This series is part of |
| Politics Portal |
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A ministry is a specialised organisation responsible for a sector of Government Public administration, sometimes led by a minister, but usually a senior A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different mainly in Parliamentary systems This is a list of the offices of Heads of state, Heads of government, cabinet, and Legislature, of sovereign states. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person In many systems the Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the Government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential system of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the President. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries.
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of the government and head of the executive branch. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (the King, Queen, President, or Governor-General), although officially the head of the executive branch, in fact holds a ceremonial position. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Prime Minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the Royal Prerogative) which are constitutionally vested in the Crown and can be exercised without the approval of parliament. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy
As well as being Head of Government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles — the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not In British government, the Minister for the Civil Service is the head of the Her Majesty's Civil Service, the role of which is to assist the governments of the [1] Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts — for example during the Second World War Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters Former Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam was famous for forming his cabinet entirely of himself and his deputy as soon as the overall result was beyond doubt at the 1972 federal election (see First Whitlam Ministry). Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues The First Whitlam Ministry often known as the "two-man Ministry" or the " Duumvirate " was the forty-eighth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and
Contents |
Primus inter pares
Historically, prime ministers are often referred to as Primus inter pares, a Latin term translated as first among equals, and which reflects the original concept of a prime minister as merely the first minister or most senior minister to the monarch, not the dominant or presiding minister, a role later assumed by many prime ministers in many states. Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
The position of "Grand Pensionary" (Dutch: raad(s)pensionaris), in the 16th and 18th century United Provinces, was in many ways similar to that of a modern Prime Minister. The Grand Pensionary (Dutch raad(spensionaris) was the most important Dutch official during the time of the United Provinces. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
History
While the modern office of Prime Minister was developed in the UK the first actual usage of the word Prime Minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu, when, in 1624 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The term Prime Minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Since medieval times Kings of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Lord Burghley redirects here For other holders of the title see Baron Burghley William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 &ndash Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Sidney Godolphin first Earl of Godolphin (c 1645 &ndash September 15, 1712) was a leading British politician of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the Minister," the "first Minister" and finally the "Prime Minister. "
The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the Monarch. Although managing the Parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a Cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the Monarch, and the Monarch usually presided over its meetings. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. When the Monarch grew tired of a first minister, they could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was Robert Harley 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer ( 5 December 1661 &ndash 21 May 1724) was an English statesman of the Stuart Henry St John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke ( 16 September 1678 &ndash 12 December 1751) was an English politician and philosopher
In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War and the Protectorate, Parliament had strengthened its position and it emerged even more powerful after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union The King could not establish any law or impose any tax without its permission. Thus it has been said that the House of Commons became a part of the government and it has been only a further step of this development that a new kind of prime minister should emerge. This turning point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of nor interest in the details of English government. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen In these circumstances it was inevitable that the King's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. A De facto head of state is a term used to an office-holder who fulfils some many or all of the functions of a Head of state. From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to Robert Walpole 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 &ndash 18 March 1745 known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a Walpole chaired Cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Under Walpole, the doctrine of Cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than him have private dealings with the King, and also that when the Cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public or resign. As a later Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, said: "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing. William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who "
Walpole always denied that he was "Prime Minister," and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. The title was first referred to on Government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was An order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of items George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the Monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The long tenure of the wartime Prime Minister Pitt the Younger (1783-1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In some places alternative titles such as "Premier," "Chief Minister," "First Minister of State", "President of the Council" or "Chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same. By the late 20th century the majority of the world's countries had a "Prime Minister" or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America, modelled on the U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.
Prime ministers in republics and in monarchies
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Spain,[2] Sweden, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in republics in which the head of state is an elected (such as Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Turkey) or unelected official (such as Singapore before 1993) with varying degrees of real power. This is a list of Prime Ministers of Belgium, known regionally as Premier Ministre in French, Eerste Minister in Dutch, The Prime Minister of Denmark (statsminister is the Head of government in Danish politics. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This is a list of viceroys ( visekonge) governors ( rigsstatholder) first ministers ( førstestatsråd) and Prime ministers ( statsminister) of The Prime Minister of Malaysia (in Malay Perdana Menteri) is the indirectly elected Head of government of Malaysia. The Prime Minister of Spain, (officially the President of the Government, Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno) is the Spanish Head of government The Prime Minister (statsminister literally "Minister of the State" is the Head of government in Sweden. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Singapore This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the President (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. See also "First Minister" , "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor" , "Taoiseach" and "Secretary of state": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister. The term First Minister refers to the leader of a Cabinet. Canada In Canada, "First Ministers" is a collective term that refers to all Canadian A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. "
In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the President but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the President and managing the civil service. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France The politics of Russia ( the Russian Federation) take place in a framework of a federal presidential Republic. Politics of the Republic of Korea takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President (The premier of the Republic of China is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. The Politics of the Republic of China (ROC takes place in a framework of a Semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament can force the resignation of the government. ) In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party
Entry into office
In parliamentary systems a prime minister can enter into office by several means.
- By appointment by the Head of State, without reference to parliament: While in practice most Prime Ministers under the Westminster system (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, India and the United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the Prime Minister is a royal prerogative exercised by the Queen or the Governor-General. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government. However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in the Speech from the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support. A defeat on the Speech is taken to mean a Loss of Confidence and so requires either a new draft (a humiliating act no government would contemplate), resignation, or a request for a dissolution of parliament. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned. No government has done so for one hundred years, though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal support. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party
- In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the Prime Minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the Leader of the Opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8
- Appointment by the head of state after parliament nominates a candidate: Example: The Republic of Ireland where the President of Ireland appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of the Dáil Éireann. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ is the Head of state of Ireland. The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the ga '''Dáil Éireann''' ( English House of Representatives of Ireland) is the principal chamber of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament
- The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister: Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Also Germany where under the Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the Federal President. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state.
- The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which s/he must gain a vote of confidence: (Example: Italy, Romania)
- Direct election by parliament: (Example: Japan, The Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the Australian Capital Territory. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory )
- Direct election by the public (Example: Israel, 1996-2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. )
- Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his/her representative: (Example: Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the Monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws ( Swedish: grundlagar, singular grundlag) The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a The speaker nominate a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no (i. e. he can be elected even if more MP:s vote no than yes).
Note that though most prime ministers are 'appointed', they are often inaccurately described as 'elected'.
Prime ministers and constitutions
The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution in individuals.
Australia's Constitution makes no mention of a Prime minister of Australia. The Constitution of Australia is the law under which the Australian Commonwealth Government operates The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General.
Canada's Constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a Prime Minister, with his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions " In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus
Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal Chancellor. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler
India's Constitution of India (1950) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive
Japan's Constitution of Japan (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister. The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime
Malta's Constitution (1964) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta. The current Constitution of Malta was adopted as a legal order on September 21, 1964, and has been amended twenty-four times most recently in 2007 with the entrenchment The Prime Minister of Malta is the Head of Government of Malta.
The Republic of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties. The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann came into force on 29 December 1937 after having been passed by a national plebiscite the previous July The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the
The United Kingdom's Constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a Prime Minister. The constitution of the United Kingdom is the set of laws and principles under which the United Kingdom is governed A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last being Balfour in 1905). The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial
Exit from office
Contrary to popular and journalistic belief, most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords A general election is an Election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election In the Parliamentary system a cabinet shuffle or reshuffle is an informal term for an event that occurs when a Head of government rotates or changes the Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office on the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the ) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.
In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block Supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. Loss of supply occurs where a government in a Parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose Supply, most constitutional systems require either:
a) a letter of resignation or
b) a request of a parliamentary dissolution. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity
The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system However in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. (In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet). The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the founding legal document of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch.
Titles
A number of different terms are used to describe prime ministers. In Germany and Austria the prime minister is actually titled Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) while the Irish prime minister is called An Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as Prime Minister). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) and the British First Lord of the Treasury. President of the Government is a term used in official statements to describe several Prime Ministers Croatia, Prime Minister of Croatia The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, usually but not Other common forms include President of the Council of Ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. The official Title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the Head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A minister-president (Ministerpräsident is the Head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments who presides over the council of ministers In the Scandinavian countries is the prime minister called statsminister in the native languages (i. e. state minister). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities like states or provinces is most commonly known as the Premier, Chief Minister or Minister-president. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e A minister-president (Ministerpräsident is the Head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments who presides over the council of ministers
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. Excellency is a Honorific style given to certain members of an organization or state In some Commonwealth countries Prime Ministers and former Prime Ministers are styled Right Honourable, for example, the Right Honourable Sir John Major. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In the UK where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Ireland and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. The term First Minister refers to the leader of a Cabinet. Canada In Canada, "First Ministers" is a collective term that refers to all Canadian
In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".
Chairman or Chief?
Irish political scientist Professor Brian Farrell coined the term "Chairman or Chief" to describe the two alternative concepts of prime ministerial leadership, in his book of the same name about the office of Taoiseach. This is a list of notable political scientists See the List of political theorists for those who study politics without using the Scientific method. Brian Farrell (born Bernard Brendan Farrell, January 9, 1929) is an Irish author journalist academic & broadcaster The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the [3] The term, widely used in political science worldwide, draws a distinction between a head of government who is merely a facilitator and co-ordinator of a cabinet (the "chairman"), and those who lead it forcefully from the front, setting its policy agenda and requiring all ministers to follow the leader's policies (the "chief"). Examples of "chairmen" have included Bertie Ahern (Ireland), John Major (United Kingdom) and Couve de Murville (France), while examples of chiefs included Indira Gandhi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ,Seán Lemass (Ireland), Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (United Kingdom), and Jacques Chirac when prime minister under cohabitation. Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern ( Irish: Pádraig Parthalán Ó hEachthairn, born 12 September 1951 is an Irish politician who served Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Maurice Couve de Murville (24 January 1907 - 24 December 1999 was a French diplomat and Politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpeiː (born December 25 1924 The eleventh Prime Minister of India. Seán Francis Lemass (15 July 1899 &ndash 11 May 1971 was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and third Taoiseach of Ireland from 1959 until 1966 Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to
Not every prime minister fits exclusively into either category: Éamon de Valera, though a strong personality, was only interested in controlling some of his government's agenda (usually constitutional matters and Anglo-Irish affairs), and allowed large areas to decided by his colleagues. Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Though superficially a chief (and called "the Chief" [the literal translation of Taoiseach] by his colleagues) historians see him as more of a chairman, particularly in later governments. Winston Churchill too, though superficially a "chief", was more chairmanlike in later governments and in those areas in which he had little personal interest. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874
As well as describing office holders, individual offices could be described as belonging to one or other category. Among the more dominant prime ministerial offices in terms of powers, and so more chieflike, are the premierships of Ireland and Spain, where premiers can hire and fire at will. In contrast, offices such as President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, Prime Minister of the Third French Republic, and the premierships of Belgium and The Netherlands are more chairmanlike in format. The President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ( Irish: Uachtarán ar Ard-Chomhairle Shaorstát Éireann) was the Head of government or prime The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Lijphart referred to the premiership of the Netherlands as "primus inter pares without due emphasis on primus". [4]
Description of the role
Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows:
- First of all [the Prime Minister] must listen a lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he must suggest a solution to the matter. ( ˈʋeɫfɾit ˈmɑɾtəns (born Wilfried Achiel Emma Martens, 19 April 1936 is a Belgian Politician. This can be done in different ways. Sometimes during the discussion, I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council (cabinet), the Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then insist on changing commas and full stops. The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks. When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus, he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign. [5]
Lists of prime ministers
The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.
.jpg/150px-Jean-Claude_Juncker_(2006).jpg)
Footnotes
- ^ Contrary to popular perception the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person. The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government List of Heads of Government of Albania (1912-Present Principality of Albania (1912-1920 Prime Ministers Ismail Qemali (born October 15, 1944) is the Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania. The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members Abdelaziz Belkhadem (عبد العزيز بلخادم (born November 8 1945) is an Algerian politician who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 2006 The Head of Government (Cap de Govern is the chief executive of the government of the Principality of Andorra. Albert Pintat Santolària (born 23 June 1943) is the head of government of Andorra. The Prime Minister is a high government official in Angola, but is not the head of government Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, known as Nandó (born March 5, 1950) is an Angolan politician currently serving as President of the List of Chief Ministers of Anguilla Osbourne Berrington Fleming (born February 18, 1940) is the chief minister of Anguilla. This page contains a list of Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda. For the anthropologist see W Baldwin Spencer Winston Baldwin Spencer (born October 8, 1948) is the prime minister The Prime Minister of Armenia is the most senior minister within the Armenian government and is required by the constitution to "oversee the Government's regular activities Serge Azati Sargsyan ( Armenian Սերժ Ազատի Սարգսյան born June 30, 1954) is the current President of Armenia. The Prime Minister of Aruba is Aruba 's Head of government. Together with Aruba's Council of Ministers they form the Executive branch of Aruban government The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Kevin Michael Rudd (born 21 September 1957 is the 26th and current Prime Minister of Australia and federal leader of the Centre-left Australian Labor The Chancellor of Austria (in German: Bundeskanzler) is the Head of government in Austria. Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960) has been Chancellor of Austria since January 2007 and the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Austria The Prime Minister of Azerbaijan is the Head of government of Azerbaijan. Artur Tahir oğlu Rasizada (Artur Tahir oğlu Rəsizadə often spelled as Artur Rasizade (born 1935 is the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan. Heads of Government (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- Sources http//www Hubert Alexander Ingraham (born 1947 is the Prime Minister of The Bahamas. In Bahrain, the Prime Minister is the Head of government of the country Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifah ( (born 22 November 1936) is the Prime Minister of Bahrain. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is in practice the most powerful political position in Bangladesh. Dr Fakhruddin Ahmed (ড ফখরুদ্দীন আহমেদ Fokhruddin Ahmed)(born May 1, 1940, in Bikrampur of Dhaka District This is a list of current and former Barbadian heads of Government. David John Howard Thompson, MP (born December 1961 London) has been the Prime Minister of Barbados since January 2008 List of Heads of Government of Belarus (1918-Present Belarusian National Republic (1918-1920 Chairmen of the People's Secretariat Sergey Sidorsky ( Belarusian: Сяргей Сідорскі (Syarhey Sidorski/Siarhiej Sidorski sʲar'ʝej sʲi'dorsci (born March 13 1954 in Gomel This is a list of Prime Ministers of Belgium, known regionally as Premier Ministre in French, Eerste Minister in Dutch, Yves Camille Désiré Leterme (born 6 October 1960 is a Belgian politician a leader of the Christian Democratic and Flemish party ( CD&V) The government of Belize is directed by the Prime Minister, who is also the leader of the governing party the post is currently held by Dean Barrow of the United Democratic Dean Oliver Barrow (born March 2 1951 is a Belizean politician and the Prime Minister of Belize. List of Heads of Government of Benin (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Sources The following is a list of Premiers of Bermuda. See also British overseas territory Lists of incumbents Ewart Frederick Brown Jr (born 1946 is the Premier of Bermuda, leader of the Bermuda Progressive Labour Party (PLP, Minister of Tourism and Transport List of Heads of Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan (1907-Present (Where a Prime Minister served more than a term the number of separate terms served is given in parentheses Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk (born 1950) is a political figure in Bhutan. The Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the executive branch of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dr Nikola Špirić (Никола Шпирић (born September 4, 1956 in Drvar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then Yugoslavia) is a List of Heads of Government of Botswana (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- During two periods in the political history of Brazil was a parliamentary system of Government put in place with a Prime minister heading the Cabinet List of Heads of Government of the British Virgin Islands Affiliation- NDP: National Democratic Party UP: United D Orlando Smith, OBE (born August 28, 1944) is a former Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands. List of Heads of Government of Bulgaria (1879-Present Principality of Bulgaria (1878-1908 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers Sergey Dmitrievich Stanishev (Сергей Дмитриевич Станишев born May 5, 1966) is the current Prime Minister of Bulgaria and Chairman The office of Prime Minister of Burkina Faso was initially created in 1958, when Burkina Faso was a French colony named Upper Volta Tertius Zongo (born 18 May 1957) has been the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso since June 2007 List of Heads of Government of Burundi (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- List of Heads of Government of Cambodia (1945-Present Protectorate of Cambodia (1945-1949 King Norodom Sihanouk ( 18 March Hun Sen (ហ៊ុន សែន (born April 4 1951 or August 5 1952) is the Prime Minister of Cambodia. Under the current constitution of Cameroon the Prime Minister of Cameroon is a relatively powerless executive Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August, 1947) is the Prime Minister of Cameroon. This is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada since Confederation. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC The Prime Minister of Cape Verde is the head of government in the archipelago country of Cape Verde. José Maria Pereira Neves (born March 28, 1960) is the Prime Minister of Cape Verde. The post of Leader of Government Business in the Cayman Islands is the equivalent to Chief Minister or Premier in most British colonies. D Kurt Tibbetts (born March 2 1954 is the Leader of Government Business in the Cayman Islands and First elected member for George Town Élie Doté (born 1947? was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from June 2005 to January 2008 The Head of government of Chad is the Prime Minister History The position of Prime Minister was first used in Chad during the Military Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (born December 31 1949) is a Chadian politician and the head of the National Rally for Development and Progress The Premier of the State Council ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "Prime Minister" is the Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China This is a Chinese name; the family name is Wen. Wen Jiabao ( (born 15 September 1942 is the Premier of the List of Heads of Government of the Comoros (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- List of Heads of Government of the Republic of the Congo ( Congo-Brazzaville) (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Isidore Mvouba (born 1954 is a Congolese political figure who has been the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo since January 7 2005. Antoine Gizenga (born 5 October 1925 is a Congolese (DRC politician who was Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from December 30 2006 to 10 October The Prime Minister of the Cook Islands is the most powerful official within the government of the Cook Islands, a self-governing territory in Jim Marurai has been the prime minister of the Cook Islands since December 14 2004 when he was elected by parliament by a vote of 14-9 The office of Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire was created in 1957. Guillaume Kigbafori Soro (born May 8, 1972 in Ferkessédougou, Côte d'Ivoire) has served as the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire The Prime Minister of Croatia is officially called "President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia" (Predsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske Ivo Sanader saˈnaːdɛr}} (formerly Ivica Sanader) (born June 8, 1953 in Split) is the current Prime Minister of Croatia The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President Ferdi Sabit Soyer ( March 5 1952) is the de facto Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic of This is a list of Prime Ministers of Cuba from 1940 to 1976, when the post was abolished Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic. See also List of rulers of Bohemia List of Presidents Mirek Topolánek (ˈmɪrɛk ˈtopolaːnɛk (born May 15, 1956 in Vsetín, Czechoslovakia, now Czech Republic) is the current This is a list over the heads of government in Denmark since 1848 Anders Fogh Rasmussen (⁽ˈ⁾ɑnɐs foˀ ˈʀɑsmusn̩, informally known as Anders Fogh ( ˈfoːˀ ⁽ˈ⁾ɑnɐs ˈfɔʊ̯ˀ or simply Fogh, (born January List of Heads of Government of Djibouti (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- Dileita Mohamed Dileita (دليطة محمد دليطة (born March 12, 1958) has been the Prime Minister of Djibouti since March 2001 The Prime Minister of Dominica is the head of government in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Roosevelt Skerrit (born 8 June 1972 is the Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Dominica as well the Member of Parliament for the Vieille Case The Prime Minister of East Timor is the Head of government in East Timor. Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão GCL (born José Alexandre Gusmão, on June 20 1946 is a former militant who was the first President of East This page lists the holders of the office of Prime Minister of Egypt. Dr Ahmed Nazif ( أحمد نظيف) (born July 8 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July List of Heads of Government of Equatorial Guinea (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea (born c. 1961 was the Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea from 2006 to 2008 The Prime Minister of Estonia ( Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the Head of government of the Republic of Estonia. Andrus Ansip (born 1 October 1956) is the current Prime Minister of Estonia, and chairman of the Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond Heads of Government (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations See also List of Presidents Meles Zenawi Asres (Ge'ez መለስ ዜናዊ አስረስ meles zēnāwī, b This is a list of the people who have been prime minister of the Faroe Islands. Jóannes Dan Eidesgaard (born April 19 1951) is the Finance Minister of the Faroe Islands. As a former British colony, Fiji has largely adopted British political models and follows the Westminster, or Cabinet system of government in which the Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama, MSD, OStJ, Fijian Navy, known commonly as Frank Bainimarama and sometimes by the chiefly title The Prime Minister (pääministeri Swedish: statsminister) is the Head of Government of Finland. Matti Taneli Vanhanen ( (born November 4 1955) is the current Prime Minister of Finland, as well as Chairman of the Centre Party. Early Modern France Chief Ministers of the French Kings Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Jules Cardinal François Fillon (fʁɑ̃swa fijɔ̃ born 4 March 1954 in Le Mans, Sarthe) is the current Prime Minister of France, having been appointed to that List of Heads of Government of Gabon (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Sources http//www Jean Eyeghe Ndong (born February 12, 1946) has been the Prime Minister of Gabon since 20 January 2006. List of Heads of Government of The Gambia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office See also The Gambia The post of Prime Minister of Ghana existed from 1957 to 1960 and again from 1969 to 1972. The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia of the Republic of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze (ვლადიმერ (ლადო გურგენიძე (born December 17, 1970) is a Georgian Politician The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler (ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛɐ̯kəl (born Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954 in Hamburg, West Germany) is the Chancellor of Germany. The Chief Minister of Gibraltar is the leader of the largest party in the Gibraltar Parliament, and is formally appointed by the Governor of Gibraltar, representative Peter Richard Caruana QC (born 15 October 1956) is a Gibraltar politician and has been Chief Minister of Gibraltar since 1996 This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day Konstantínos Alexandrou Karamanlís (Κωνσταντίνος Αλεξάνδρου Καραμανλής (alt The following is a list of Prime ministers of Greenland. The prime minister - sometimes referred to in English as Premier - is the Hans Enoksen (born 1956 is the current Prime Minister of Greenland. This is a list of heads of government of Grenada: Chief Ministers of Grenada (1954-1967 Eric Matthew Gairy (1st time ( 1954 - 1956 For the football player of the same name see Keith Mitchell (football player. The Chief Minister of Guernsey is the Head of government of Guernsey. Michael W Torode was the second Chief Minister of Guernsey. He was voted in by the States of Deliberation on 5 March 2007 and his term expired on 30 April 2008 The role of Head of Government of Guinea is fulfilled by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President of Guinea. Lansana Kouyaté (born 1950 is a Guinean diplomat and political figure who served as Prime Minister of Guinea from 2007 to 2008 List of Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau See also Guinea-Bissau List of heads of state of Guinea-Bissau Martinho Ndafa Kabi (born September 17 1957) was the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 13 April 2007 to 5 Heads of Government of Guyana (1953-Present Chief Ministers of Guyana (1953-1961 Premiers of Guyana (1961-1966 Prime Ministers of Guyana (1966-Present Samuel Archibald Anthony Hinds (born 27 December 1943) is a Guyanese politician who has been Prime Minister of Guyana almost continuously since The Prime Minister of Haiti is the Head of government of the country of Haiti. List of Heads of Government of Hungary (1848-Present Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Prime Ministers Count Lajos Batthyány (ˈfɛrɛnts ˈɟurtʃaːɲ born in Pápa, June 4, 1961) is the Prime Minister of Hungary. The Prime Minister of Iceland (Forsætisráðherra Íslands is Iceland 's Head of government. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Indonesia had the position of Prime Minister from 1945 until 1959. This is a list of Prime Ministers of Iran ( see Prime Minister of Iran) Heads of Government of Iran (1669-1989 Grand Viziers (Chief Ministers Office The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's Head of government. Nouri Kamel Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki ( Arabic: نوري كامل محمّد حسن المالكي transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born June The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the Brian Cowen (Brian Ó Comhain born) is the current Taoiseach of Ireland. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader Prime Ministers of Italy (1861-Present Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946 Presidents of the Council of Ministers (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor The Prime Minister of Jamaica is Jamaica 's Head of government, currently Bruce Golding. Orette Bruce Golding MP (born 5 December 1947) is the Prime Minister of Jamaica and leader of the Jamaica Labour Party. This is a list of Prime Ministers of Japan, and its predecessor state the Empire of Japan, from when the first Prime Minister (in the modern sense Hirobumi was the 91st Prime Minister of Japan, serving from 2007 to 2008 The Chief Minister of Jersey (French Premier Ministre de Jersey) is the Head of government of Jersey. Frank Harrison Walker is the first and current Chief Minister of Jersey, elected in 2005 by fellow States members The Prime Minister of Jordan is the head of the Government of Jordan. Dr Marouf Suleiman al-Bakhit ( معروف البخيت) also known as Marouf al-Bakheet (born in the city of Mahis List of Heads of Government of Kazakhstan (1920-Present Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars Karim Kajymqanuly Massimov ( Мәсімов Кәрім Қажымқанұлы, See also Kazakhstan political shakeup of 2007 See also Kazakhstan political The Prime Minister of Kosovo (Kryeministri i Kosovës Serbian: sr-Cyrl Премијер Косова ''Premijer Kosova'' is the Head of Government for Kosovo. Hashim Thaçi ( Albanian: Hashim Thaçi Serbo-Croat: Hašim Tači, Хашим Тачи born 24 April, 1968 in Drenica This is a list of Premiers of North Korea. Kim Il-sung ( 9 September 1948 - 28 December 1972) Not to be confused with Kim Jong-il, the leader of North Korea. The Prime Minister of South Korea is appointed by the President with the National Assembly 's approval Dr Han Seung-soo (born December 28, 1936 in Gangwon-do) is a Korean Politician and Diplomat. Prime Ministers of Kuwait (1962-Present Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Sheikh Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah (born 1940 is the Prime Minister of the state of Kuwait. The prime minister of Kyrgyzstan is the head of government of Kyrgyzstan. Iskenderbek Rysbekovich Aidaraliyev is a former Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. The Prime Minister of Laos is head of the Government of the People's Democratic Republic of Laos. Bouasone Bouphavanh (born June 3, 1954 in Ban Tao Poun Muang Salavan Salavan Province) is the prime minister of Laos. The Prime Minister of Latvia is the most powerful member of the Government of the Republic of Latvia, and presides over the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers Ivars Godmanis (born November 27 1951) is a Latvian politician This page lists Prime ministers of Lebanon. By an unwritten agreement following independence the holder of this post must be a Sunni Muslim. Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings Fouad Sanyoura Fuad Siniora Fouad Saniora Fouad Seniora ( فؤاد السنيورة, Fu'ād As-Sanyūrah is the Prime Heads of Government See also List of kings of Lesotho Lists of incumbents Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (born March 14, 1945) is the Prime Minister of Lesotho, and has been since May 29, 1998. Since independence, the heads of government of Libya have been Prime ministers (1951-1977 then General Secretaries of the General al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi ( البغدادي علي المحمودي)(born 1945? was appointed General Secretary of the General People's Committee ( Prime minister Otmar Hasler (born September 28, 1953) is the Prime Minister of Liechtenstein. The Prime Minister of Lithuania is the head of the executive arm of Lithuania 's government and is chosen by the Lithuanian parliament the Seimas. Gediminas Kirkilas ( b August 30 1951, Vilnius, Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union) is the current Prime Minister of Lithuania The Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the Head of government in Luxembourg. Jean-Claude Juncker (born December 9, 1954) is a Luxembourgian politician, the leader of the Christian Social People's Party. List of Heads of Government Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1943-1991 Minister for Macedonia (Part of Yugoslav Government Emanuel Nikola Gruevski (Никола Груевски) (born 31 August 1970 in Skopje) is the prime minister of the Republic of Macedonia since List of the Heads of Government of Madagascar Charles Rabemananjara (born June 9, 1947) is the current Prime Minister of Madagascar. List of Heads of Government of Malawi Affiliations- MCP = Malawi Congress Party nationalist authoritarian sole legal party 1966-1993UDF The Prime Minister of Malaysia (in Malay Perdana Menteri) is the indirectly elected Head of government of Malaysia. Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi (born 26 November 1939 is a Malaysian politician who has served as Prime Minister since 2003 List of Heads of Government of Mali Affiliations- ADM = "Adema" Alliance pour la Démocratie en Mali-Parti Pan-Africain pour la Liberté Modibo Sidibé (born 7 November 1952) has been the Prime Minister of Mali since September 2007 The Prime Minister of Malta is the Head of Government of Malta. Lawrence Gonzi (born July 1, 1953) is the incumbent Prime Minister of Malta. The Chief Minister (Ard-choylargh is the Executive Member of the Isle of Man 's parliament Tynwald. Tony Brown may refer to Tony Brown (Australian rules footballer, an Australian rules footballer Tony Brown (basketball, former American Heads of government (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations See also Zeine Ould Zeidane (الزين ولد زيدان (born 1966 is a Mauritanian Economist and Politician. List of Heads of Governments of Mauritius (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political Affiliations MMM Navinchandra Ramgoolam ( नवीन चन्द्र रामगुलाम) (born July 14 1947) is the current Prime Minister of the Heads of Government of Moldova since 1940 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1991 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars Zinaida Greceanîi (born February 7 1956) (Зинаида Петровна Гречаная Zinaida Petrovna Grechanaya is a Moldovan politician The Minister of State is the head of the government of Monaco, though he is appointed by and subordinate to the Prince or Princess of Monaco. Jean-Paul Proust (born 1940 is the current Minister of State of Monaco. The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian government's executive arm and heads the Mongolian Cabinet. Miyeegombyn Enkhbold (Миеэгомбын Энхболд born 1964 is a Mongolian politician Prime Minister of Montenegro, full title Predsjednik Vlade Republike Crne Gore ( President of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro) is the leader of the Željko Šturanović (Жељко Штурановић born January 31, 1960) is a former Prime Minister of Montenegro who served from November 10 The Chief Minister of Montserrat is the Head of government of Montserrat, an island in the Caribbean which is currently an overseas territory The Honourable Lowell Lyttleton Lewis (born August 18, 1952) is the current Chief Minister of Montserrat. The Prime Minister (رئيس الوزراء is the head of the government of Morocco but the Prime Minister is appointed by the King of Morocco as the Monarch is Abbas El Fassi ( Arabic: عباس الفاسي; born on September 18, 1940) has served as the Prime Minister of Morocco since List of Heads of Government of Mozambique Affiliations- FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique (Liberation Front of Mozambique Luísa Dias Diogo (born April 11, 1958) has been prime minister of Mozambique since February 2004 The Prime Minister of Burma is the head of government of Burma, also called Myanmar General Thein Sein (သိန္းစိန္ is the prime minister of Myanmar. List of Prime Ministers of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic See also President of Nagorno-Karabakh Anushavan Danielyan (born 1956 in Armenian: Անուշավան Դանիելյան has been Prime Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic since This page contains a list of Prime Ministers of Namibia. Prime Ministers of Namibia since independence See also List of current government Nahas Gideon Angula (born August 22 1943) is the current Prime Minister of Namibia. The position of Prime Minister of Nepal was created in 1799 Few of Nepal's Prime Ministers have carried a democratic mandate Girija prasad Koirala (गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइराला born 1925 is a Nepalese politician and the President of the Nepali Congress, a The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands since 1848 Jan Peter Balkenende (pronounced ˈjɑn ˈpetər ˈbɑɫkənɛndə) (born 7 May 1956 is a Christian Democratic politician who has been the Prime Minister of the List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Antilles: Ciro Domenico Kroon (1968&ndash1969 PNP Gerald C Emily Saïdy de Jongh-Elhage (born December 7, 1946) has been Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles since 26 March The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. This is a list of the premiers and Prime Ministers of Newfoundland and Labrador, both as a colony a dominion and a province of Canada. List of Heads of Government of Niger Affiliations See also Niger Heads of State of Niger Seyni Oumarou (born August 9 1950) is a Nigerien politician who has been Prime Minister of Niger since June 2007. List of Heads of Government of Norfolk Island (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office irrespective of continuation of status of that office Andre Nobbs is a political figure from the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. This is a list of viceroys ( visekonge) governors ( rigsstatholder) first ministers ( førstestatsråd) and Prime ministers ( statsminister) of (born 16 March 1959 is the Prime Minister of Norway. He took office in October of 2005 he was previously Prime Minister from 2000 to 2001 The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth The Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority is the Head of government of the Palestinian government Dr Salam Fayyad (سلام فياض b 1952 is a Palestinian politician who on June 15, 2007, was appointed the Prime Minister of the Palestinian The Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea is Papua New Guinea's Head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority Sir Michael Thomas Somare, GCL, GCMG, CH, CF (born 9 April 1936) has been Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea Presidents of the council of ministers of Peru ( 1963 &ndash 1980) During the government of Francisco Morales Bermúdez ( 1975 &ndash Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez ( Lima, July 2, 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician The Prime Minister of the Philippines (Primer Ministro de Filipinas Tagalog: Punong Ministro ng Pilipinas was the official position of the Head of the government The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland represents the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet and directs their work supervises territorial self-government Donald Franciszek Tusk (ˈdɔnalt franˈtɕiʃɛk ˈtusk born April 22 1957, Gdańsk) is a Center-right Polish politician co-founder In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron. José Sócrates Carvalho Pinto de Sousa, GCIH (ʒuˈzɛ ˈsɔkɾɐtɨʃ; born in Vilar de Maçada degree as a civil Technical engineer Prime Ministers of Qatar (1970-Present See also Al Thani Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Călin-Constantin-Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu ( konstan'tin an'ton po'pes The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, (Председатель Правительства Российской Федерации unofficially called the Prime-Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia List of the Heads of Government of Rwanda Bernard Makuza (born 1961 is the current Prime Minister of Rwanda. This page lists prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis. See also List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Lists of incumbents. Dr Denzil Llewellyn Douglas (born January 14, 1953) is the Prime Minister of St Kitts and Nevis. This page lists Prime Ministers of Saint Lucia. See also List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia, Lists of incumbents. Stephenson King is a Saint Lucian politician who is currently the country's Prime Minister This page lists chief ministers and prime minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Ralph Everard Gonsalves (born August 8, 1946) also known as "Comrade Ralph" is the Prime Minister of St Vincent and the The Prime Minister of Samoa is the head of government in Samoa. Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi (born 14 April 1945 in Lepa Samoa) is the current Prime Minister of Samoa. List of Prime Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe Political affiliation See also São Tomé and Príncipe Tomé Soares da Vera Cruz (born 1955 ? was Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe from April 2006 to February 2008 The Prime Minister of Senegal is the Head of government of Senegal. Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré (born 1951) has been the Prime Minister of Senegal since June 2007 President of the Government of the Republic of Serbia ( Predsednik Vlade Republike Srbije) is the head of the Government of Serbia. Dr Vojislav Koštunica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Коштуница) (ˈvɔjislaːv kɔˈʃtunitsa born March 24, 1944, Belgrade The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the Head of government of the Republic of Singapore (and prior to 9 August 1965 Lee Hsien Loong ( born February 10, 1952) is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore. Chairman/President of the Provisional Government for Slovakia (1918 within Czechoslovakia) Vavro Šrobár ( 4 November 1918 &ndash Robert Fico ( September 15, 1964 in Topoľčany) is the current Prime Minister of Slovakia (since July 4 2006 There have been five Prime ministers of Slovenia since that country gained its independence in the breakup of Yugoslavia. Janez Janša (born 17 September 1958 as Ivan Janša in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian politician and president of the Slovenian Democratic Party since The Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands is the Solomon Islands' Head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority Manasseh Damukana Sogavare (born January 17, 1955) was the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands from 2000 to 2001 and again from 2006 to List of the Heads of Government of Somalia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political Affiliations SNL - Somali Nur Hassan Hussein ( Nuur Xasan Xuseen, نور حسن حسين also known as Nur Adde, has been the Prime Minister of Somalia since November 2007 The Prime Minister of South Africa was the Head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984 The following is the list of those who have served as President of the Government ( i José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 4 August 1960 better known by his maternal surname Zapatero (literally "shoemaker" in Spanish is the current The Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is the functional head of the Cabinet of Sri Lanka. Ratnasiri Wickremanayake MP (born on May 5, 1933) is the 14th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka and a veteran politician List of heads of government of The Sudan (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political affiliations Heads of Government See also List of Kings of Swaziland Lists of incumbents Absalom Themba Dlamini (born 1950 is the current Prime Minister of Swaziland. The Prime Minister (statsminister literally "Minister of the State" is the Head of government in Sweden. John Fredrik Reinfeldt ( pronounced) (born 4 August 1965 in Österhaninge) is the current Prime Minister of Sweden and leader of the liberal This page lists prime ministers of Syria. Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Syria 1920 Rida Pasha al-Rikabi: March - May 1920 Muhammad Naji al-Otari ( محمد ناجي عطري also Etri, Itri and Otri) (born 1944 is the current prime minister of Syria The President of the Executive Yuan ( commonly known in English as the Premier of Taiwan ( is the head of the Executive Yuan, the Executive Liu Chao-shiuan ( POJ: Lau Tiau-Hian born May 10, 1943) is the current Premier of the Republic of China, an educator and President of The prime minister of Tajikistan is the head of government of Tajikistan. Okil Ghaybulloyevich Okilov or Oqil Oqilov ( Tajik: Оқил Оқилов Oqil Oqilov or آقل غیباللهیوچ آقلاو (born 2 February List of the Heads of Government of Tanzania Political Affiliation CCM - Chama Cha Mapinduzi TANU - Tanganyika Edward Ngoyayi Lowassa (born 1953 is a former Prime Minister of Tanzania. The first Prime Minister of Thailand was Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, who took office after the 1932 Siamese coup d'état ended the absolute monarchy Samak Sundaravej (สมัคร สุนทรเวช RTGS Samak Sunthorawet 李沙马 (born 13 June 1935) was the Prime Minister of List of Heads of Government of Togo (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political affiliations Komlan Mally (born December 12 1960) is a Togolese politician who served as Prime Minister of Togo from December 2007 to September 2008 The office of head of government of Tokelau ( Ulu-o-Tokelau) rotates yearly between the faipule (leaders of Tokelau's three atolls Kuresa Nasau is a Tokelauan politician who has served as head of government ( Ulu o Tokelau) five times List of Prime Ministers of Tonga: HRH Crown Prince Tevita 'Unga (1876–1880 Shirley Waldemar Baker (1880–1890 Feleti Vakauta Sevele (born c 1945) is the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tonga. This page lists prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago. See also Lists of incumbents, List of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago, List of Governors-General of Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (born August 17, 1946) is the current Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, the Political Leader of the The Prime Minister of Tunisia is the Head of government of Tunisia. Mohamed Ghannouchi (محمد الغنوشي (born August 18, 1941) is the 32nd Prime Minister of Tunisia, a position he has held since November 17 This is a chronological list of Prime Ministers of Turkey, since the establishment of that position in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. "Erdoğan" redirects here For the Turkish Helicopter Erdoğan see Kamov Ka-50. This is a list of Chief Ministers and Premiers of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Michael Eugene Misick (born 2 February 1966 has been the chief minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands from 15 August 2003 to 9 August The Prime Minister of Tuvalu is the Head of government of Tuvalu. The Prime Minister is the Ugandan head of government History The position of Prime Minister was first used in Uganda after independence was declared The Prime Minister of Ukraine (Прем'єр-міністр України Prem'ier-ministr Ukrayiny) presides over the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (Юлія Володимирівна Тимошенко ʋɔlɔ'dɪmɪriʋnɑ tɪmɔ'ʃɛnkɔ Julia Volodymyrivna Tymošenko) (born on November The Prime Minister is the Head of Government of the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ( Arabic محمد بن راشد المكتوم) also Sheikh Mohammed ( Honourific) (born July 22, Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, and WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is According to the Constitution of Uzbekistan, the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan and the deputy ministers are appointed by the President Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev (Russified form Shavkat Miramanovich Mirziyayev is also used (born 1957 is the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan. The prime minister of Vanuatu is the effective head of the government of Vanuatu. Ham Lini Vanuaroroa (born December 8, 1951) was the Prime Minister of Vanuatu from December 11, 2004 until 22 September The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, SDB (born 2 December 1934) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Office The Prime Minister of Vietnam (Thủ tướng Việt Nam is the head of the executive branch of the Vietnamese government Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (born November 17, 1949 in Cà Mau province) is the prime minister of Vietnam. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Yemen is the head of government in that country Ali Mohammed Mujawar (born 1953 has been the Prime Minister of Yemen since 31 March 2007; before that he had been electricity minister List of Prime Ministers of Zambia See also List of Presidents of Zambia Lists of incumbents The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord's residence, not the Prime Minister's. As Salisbury was not First Lord he had to live elsewhere as prime minister.
- ^ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a 'Prime Minister', in Spain the position is in fact referred to as 'the Presidency of the Government'
- ^ Brian F. Farrell, Chairman or Chief? The Role of Taoiseach in Irish Government (1971)
- ^ Jean Blondel & Ferdinand Muller-Rommel Cabinets in Western Europe Macmillan, 1993 edition.
- ^ Wilfried Martens, quoted in ibid. Ibid ( Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place" is the term used to provide an Endnote or Footnote Citation or
See also
- Chancellor
- List of democracy and elections-related topics
- President
- Monarch
- Governor-General
- Head of state
- List of national leaders
- Heads of state timeline
- Prime minister of the United States (pejorative or unofficial term)
External links
- Website of the Prime Minister of Albania
- Website of the Prime Minister of Australia
- Website of the Prime Minister of Barbados
- Website of the Prime Minister of Belgium
- Website of the Prime Minister of Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Website of the Prime Minister of Canada
- Website of the Prime Minister of Croatia
- Website of the Prime Minister of France
- Website of the Prime Minister of Georgia
- Website of the Federal Chancellor of Germany
- Website of the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic (Greece)
- Website of the Prime Minister of Hungary
- Website of the Prime Minister of Iceland
- Website of the Prime Minister of India
- Website of the Taoiseach of Ireland
- Website of the Prime Minister of Israel
- Website of the Prime Minister of Italy
- Website of the Prime Minister of Japan
- Website of the Prime Minister of South Korea
- Website of the Prime Minister of Malaysia
- Website of the Prime Minister of The Netherlands
- Website of the Prime Minister of New Zealand
- Website of the Prime Minister of Norway
- Website of the Prime Minister of Poland
- Website of the Prime Minister of Romania
- Website of the Chairman of Serbia and Montenegro Council
- Website of the Prime Minister of Slovenia
- Website of the President of the Government of Spain
- Website of the Prime Minister of Singapore
- Website of the Prime Minister of Sweden
- Website of the Prime Minister of Thailand
- Website of the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
- Website of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic