York was a prominent family which migrated from Scotland to the Dutch Republic to the Province of New York in the Both of these families had amassed considerable fortunes. New York City had an inordinate influence on New York politics because several of the assembly members lived in New York City rather than in their district. In the 1752 election DeLancey's relatives and close friends controlled 12 out of the 27 seats in the assembly. The DeLanceys lost control of the assembly in the election of 1761. Governor Cadwallader Colden tried to organize a popular party to oppose the great families, thus earning the hatred of the city elite of both parties. Cadwallader Colden ( February 7, 1688 &ndash September 20, 1776) was a Physician, Farmer, surveyor, The Livingstons looked to the imperial ties as a means of controlling the influence of James DeLancey and his faction. Captain James DeLancey (1732 to 8 April 1800) was born in New York City in 1732 and died in Bath Somerset on 8 April 1800 The DeLancey's regarded imperial ties to be a tool for personal advantage.

Stamp Act

See also: Stamp Act 1765

Parliament passed the Stamp Act 1765 to raise money from the colonies. The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III c The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III c New York had previously passed its own stamp act from 1756 to 1760 to raise money for the French and Indian war. The extraordinary response to the Stamp Act can only be explained by the build-up of antagonisms on local issues. [7] New York was experiencing a severe recession from the effects of the end of the French and Indian war. The colonies were experiencing the effects of a very tight monetary policy caused by the trade deficient with Britain, a fiscal crisis in Britain restricting credit, and the Currency Act which prevented the issuing of paper currency to provide liquidity. The Currency Act of 1764 is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 4 Geo

From the outset, New York led the protests in the colonies. Both New York political factions opposed the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III c In October, on the site of what is now Federal Hall in New York City, representatives of several colonies met in the Stamp Act Congress to discuss their response. Federal Hall, located at 26 Wall Street in New York City, was the first capitol of the United States of America and the site of George Washington The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in the building that would become Federal Hall in New York City in October of 1765 consisting of delegates from 9 of the 13 colonies The New York assembly petitioned the British House of Commons on December 11, 1865 for the Americans right of self taxation. In August, the intimidation and beating of stamp agents was widely reported, and caused the New York stamp commissioner to resign his job.

The act went into effect on November 1. The day before James DeLancey organized a meeting at Burns Tavern of the New York City merchants where it was agreed to boycott all British imports until the Stamp Act was repealed. Captain James DeLancey (1732 to 8 April 1800) was born in New York City in 1732 and died in Bath Somerset on 8 April 1800 A leading moderate group opposing the Stamp Act were the local Sons of Liberty headed by Isaac Sears, John Lamb, and Alexander McDougall. The Sons of Liberty was a Secret organization of American Patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. Isaac Sears (1730 &ndash 1786 was an American merchant sailor and political figure who played an important role in the American Revolution. John Lamb (1735-1800 was an American soldier politician and Anti-Federalist organizer Alexander McDougall (about 1731&ndash1786 was an American seaman merchant a Sons of Liberty leader from New York City before and during the American Revolution Historian Gary B. Nash wrote of what was called the “General Terror of November 1-4”:[8]

But New York’s plebian element was not yet satisfied. Going beyond the respectable leaders of the Sons of Liberty, the lower orders rampaged through the town for four days. Some two thousand strong, they threatened the homes of suspected sympathizers of British policy, attacked the house of the famously wealthy governor Cadwallader Colden, paraded his effigy around town, and built a monstrous bonfire in the Bowling Green into which the shouting crowd hurled the governor’s luxurious two sleighs and horse-drawn coach. [9]

Historian Fred Anderson contrasted the mob actions in New York with those in Boston. In Boston, after the inital unrest, local leaders such as the Loyal Nine (a precursor to the Sons of Liberty) were able to take control of the mob. In New York, however, the "mob was largely made up of seamen, most of whom lacked deep community ties and felt little need to submit to the authority of the city's shorebound radical leaders. " The New York Sons of Liberty did not take control of the opposition until after November 1. [10]

On November 1, the crowd destroyed a warehouse and the house of Thomas James, commander at Fort George. Washington Heights is a New York City neighborhood in the northern reaches of the borough of Manhattan. A few days later the stamps stored at Fort George were surrendered to the mob. Nash notes that, “whether the Sons of Liberty could control the mariners, lower artisans, and laborers remained in doubt,” and “they came to fear the awful power of the assembled lower-class artisans and their maritime compatriots. ”[11]

On January 7, 1766, the ship "Polly" carrying stamps for Connecticut was boarded in New York City harbour and the stamps destroyed. Up to the end of 1765 the Stamp Act disturbances had largely been confined to New York City, but in January the Sons of Liberty also stopped the distribution of stamps in Albany.

In May, 1766, when news arrived of the repeal of the Stamp Act the Sons of Liberty celebrated by the erection of a Liberty Pole. A Liberty pole is a tall wooden pole often used as a type of flagstaff planted in the ground which may be surmounted by an ensign or a liberty cap (see Phrygian cap) It became a rallying point for mass meetings and an emblem of the American cause. In June, two regiments of British regulars arrived in New York City and were quartered in the upper barracks. These troops cut down the liberty pole on August 10. A second and third pole were erected and also cut down. A fourth pole was erected and encased in iron to prevent similar action.

In 1766, widespread tenant uprisings occurred in the countryside north of New York City centered on the Livingston estates. They marched on New York City expecting the Sons of Liberty to support them. Instead the Sons of Liberty blocked the roads and the leader of the tenants was convicted of treason.

Quartering Act

See also: Quartering Act

In the last years of the French and Indian War London approved a policy of keeping twenty regiments in the colonies to police and defend the back country. Quartering Act is the name of at least two acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The enabling legislation took the form of the Quartering Act which required colonial legislatures to provide quarters and supplies for the troops. Quartering Act is the name of at least two acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Quartering Act stirred little controversy and New Yorkers were ambivalent about the presence of the troops. The assembly had provided barracks and provisions every year since 1761. The tenant riots of 1766 showed the need for a police force in the colony. The Livingston controlled New York assembly passed a quartering bill in 1766 to provide barracks and provisions in New York City and Albany which satisfied most, but not all of the requirements of the Quartering Act. London suspended the assembly for failure to comply fully, and Governor Moore dissolved the House of Assembly, February 6, 1768. The next month New Yorkers went to the polls for a new assembly. In this election, with the Sons of Liberty support, the DeLancey faction gained seats, but not enough for a majority. The Sons of Liberty was a Secret organization of American Patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution.

The Assembly was also temporarily suspended for failure to comply with the Quartering Act in 1769. Quartering Act is the name of at least two acts of the Parliament of Great Britain.

Townshend Acts

In 1768, a letter voted by the Massachusetts assembly called for the universal boycott of British imports in opposition to the Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts (1767 passed by Parliament on 29 June 1767 refer to two Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1767 originally proposed by Charles In October, the merchants of New York City agreed on the condition that the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia also agreed. In December, the assembly passed a resolution which stated the colonies were entitled to self-taxation. Governor Moore declared the resolution repugnant to the laws of England and dissolved the assembly. The DeLancey faction, again with Sons of Liberty support, won a majority in the assembly.

In the spring of 1769, New York was in a depression, from the recall of paper boycott and the British boycott. By the Currency Act New York was required to recall all paper money. The Currency Act of 1764 is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 4 Geo London allowed the issuance of additional paper money, but the attached conditions were unsatisfactory. While New York was boycotting British imports other colonies including Boston and Philadelphia were not. The DeLancy's tried to reach a compromise by passing a bill which allowed for the issuing of paper currency of which half was for provisioning of the troops. Alexander McDougall, signed a 'Son of Liberty', issued a broadside entitled To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York which was a excellent piece of political propaganda denouncing the DeLancey's for betraying the liberties of the people by acknowledging the British power of taxation. Alexander McDougall (about 1731&ndash1786 was an American seaman merchant a Sons of Liberty leader from New York City before and during the American Revolution The Sons of Liberty switched their allegiance from the DeLancey's to the Livingstons. Alexander McDougall was arrested for libel.

Conflict between the Sons of Liberty and the troops in New York City erupted with the Battle of Golden Hill on January 19, 1770 where troops cut down the fourth Liberty Pole which had been erected in 1767. The Battle of Golden Hill was a clash between British Soldiers and British colonists that occurred on January 19 1770 in New York City Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday A Liberty pole is a tall wooden pole often used as a type of flagstaff planted in the ground which may be surmounted by an ensign or a liberty cap (see Phrygian cap)

In July, 1770, the merchants of New York City decided to resume trade with Britain when news arrived of Parliament's plan to repeal the Townshend Duties and to give permission for New York to issue some paper currency. The Sons of Liberty were strongly opposed to the resumption of trade. The merchants twice polled their members and went door to door polling residents of New York City and all polls were overwhelming in support of resumption of trade. This was perhaps the first public opinion poll in American history. [12]

Tea Act

See also: Tea Act

New York was peaceful after the repeal of the Townshead Act, but the economy of New York was still in a slump. The Tea Act was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (13 Geo III c In May, 1773 Parliament passed the Tea Act cutting the duty on tea and enabling the East India company to sell tea in the colonies cheaper than the smugglers could. The Tea Act was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (13 Geo III c This act primarily hurt the New York merchants and smugglers. The Sons of Liberty were the organizers of the opposition and in November, 1773 they published Association of the Sons of Liberty of New York in which anyone who assisted in support of the act would be a "enemy to the liberties of America". As a result the New York East India agents resigned. The New York assembly took no action in regard to the Sons of Liberty assumption of extra-legal powers. The New York City Sons of Liberty learned of Boston's plan to stop the unloading of any tea and resolved to also follow this policy. Since the Association had not obtained the support they had expected, the Sons of Liberty were afraid that if the tea was landed the population would demand its distribution for retail. [13]

In December, news arrived of the Boston Tea Party strengthened opposition. The Boston Tea Party was an act of Direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many In April, 1774, The ship Nancy arrived in New York harbour for repairs. The Captain admitted that he had 18 chest of tea on board and he agreed that he would not attempt to have the tea landed, but the Sons of Liberty boarded the ship regardless and destroyed the tea.

Intolerable Acts

In January 1774, the Assembly created a Committee of Correspondence to correspond with other colonies in regard to the Intolerable Acts. The committees of correspondence were bodies organized by the local governments of the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution for the purposes of coordinating The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies

In May, 1774, news arrived of the Boston Port Act which closed the port of Boston. The Sons of Liberty were in favour of resumption of a trade boycott with Britain, but there was strong resistance from the large importers. In May, a meeting in New York City was called in which members were selected for a Committee of Correspondence. The committees of correspondence were bodies organized by the local governments of the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution for the purposes of coordinating The Committee of Fifty was formed which was dominated with moderates, the Sons of Liberty only obtained 15 members. The Committee of Sixty was an extra-legal group formed in New York City, in 1775 by rebels to enforce the Continental Association, a boycott of British Isaac Low was the chairman. Isaac Low ( April 13, 1735, Raritan Landing, New Jersey &ndash July 25, 1791, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom Francis Lewis was added to create the Committee of Fifty-One. Francis Lewis ( March 21, 1713 &ndash December 30, 1803) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence The group adopted a resolution which said Boston was "suffering in the defence of the rights of America" and proposed the formation of a Continental Congress. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the In July, the committee select five of their members as delegates to this congress. Some of the other counties also sent delegates to the First Continental Congress which was held in September. The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British North American colonies that met on September 5 1774 in The New York delegates were unable to stop the adoption at the congress of the Articles of Association. The Continental Association, often known simply as the "Association" was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott These articles were generally ignored in New York.

In January and February, 1775, the New York Assembly voted down successive resolutions approving the proceedings of the First Continental Congress and refused to send delegates to the Second Continental Congress. The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British North American colonies that met on September 5 1774 in The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania New York was the only colonial assembly which did not approve the proceeds of the First Continental Congress. Opposition to the Congress revolved around the opinion that the provincial houses of assembly were the proper agencies to solicit redress for grievances. In March, the Assembly broke with the rest of the colonies and wrote a petition to London, but London rejected the petition because it contained claims about a lack of authority of the "parent state" to tax colonists, "which made it impossible" to accept. The Assembly last met on April 3, 1775. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Provincial Congress

Main article: New York Provincial Congress

In April, 1775, the rebels formed the New York Provincial Congress as a replacement for the New York Assembly. The New York Provincial Congress (1775-1777 was an organization formed by rebels in 1775 during the American Revolution, as a replacement for the Province of New York The New York Provincial Congress (1775-1777 was an organization formed by rebels in 1775 during the American Revolution, as a replacement for the Province of New York News of battle of Lexington and Concord reached New York on April 23, which stunned the city since rumour was that Parliament was to grant the colonies self-taxation. A mob broke into the Arsenal at City Hall and removed 1,000 stand of arms. The armed citizens formed a voluntary corps to govern the city with Isaac Sears's house the de facto seat of government and militia headquarters. Isaac Sears (1730 &ndash 1786 was an American merchant sailor and political figure who played an important role in the American Revolution. The New York executive council meet on April 24 and their opinion was that "we were unanimously of opinion that we had no power to do anything"[14] The British troops in New York City never left their barracks.

On October 19, 1775 Governor William Tryon was forced to leave New York City for a British warship offshore effectively ending British rule of the colony when the Continental Congress ordered the arrest of anyone endangering the safety of the colony. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a William Tryon ( June 8, 1729 – January 27, 1788) was colonial Governor of the Province of North Carolina (1765-1771 and In April, 1776 Tryon dissolved the New York assembly.

The British recaptured the city in September 1776 in the New York and New Jersey campaign, and placed the province under martial law under the command of James Robertson. The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of battles in the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir William Howe General James Robertson (1710-1788 was the civil governor of the Province of New York from 1779 to 1783. Tryon retained his title of governor, but with little power. After its reoccupation, New York City became the headquarters for the British army in America. The British cut down the Liberty Pole in 1776. Loyalist refugees flooded into the city raising its population to 33,000. The British retained control of New York City until November, 1783.

The state was located in the Northern theatre of the American Revolutionary War and it fought for independence from Britain in cooperation with the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies. The Northern theatre of the American Revolutionary War also known as the Northern Department of the Continental Army was a theatre of operations during the American The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the

Politics and Government

See also: Colonial government in America

The governor of New York was royally appointed. The organization and structure of British Colonial governments in America shared many attributes The governor selected his Executive Council which served as the upper house. The governor and king had veto power over the assembly's bills. However, all bills were effective until royal disapproval had occurred which could take up to a year. During King George's War, the governor approved two assembly initiatives; that the colony's revenue be approved annually rather than every five years and that the assembly must approve the purpose of each allocation. King George's War is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the 1740&ndash1748 War of the Austrian Succession. Elections to the house of assembly were initially held whenever the governor pleased, but eventually a law was passed requiring an election at least once every seven years. New York City was the seat of government and where the New York assembly met.

Between 1692 and 1694 the governor of New York was also the governor of Pennsylvania. From 1698 to 1701 the governor was also the governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. From 1702 to 1738 he was also the governor of New Jersey.

Representation in the assembly in 1683 was six for Long Island, four for New York City, two for Kingston, two for Albany, one for each of Staten Island, Schenectady, Martha's vineyard and Nantucket and one for Pemequid on the Maine coast. In 1737, the assembly was expanded to 27 and in 1773 to 31.

Voters were required to have have a £40 freehold, in addition to requirements related to age, sex, and religion. The £40 freehold requirement was often ignored. Jews were not allowed to vote between 1737 and 1747. In rural counties slightly more than half the males could vote. No secret ballot safeguarded the independence of the voters. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential The elections were held at the county town, under the supervision of the sheriff and sometimes at such short notice that many of the voting population could not get to the polls. The candidates were usually at the polls and the vote was taken by a show of hands unless this vote did not result in a clear winner.

Demographics

Upstate New York (as well as parts of present Ontario, Quebec, Pennsylvania, and Ohio) were occupied by the Five Nations (after 1720 becoming Six Nations, when joined by Tuscarora) of the Iroquois Confederacy for at least a half millennium before the Europeans came. The Tuscarora ("hemp gatherers" are an American Indian tribe with members in New York, Canada, and North Carolina. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse

YearPopulation
166410,000
168820,000
169818,067
171531,000
172340,564
173150,289
174973,448
175696,775
1774182,251

[15]

See also: Slavery in the colonial United States

Footnotes

  1. ^ Schecter, Barnet. The origins of Slavery in the colonial United States are complex and there are several theories that have been proposed to explain the trade The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution. Walker & Company. New York. October 2002. ISBN: 0-8027-1374-2
  2. ^ McCullough, David. 1776. Simon & Schuster. New York. May 24, 2005. ISBN: 978-0743226714
  3. ^ Kammen, pg. 86
  4. ^ Nash (1986), pg. 109
  5. ^ Nash (1986), pg. 110
  6. ^ Nash (1986) pg. 151
  7. ^ Nash (1986), pg. 184
  8. ^ Nash (2005) pg. 55
  9. ^ Nash (2005) pg. 54. Nash (pg. 58) also wrote, “I New York City . . . the Stamp Act demonstrators were led at first by men higher up on the social order -- ship captains, master craftsmen, and even lawyers, but then escaped their control. ”
  10. ^ Anderson pg. 678-679
  11. ^ Nash (2005) pg. 55
  12. ^ Nash (1986), pg. 234
  13. ^ Launitz-Schurer, pg. 103
  14. ^ Launitz-Schurer, pg. 158
  15. ^ Greene

References

See also

External links

New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous This is a list of colonial governors of the Province of New York during British rule See also Director-General of New Netherland
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic