Proto-Indo-European root

The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic morphemes carrying a lexical meaning. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions By addition of suffixes, they form stems, and by addition of desinences, these form grammatically inflected words (nouns or verbs). In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word In Linguistics, a stem (sometimes also theme) is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs.

PIE roots are subject to ablaut, and except for a very few cases, the root is fully characterized by its constituent consonants, while the vowel may alternate. In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i PIE roots as a rule have a single syllabic core, and by ablaut may either be monosyllabic or unsyllabic.

PIE roots may be of the following form (where K is a voiceless stop, G an unaspirated and G^h an aspirated stop, R a sonorant (r, l, m, n, w, y) and H a fricative (either laryngeal or s)

stops	-	K-	G-	G^h-
-	[HR]e[RH]	K[R]e[RH]	G[R]e[RH]	G^h[R]e[RH]
-K	[HR]e[RH]K	-	G[R]e[RH]K	G^h[R]e[RH]K
-G	[HR]e[RH]G	K[R]e[RH]G	-	G^h[R]e[RH]G
-G^h	[HR]e[RH]G^h	K[R]e[RH]G^h	G[R]e[RH]G^h	-

A root has at least one consonant, in some theories at least two (*h₁eḱ vs. eḱ "quick"). Depending on the interpretation of laryngeals, some roots seem to have an inherent a or o vowel, *ar- (vs. *h₂ar-) "fit", *ongʷ (vs. *h₃engʷ) "anoint", *bʰag "consume", *aḱ (vs. *h₂eḱ) "keen".

By "root extension", a basic CeC (with C being any consonant) pattern may be extended to CeC-C, and an s mobile may extend it to s-CeC. In Indo-European studies, the term s -mobile ( mobile pronounced as in Italian; the word is a Latin neuter adjective designates the phenomenon

References

Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots: Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin, September 14, 2000 - ISBN 0-395-98610-9
Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages: A contribution to the history of ideas, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (June 15, 1988) - ISBN 0-226-07937-6
Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959). Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen ("Outline of the comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages " is The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative The Indogermanisches Wörterbuch ( "Indo-European Dictionary") is an Etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European language by The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben ( LIV, "Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs") is an Etymological dictionary of the In Indo-European studies, the term s -mobile ( mobile pronounced as in Italian; the word is a Latin neuter adjective designates the phenomenon The Verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language was a complex system that utilized multiple Grammatical moods voices, with words being Proto-Indo-European nouns were declined for eight cases ( Nominative, accusative, Genitive, dative, instrumental, Ablative In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i Calvert Watkins is a Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and the Classics at Harvard University and professor-in-residence at UCLA. Carl Darling Buck ( October 2, 1866 - February 8, 1955) American Philologist, was born in Bucksport Maine. Julius Pokorny ( 12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative
Rix et al. , Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben (1998, 2001). The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben ( LIV, "Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs") is an Etymological dictionary of the

External links

v • d • e Indo-European studies
Language \| Phonology \| s-mobile \| Sound laws
Ablaut \| Nouns \| Numerals \| Pronouns and particles \| Roots \| Verbs

Indo-European studies is a field of Linguistics dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct See also Proto-Indo-European language The Phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE has been reconstructed by linguists based on In Indo-European studies, the term s -mobile ( mobile pronounced as in Italian; the word is a Latin neuter adjective designates the phenomenon As the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE broke up its sound system diverged as well according to various Sound laws in the daughter languages. In Linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of Vowel gradation (i Proto-Indo-European nouns were declined for eight cases ( Nominative, accusative, Genitive, dative, instrumental, Ablative The Proto-Indo-European numerals are generally reconstructed as follows Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers See also Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. The Verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language was a complex system that utilized multiple Grammatical moods voices, with words being

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