The Progressive Party of Canada was a political party in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s. It was linked with the provincial United Farmers parties in several provinces and, in Manitoba, ran candidates and formed governments as the Progressive Party of Manitoba. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America The Progressive Party of Manitoba, Canada was a political party that developed from the United Farmers of Manitoba an agrarian movement that became politically active The party was part of a farmers political movement that included provincial Progressive and United Farmers' parties.
The United Farmers movement in Canada rose to prominence after World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All With the failure of the wartime Union government to alter a tariff structure that hurt farmers, various farmers movements across Canada became more radical and entered the political arena. The Unionist Party was formed in 1917 by Members of Parliament (MPs in Canada who supported the "Union government" formed by Sir Robert Borden For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary It was tied to the federal Progressive Party of Canada and formed provincial governments in Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America United Farmers rejected the National Policy of the Conservatives but also felt that the Liberals were not strong enough proponents of free trade and were too strongly tied to business interests. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Generally, farmers groups formed alliances with Labour and socialist groups though, in power, they became more pragmatic and closer to the Liberals causing ruptures in several provinces between United Farmer governments and their organizations. There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s
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History
Origins
The origins of the Progressive Party can, in many ways, be traced to the politics of compromise under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier. This is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada since Confederation. The most important issue to farmers in western Canada at the time was free trade with the United States. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The National Policy implemented by Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald in the 1890s forced farmers to pay higher prices for equipment, and to sell their produce for less. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister After World War I, however, neither of the major political parties supported free trade. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Western Canada at the turn of the century began to receive an influx of radical political ideas. From the United States, came Progressivism and the Non-Partisan League. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. For the adjective used to describe various United States organizations and elections see Nonpartisan. From Britain, the new immigrants brought Fabian socialism. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Fabian Society is a British Intellectual Socialist movement whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via Gradualist This mix of ideology and discontent led to much discussion of forming an independent party, especially in the "Grain Growers Guide", a magazine of the day. The first organizations of agricultural protest were the farmers’ organizations such as the Manitoba Grain Growers Association and the United Farmers of Alberta. The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA is an Agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
In the period immediately following World War I farmers organizations across Canada were becoming more politically active and were entering electoral politics on the provincial level. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The United Farmers of Ontario ran in the 1919 provincial election and won a surprise victory. The Ontario general election 1919 was the fifteenth general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada.
In June 1919 Thomas Crerar, Minister of Agriculture in the Unionist government of Robert Borden quit the Borden cabinet because Minister of Finance Thomas White introduced a budget that did not pay sufficient attention to farmers' issues. Thomas Alexander Crerar PC, CC, LLD ( June 17, 1876 &ndash April 11, 1975) was a western Canadian The Minister of Agriculture (Ministre de l’Agriculture is a Minister of the Crown in the Cabinet of Canada, who is responsible for overseeing several organizations The Unionist Party was formed in 1917 by Members of Parliament (MPs in Canada who supported the "Union government" formed by Sir Robert Borden Not to be confused with his cousin Frederick Borden, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence from 1896 to 1911 Farmer leader and MP John Archibald Maharg also withdrew his support from the government and joined Crerar and in 1919 and 1920 several by-elections were won by "United Farmers" candidates. John Archibald Maharg ( February 2 1872 - November 23 1944) was a Saskatchewan politician A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant In 1920, Crerar and his supporters founded the Progressive Party of Canada with Crerar as its first leader. The new party won 58 seats in the 1921 general election. The Canadian federal election of 1921 was held on December 6, 1921 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 14th Parliament
Elected to office
Traditionally, the Progressive Party has been viewed as a western protest party, but some now contest this. It is certain that its core of support was western. But as the 1921 election shows, the Progressives began life as a truly national movement. The Progressives won 24 of the 81 House of Commons seats in Ontario. The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and At the time, the party viewed this as a disappointing result. The Progressives received significant support in the Maritimes provinces as well, but only one seat in New Brunswick. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally At the provincial level, farmers' parties became significant presences in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's
By taking a very decentralized approach, the Progressive Party copied the method used in the United States to build a national party in the U. S. Congress. Crerar was not the national leader of the party, but only the parliamentary leader. The media regarded him as the leading spokesman of the party, although he had no official position outside of parliament. The party also had no national organization relying instead on the Canadian Council of Agriculture to provide some degree of national structure. Each candidate was free to promote any policies they desired. Support for reforming the National Policy was a common denominator, but even this was not universal within the party. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A The Progressives can barely even be called a party, and many have argued that the term "Progressive Movement" is perhaps more apt.
In the 1921 election, the Liberal Party of Canada won the largest number of seats, and formed a minority government. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or The Progressives were divided over what to do, however. A significant group of ex-Liberals, including Crerar, supported forming a coalition government with the Liberals. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate This was resisted both by Montreal interests in the Liberal Party and the radical Progressives. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Some radical Progressives, who were followers of Henry Wise Wood of the UFA, supported a very different strategy. Henry Wise Wood ( May 31, 1860 - June 10, 1941) was born in Missouri but in 1905 moved to Alberta and became president of They wished to remain a decentralized party with each member simply representing his constituents. The two groups agreed to refuse the position of Official Opposition, normally accorded to the party with the second largest number of seats , and this was passed on to the third-largest party, the Conservative Party. In Canada Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition ( French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) commonly known as the Official Opposition, is usually
Demise
Crerar attempted to introduce certain attributes of a standard party to the Progressives, including Parliamentary Whips and a national party organization. Whip is a role in party-based politics whose primary purpose is to ensure control of the formal decision-making process in a parliamentary legislature These efforts were resisted, however, and in 1922, Crerar resigned as leader. He was replaced by Robert Forke, another ex-Liberal who agreed with Crerar on most issues. Robert Forke ( April 6, 1860 &ndash February 2, 1934) was a Canadian politician The Progressives proved unsuccessful in Parliament, and lost much of their moderate support in eastern Canada. While in the 1921 election Crerar had toured the entire nation, Forke abandoned everything east of Manitoba. In the 1925 election, the Progressives lost almost all of their Ontario members, but were still moderately successful in the west. The Canadian federal election of 1925 was held on October 29 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 15th Parliament of Canada.
This left the party dominated by the radical Alberta wing. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Forke resigned as Progressive house leader on June 30, 1926, one day after Mackenzie King resigned as Prime Minister. Forke and most of the Manitoba Progressives made a deal with the Liberal Party and ran as Liberal-Progressives in the 1926 election prompted by the fall of the interim Conservative government of Arthur Meighen. Liberal-Progressive was a label used by a number of candidates in Canadian elections between 1926 and 1953 The Canadian federal election of 1926 was held on September 14 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 16th Parliament of Canada. Arthur Meighen (ˈmiən PC, QC ( June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada The Liberals were able to form a stable minority government following the 1926 election with the support of the 7 elected Liberal-Progressive MPs and Forke entered the Mackenzie King cabinet as Minister of Immigration and Colonization. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. The Minister of Immigration and Colonization was an office in the Cabinet of Canada from 1917 to 1936 The Alberta Progressives reconstituted themselves as parliamentary representatives of the United Farmers of Alberta electing 11 MPs in the 1926 election and 9 in 1930 - most of whom were members of the radical Ginger Group faction of left wing Progressive, Labour and United Farmer MPs. The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA is an Agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The Ginger Group was not a formal political party in Canada, but a faction of radical Progressive and Labour Members of Parliament The remaining UFA MPs were routed in the election of 1935 when most sitting United Farmers of Alberta MPs joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and were defeated at the polls by the Social Credit Party of Canada. The Canadian federal election of 1935 was held on October 14, 1935 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 18th Parliament The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian The Social Credit Party of Canada ( French: Parti Crédit social du Canada) was a conservative - Populist political party in Only three MPs were elected as Progressives in the 1930 election, Milton Neil Campbell and Archibald M. Milton Neil Campbell ( January 21, 1881 &ndash November 11, 1965) was a Canadian politician Carmichael of Saskatchewan and Agnes MacPhail of Ontario. Agnes Campbell Macphail (March 24 1890 &ndash February 13 1954 was the first woman to be elected to the Canadian House of Commons, and one of the first two women elected MacPhail successfully ran for re-election as a United Farmers of Ontario-Labour candidate in the 1935 election but was defeated running under the same banner in 1940. The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO were a Political party in Ontario, Canada. There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s
Legacy
After the collapse of the party, most Progressive voters returned to the Liberal Party. The Liberals had always viewed the Progressives as simply 'Liberals in a hurry', and for a large group of the party's supporters, this was true. The most important example of this return to the Liberals is T. A. Crerar, who served with the Liberals for decades, first as a cabinet minister and then as a Senator. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general
The more radical of the progressives split two ways. The Ginger Group was a faction formed in 1924 by radical Progressives and were later joined by several Labour and Independent MPs. The Ginger Group was not a formal political party in Canada, but a faction of radical Progressive and Labour Members of Parliament There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s They would eventually formed the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (the forerunner of the modern New Democratic Party). The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots
Others, especially the radical populists, would later turn towards Social Credit ideology, forming a definite line of western protest that continued to run through the Reform Party of Canada and the Canadian Alliance party. The Canadian social credit movement was a Canadian Political movement originally based on the Social Credit theory of Major C The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur Both the CCF and Social Credit had its roots in the United Farmers movement, from which a large number of MLAs were elected in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and which formed governments in Alberta, Ontario and Manitoba. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's On Manitoba, the United Farmers of Manitoba changed their name to the Progressive Party of Manitoba after coming to power in 1922. The Progressive Party of Manitoba, Canada was a political party that developed from the United Farmers of Manitoba an agrarian movement that became politically active
It could be argued that the United Farmers parties were provincial wings of the federal Progressive Party. The Conservative Party received the least of the Progressive's spoils, inheriting only the name. More important than these effects on individual parties, the Progressive Party also had a great effect on Canada's governmental system -- it was the first successful example of a third party in Canada. Despite the Duverger's Law of political science, the Canadian Parliament has always had a third, and sometimes a fourth or even fifth, party present ever since (although no third or fourth party has ever formed a national government in Canada. In Political science, Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to favor a Two-party system. ) The Progressives thus served as both a model and a cautionary tale for those that followed after. A cautionary tale is a traditional story told in Folklore, to warn its hearer of a Danger.
Party leaders
- Thomas Crerar 1920 - 1922
- Robert Forke 1922 - 1926
Election results
| Election | Party leader | # of candidates nominated | # of seats won | # of total votes | % of popular vote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | |||||
| 1925 | |||||
| 1926 | |||||
| 1930 |
Does not include MPs elected as United Farmers, Labour, Independent, Independent Progressive or other designations who may have been part of the Progressive Party caucus.
Progressive MP Agnes MacPhail was re-elected in the 1935 federal election as a United Farmers of Ontario-Labour candidate but was defeated running under the same banner in the 1940 federal election. Agnes Campbell Macphail (March 24 1890 &ndash February 13 1954 was the first woman to be elected to the Canadian House of Commons, and one of the first two women elected The Canadian federal election of 1935 was held on October 14, 1935 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 18th Parliament The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO were a Political party in Ontario, Canada. There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s The Canadian federal election of 1940 was the 19th general election in Canadian history [1]
Historiography
The study of the Progressive Party is almost wholly dominated by one author, W.L. Morton, whose 1950 book, The Progressive Party in Canada, won a Governor General's Award, and had been the principal text on the Progressive Party ever since. William Lewis Morton OC ( December 13, 1908 &ndash December 7, 1980) was a noted Canadian Historian who specialized The Governor General's Awards are named in honour of the Governor General of Canada, and are presented in a number of fields A great number of more recently published works on western politics cite only Morton’s book in their discussion of the Progressive Party. Morton, a Red Tory, wrote in the context of a seemingly spreading Social Credit movement. Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada. Morton’s book was the first in a series exploring the origins of the Social Credit movement.
Provincial parties
Newfoundland
Though not part of the United Farmers movement, or indeed a movement of farmers at all, the Fisherman's Protective Union of Newfoundland provides an interesting case that parallels that of the United Farmers. The Fishermen's Protective Union (sometimes called the Fisherman's Protective Union the FPU The Union or the Union Party) was a workers' organization and political Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation
Nova Scotia
The United Farmers of Nova Scotia was formed in January 1920 at meetings that followed the Nova Scotia Agricultural Association's convention. At an April meeting, 300 farmers approved the UFNA's constitution and the publication of a newspaper, United Farmer's Guide. The movement nominated 16 candidates and elected 7 in the 1920 general election. The 1920 Nova Scotia election was held on 27 July, 1920 to elect members of the House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada Aligning with the Independent Labour Party they formed the official opposition with 11 MLAs (elected with a 30. There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system 9% of the popular vote). [2] Daniel G. MacKenzie, a successful farmer and former and school-teacher from Malagash, was appointed party and opposition leader. [3]
The party began to lose its momentum in the fall when one of its founders, Major Hugh Dickson, was defeated in the Colchester by-election. In 1921, Nova Scotia Liberal Party Premier George Murray discredited the party in the eyes of the public when he offered to divide the government's budget surplus among members of the legislature. The Liberal Party of Nova Scotia is a political party in Nova Scotia, Canada. George Murray may refer to Lord George Murray (general (1694&ndash1760 Jacobite general Lord George Murray (bishop (1761&ndash1803 All but one United Farmer MLA accepted Murray's largesse. The revelation that MacKenzie was secretly accepted a government salary of $500 rocked the party and led to a number of MLAs defecting. By 1925 the party had all but ceased to exist. [3] Then, the following year, Premier Murray skillfully brough discredit on the party when he announced that a recently discovered surplus would be divided among members of the legislature. Only one member of the United Farmers refused his share of the money, and the party’s reputation for honesty and integrity was shattered. Later that session another scandal rocked the party when it was revealed that MacKenzie had secretly accepted a government salary of $500. A series of defections followed and by 1925 the United Farmers of Nova Scotia had virtually ceased to exist. [3]
New Brunswick
The 1920 provincial election elected 9 United Farmers and 2 Farmer-Labour MLAs who sat together and allowed the incumbent Liberals to maintain confidence in a minority government situation. The 1920 New Brunswick general election was held on 9 October 1920 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the province of New Brunswick There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s The New Brunswick Liberal Association, more popularly known as the New Brunswick Liberal Party or Liberal Party of New Brunswick, is one of the two major political A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or None of them were re-elected in the 1925 election and no other UF candidates were elected at subsequent elections. The 1925 New Brunswick general election was held on 10 August 1925 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the province of New Brunswick
Ontario
In Ontario, the United Farmers of Ontario formed government as a result of the 1919 provincial election with E.C. Drury as Premier. The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO were a Political party in Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO were a Political party in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario general election 1919 was the fifteenth general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Ernest Charles Drury ( January 22, 1878 - February 17, 1968) was a farmer politician and writer who served as Premier of The Premier of Ontario is the first Minister of the Crown for the Canadian province of Ontario. After the government's defeat in 1923 and the formal decision of the UFO to withdraw from electoral politics, most remaining UFO Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) took to calling themselves "Progressives". The Ontario general election 1923 was the sixteenth general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. A Member of the Legislative Assembly, or MLA, is a representative elected by the voters of an Electoral district to the Legislature or Legislative In the 1934 provincial election the remaining Progressive MLAs under Harry Nixon ran as Liberal-Progressives in an alliance with the Ontario Liberal Party led by former UFO member Mitch Hepburn. The Ontario general election 1934 was the nineteenth general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Harry Corwin Nixon ( April 1, 1891 - October 22, 1961) was a Canadian politician and briefly Premier of Ontario Liberal-Progressive was a label used by a number of candidates in Canadian elections between 1926 and 1953 The Ontario Liberal Party is a Centrist provincial political party in the province of Ontario, Canada. Mitchell Frederick Hepburn ( August 12, 1896 - January 5, 1953) was Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1934 to 1942 The Liberal-Progressives subsequently joined the Liberal Party.
Manitoba
The Progressive Party of Manitoba had merged with the Manitoba Liberal Party in the 1920s to form a Liberal-Progressive party there. The Progressive Party of Manitoba, Canada was a political party that developed from the United Farmers of Manitoba an agrarian movement that became politically active The Progressive Party of Manitoba, Canada was a political party that developed from the United Farmers of Manitoba an agrarian movement that became politically active The Manitoba Liberal Party is a political party in Manitoba, Canada. Despite this, in 1942, Manitoba Premier John Bracken, a Progressive, was persuaded to become the leader of the national Conservative Party. John Bracken, PC ( June 22, 1883 - March 18, 1969) was an agronomist Premier of Manitoba (1922-1943 and leader The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. As a condition of his accepting the leadership, the party's name was changed to Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian The Progressive Party of Canada, however, refused to disband, and ran its own candidates in the subsequent federal election against Bracken's Tories. The party's electoral fortunes continued to decline, and most Progressives ended up joining either the Liberal Party or the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), rather than the renamed Progressive Conservatives. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian
Saskatchewan
The Progressive Party of Saskatchewan ran seven candidates and elected six members to the Saskatchewan legislature in the 1921 general election despite the absence of a provincial organization due to the reluctance of the Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association to break with the Saskatchewan Liberal Party. The Saskatchewan general election of 1921 was the fifth provincial election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan Liberal Party is a Political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Liberals had a tradition of consulting the SGGA about farm policy and of appointing prominent farm activists to cabinet such as Charles Dunning and John Maharg. Charles Avery Dunning PC ( July 31, 1885 – October 2, 1958) was born in Croft, Leicestershire, England John Archibald Maharg ( February 2 1872 - November 23 1944) was a Saskatchewan politician A political crisis ensued the Liberal government in late 1921 in which Premier William Melville Martin angered the SGGA by campaigning for the federal Liberal Party of Canada against the Progressive Party of Canada in the 1921 federal election. William Melville Martin ( August 23, 1876 &ndash June 22, 1970) served as Liberal Premier of the Canadian province The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Canadian federal election of 1921 was held on December 6, 1921 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 14th Parliament Agriculture Minister Maharg, a former SGGA president, resigned from the Cabinet in protest and crossed the floor to sit as an Independent and become Leader of the Opposition. In Politics, crossing the floor is to vote against party lines especially where this is considered unusual or controversial A list of parliamentary opposition leaders in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, from 1906 to the present Martin himself was forced to step down and the federal Progressives won 15 of 16 Saskatchewan seats in the federal election. The SGGA subsequently authorized the creation of local political action committees across the province but were unable to build on the 1921 federal breakthrough and only ran 6 of a possible 63 candidates in the next two provincial elections. In the 1925 provincial election the Progressives again won six seats and formed the official opposition. The Saskatchewan general election of 1925 was the sixth provincial election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system They were reduced to third party status and five seats in the 1929 provincial election with the Liberals reduced to minority government status due to a strong showing by a revived Conservative Party of Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan general election of 1929 was the seventh provincial election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan is a right-of-centre Political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Progressives joined with the Conservatives to force the Liberals from office on September 6, 1929 and formed a coalition government allowing the Conservatives leader James T.M. Anderson to take power as premier; one Progressive, Reginald Stipe, was appointed to Anderson's cabinet as minister without portfolio. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan is a right-of-centre Political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. James Thomas Milton Anderson ( 23 July 1878 &ndash 29 December 1946) was Saskatchewan 's fifth Premier and the first A Minister without Portfolio is either a Government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister that does not head a particular ministry. By the next election the Progressives had disappeared. [4]
While the Progressives moved to the right, more radical formers gravitated to the United Farmers of Canada (Saskatchewan Section) which was formed in 1926 by members of the Farmers' Union of Canada and the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association. The United Farmers of Canada was a radical farmers organization As a result of the Dust Bowl farm crisis during the Great Depression the UFC (SS) became politicised and adopted a socialist platform. The Dust Bowl, or the dirty thirties, was a period of severe Dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and In 1930, in response to the Progressive-Conservative coalition, the UFC (SS) under the leadership of George Hara Williams decided to form a new political party. George Hara Williams ( November 17 1894 - September 12 1945) was a farmer activist and politician In 1932 it joined with the Independent Labour Party in the province to form the Farmer-Labour Group. There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP (formerly the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) is a Social democratic Political party Progressive MLA Jacob Benson joined the new party to become its first MLA. In the 1934 provincial election, the FLG returned five MLAs to the legislature and subsequently became the Saskatchewan section of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. The Saskatchewan general election of 1934 was the eighth provincial election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian
Alberta
The United Farmers of Alberta formed was the governing party in Alberta from 1921 until its defeat in 1935. The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA is an Agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA is an Agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It also elected a number of MPs to the Canadian House of Commons who sat initially as Progressive Party MPs but were re-elected as UFA MPs beginning in 1926 due to a split in the Progressive movement. The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and
References
- ^ Agnes MacPhail, Parliamentary biography, Library of Parliament, accessed February 14, 2008
- ^ Craig Heron, The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917-1925, University of Toronto Press, 1998
- ^ a b c Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture History, Chapter 3 1916-1930, retrieved January 12, 2008
- ^ Coneghan, Damian, Progressive Party, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
See also
- List of Progressive/United Farmer MPs
- United Farmers
- Fisherman's Protective Union a similar movement in Newfoundland
- Labour Party
- Non-Partisan League
- Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
- New Democratic Party
- List of political parties in Canada
- Farmers' movement
External links
List of Members of the Canadian House of Commons who sat as members of the Progressive Party of Canada or represented the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO or United The Fishermen's Protective Union (sometimes called the Fisherman's Protective Union the FPU The Union or the Union Party) was a workers' organization and political Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation There have been various groups in Canada that have nominated candidates under the label Labour Party or Independent Labour Party or other variations from the 1870s For the adjective used to describe various United States organizations and elections see Nonpartisan. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots This article lists political parties in Canada. Federal parties See also List of federal political parties in Canada Provincial The Farmers Movement was in American political history the general name for a movement between 1867 and 1896 remarkable for a radical socio-economic propaganda that came from what wasDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic