Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations: sometimes in favor, though more often opposed. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly and forcefully making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or may undertake direct action to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. [1]
Self-expression can, in theory, in practice or in appearance, be restricted by governmental policy, economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient When such restrictions occur, opposition may spill over into other areas such as culture, the streets or emigration. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia.
A protest can itself sometimes be the subject of a counter-protest. In such a case, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest.
Historical notions
Unaddressed protest may grow and widen into dissent, activism, riots, insurgency, revolts, and political and/or social revolution, as in:
- Northern Europe in the early 16th century (Protestant Reformation)
- North America in the 1770s (American Revolution)
- France in 1789 (French Revolution)
- The Haymarket riot, 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement
- Martin Luther King's 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil Rights Movement
- SOS (Save Our Sons) were moderate middle class women who would hold silent protest vigils-founded in 1965
- The Stonewall riots in 1969 protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City
- The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
- The many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s
- The Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization
- Anti-globalization Protests in Prague in 2000
- Serbia in 2000
- Feb. 15, 2003 Iraq War Protest - 6-10 million in 60 countries
Forms of protest
Commonly recognized forms of protest include:
Public demonstration or political rally
Some forms of direct action listed in this article are also public demonstrations or rallies. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people
- Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people. A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence.
- Picketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.
- Street protesters, characteristically, work alone, gravitating towards areas of high foot traffic, and employing handmade placards such as sandwich boards or picket sign's in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public. Street protesting is a form of individual public demonstration, more prevalent in larger cities. A sandwich board is a type of Advertisement composed of two boards (holding a message or graphic and being either Carried by a person with one board one in
- Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). Die-ins are a form of Protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or (usually "bloody") bandages are used.
- Protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of Economic Assets and Income. Incarceration is the detention of a person in Jail or Prison.
- Radical cheerleading The idea is to ironically reappropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Chant (from Old French chanter) is the Rhythmic speaking or Singing of Words or Sounds often primarily on one or two Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader. Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives
Written demonstration
Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.
- Petitions
- Letters (to show political power by the volume of letters): For example, some letter writing campaigns especially with signed form letter
Civil disobedience demonstrations
Any protest could be civil disobedience if a “ruling authority” says so, but the following are usually civil disobedience demonstrations:
- Public nudity or topfree (to protest indecency laws or as a publicity stunt for another protest such as a war protest) or animal mistreatment (e. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Public nudity or nude in public (NIP refers to Nudity not in an entirely private context Topfreedom is a Social movement seeking the recognition of a right of women and girls to be topfree in public where men and boys have that right Decency is conformity to sociocultural standards of conduct and speech A publicity stunt is an event designed to attract the public 's attention to the promoters or their causes g. PETA's campaign against fur)
- Sit-in
- Raasta roko (people blocking auto traffic with their bodies)
- Some other publicity stunts
As a residence
- Peace camp
- Formation of a tent city
Destructive
- Riot - Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting. A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for a Protest, often to promote political social Raasta roko means "obstruct the road" in Hindi. It is a form of protest quite commonly practised in India. A publicity stunt is an event designed to attract the public 's attention to the promoters or their causes Peace camps are a form of physical Protest camp that is focused on Anti-war activity The term tent city is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using Tents. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other
- Self-immolation
Direct action
Protesting a government
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Protesting a military shipment
- Port Militarization Resistance - protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments. Port Militarization Resistance (PMR is an anti-war organization in the United States.
By government employees
Job action
In sports
During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. A bully pulpit is a Public office of sufficiently high rank that provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter Judicial activism is a pejorative term for the misuse of judicial power and is a neologism for the older classical term " board judicial review. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. A sit-down strike is a form of Civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers usually employed at a factory or other centralized location take possession of In labor disputes, a walkout is a labor strike, the act of employees collectively leaving the workplace as an act of protest Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.
By management
By tenants
By consumers
Information
- Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor
- Teach-in
- Zine
- Soapboxing
Civil disobedience to censorship
Literature, art, culture
Religious
Usage in American English
In American English, the verb protest often acts transitively: The students protested the policy. A teach-in is a method of non-violent Protest, first employed against the U A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication A soapbox is a raised Platform on which one stands to make an impromptu speech, often about a political subject Samizdat (самиздат was the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Soviet-bloc Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. In Syntax, a transitive verb is a Verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs Elsewhere one can still find intransitive usage: The students protested against the policy; or: The students protested in favor of the policy. In Grammar, an intransitive Verb does not take an object. In more technical terms an intransitive verb has only one argument (its subject
Teach-in
Early protests began with basic things such as a teach-in. These were organised from 1965 onwards, at these speakers representing different viewpoint debated issues.
Economic effects of protests against companies
A study of 342 US protests covered by the New York Times newspaper in the period 1962 and 1990 showed that such public activities usually had an impact on the company's publicly-traded stock price. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Software for Fixed assets management and Stock control developed in 2004. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings is that what mattered most was not the number of protest participants, but the amount of media coverage the event received. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event. [2]
See also
- Action on climate change
- Anti-globalization
- 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
- First Amendment to the United States Constitution
- France Protest
- Gandhigiri
- 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
- May 1968
- Police
- Port Militarization Resistance
- Protest art
- Protests against the 2003 Iraq war
- Right to protest
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
- UK fuel protests
- 2008 Republican National Convention Protest
References
- ^ St. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas In November-December 2006 the Desecration of a Ambedkar statue in Kanpur triggered off violent Protests by Dalits in Maharashtra, The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France Gandhigiri is an relatively new term in India which is used to express the tenets of Gandhism (the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi which include Satyagraha The Anti-caste-based-reservation protests 2006, that took place in parts of India, were in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India, the multiparty For other events in May 1968 see 1968. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Port Militarization Resistance (PMR is an anti-war organization in the United States. Protest art or activist art refers to the signs banners and any other form of creative expression used by Activists to convey a particular cause or message There have been considerable protests against the Iraq War in the buildup to and following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. right to protest is a perceived human right arising out of a number of recognized Human rights. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two The fuel protests in the United Kingdom were a series of Campaigns held in the United Kingdom over the cost of Petrol and Diesel for road vehicle John Barned-Smith, "How We Rage: This Is Not Your Parents' Protest," Current (Winter 2007): 17-25.
- ^ Deseret Morning News, 13 Nov. 2007 issue, p. E3, Coverage of protests hurts firms, Cornell-Y. study says, Angie Welling
External links
- Slideshow of pictures from the Amnesty International denounce torture rally at Portland, Oregon. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers
- Essay examining ICTs and protest
- High-tech protest at the 2004 Republican National Convention
- Parenting Versus Protesting: Are They Mutually Exclusive?
- Is There A Legal Age for Political Dissent? Teens at Protests!
- Important Protests Mapped on Platial.
- Why public demonstration is a useless form of activism Criticism of protesting from the libertarian think tank, the Prometheus Institute. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the
Dictionary
protest
-verb
- (intransitive) to make a strong objection
- (transitive) to affirm something
- (transitive, mostly, US) to object to.
-noun
- A formal objection, especially one by a group
- A collective gesture of disapproval, sometimes violent
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