Citizendia

President of the
European Commission

Commission emblem
Incumbent:
José Manuel Barroso
AppointerEuropean Council, approved
by the European Parliament
Term length5 years, renewable once
InauguralWalter Hallstein
Formation1958
Websiteec.europa.eu/president

The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. The Flag of Europe is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU and Council of Europe (CoE José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Term of office refers to the length of time a person (usually a politician serves in a particular office An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power Walter Hallstein ( 17 November 1901 &ndash 29 March 1982) was a German Politician and professor Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The post was established in 1957 and is appointed by the European Council and European Parliament for five year terms. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU

The role of President is to give political direction to the Commission and represent it externally. He leads a college of 26 other European Commissioners, one from each European Union member state (less the President's state), who the President assigns a portfolio. A European Commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission. A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto

The current President is José Manuel Barroso, who took office towards the end of 2004. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. He is a member of the European People's Party and is the former Prime Minister of Portugal. The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. In Portugal, the post of Prime Minister ( Portuguese: primeiro-ministro, Pron.

Contents

History

European Union

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
the European Union

Treaties
Rome · Maastricht (Pillars)
Amsterdam · Nice · Lisbon
Institutions
Commission

President José Manuel Barroso
Barroso Commission

Parliament

President Hans-Gert Pöttering
MEPs (2004-09 term)

Council

Presidency: Slovenia (Janez Janša)
High Representative · Voting

Other & Future Institutions

Court of Justice · Court of Auditors
Central Bank · European Council

Elections
Last election (2004) · 2007 by-election
Next election (2009) · Constituencies
Parties · Parliamentary groups
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States · Enlargement · Foreign relations
Law · EMU · Other bodies · Agencies
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Further information: European Commission#History and History of the European Union

The President of the European Commission was established in 1957 with the European Commission. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February, 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. The Barroso Commission is the European Commission that has been in office since 22 November 2004 and is due to serve until 31 October 2009 The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Janez Janša (born 17 September 1958 as Ivan Janša in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian politician and president of the Slovenian Democratic Party since The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union Voting procedures for decisions not requiring unanimity Here is an overview of the formerly used currently used and proposed voting systems employed in the Council of the European There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according Two member states of the European Union held elections to the European Parliament in 2007. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election In six European Union Member States ( Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) the national A European political party, formally a political party at European level, informally (especially in academic circles a Europarty, is a type of Political party The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups Origins of the EU History of the European Union European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Euratom A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. This article deals with relations between the European Union and third countries The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU In economics a Monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Union's institutions, Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. This article refers to the development of what is now the European Union, and to developments within those countrieswhich constitute it at the time of or near to Previously it was merely a post of first among equals but had an increasing impact on the Community. Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people Under Jacques Delors it became increasingly presidential in style and now is the dominant force in the Commission, although curbed by crises such as the resignation of the Santer Commission. Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (born July 20 1925 in Paris) is a French Economist and politician the only person to have served two terms The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March

Establishment

Before the establishment of the present European Commission, there was the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating In 1957 the present Commission was established by the Treaty of Rome, and it also replaced the High Authority and the Commission of Euratom in 1967. The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom is an international organisation which is semi-independent of but completely controlled by the European Community [1] The Commission's first president was Walter Hallstein (see Hallstein Commission) who's started consolidating European law and began to impact on national legislation. Walter Hallstein ( 17 November 1901 &ndash 29 March 1982) was a German Politician and professor The Hallstein Commission is the European Commission that held office from January 7 1958 to 20 June 1967. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU National governments took little heed of his administration at first with the President having to stamp the Commission's authority early on. With the aid of the European Court of Justice the Commission began to be taken more seriously. This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice [2]

In 1965 Hallstein put forward his proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy, which would give the Community its own financial resources while giving more power to the Commission and Parliament and removing the veto power over Agriculture in the Council. The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes These proposals led to an immediate backlash from France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [3] Hallstein knew the proposals would be contentious, and took personal charge of drafting them, overriding the Agriculture Commissioner. European Commissioner for Agriculture & Rural Development is a member of the European Commission. However he did gain the support of Parliament though his proposals to increase its powers, and he also presented his policy to Parliament a week before he submitted them to the Council. He aimed to demonstrate how he though the Community ought to be run, in the hopes of generating a wave of pro-Europeanism big enough to get past the objections of member states. However in this it proved that, despite its past successes, Hallstein was overconfident in his risky proposals. [4]

In reaction to Hallstein's proposals and actions, then-French President, Charles de Gaulle, who was sceptical of the rising supranational power of the Commission, accused Hallstein of acting as if he were a head of state. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state France eventually withdrew its representative from the Council, triggering the notorious "empty chair crisis". [3] Although this was resolved under the "Luxembourg compromise", Hallstein became the scapegoat for the crisis. The Luxembourg compromise or Luxembourg Accords was an agreement reached in January 1966 which resolved differences within the (then European Economic Community. The Council refused to renew his term, despite being the most 'dynamic' leader until Jacques Delors. Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (born July 20 1925 in Paris) is a French Economist and politician the only person to have served two terms [4]

1967-85

Hallstein's work did enable the Commission to be a real player. During the 1970s the Presidents were involved in the major political projects of the day, such as the European Monetary Union. In economics a Monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves [5] In 1970, President Jean Rey secured the Community's own financial resources[6] and in 1977, President Roy Jenkins became the first Commission President to attend a G7 summit on behalf of the Community. See Jean Rey (physician,French physician and chemist Jean Rey (politician, Belgian Liberal politician Jean Rey (swimmer Roy Harris Jenkins Baron Jenkins of Hillhead OM PC ( 11 November 1920 &ndash 5 January 2003) was a British [7]

However due to problems such as the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, economic hardship but the European ideal on the back burner, with only the President trying to keep the idea alive. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. However the member states had the upper hand and they created the European Council to discuss topical problems. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. However the Council was unable to keep the major projects on track such as the Common Agricultural Policy. The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes [8] The Community entered a period of eurosclerosis due to economic difficulties and disagreements on the Community budget, and by the Thorn Commission the President was unable to exert his influence to any significant extent. Eurosclerosis is a term coined in the 1980s to describe a European Economic pattern of high Unemployment and slow Job creation in spite The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states The Thorn Commission was the European Commission that held office from 6 January 1981 until 5 January, 1985. [9]

Presidentialism

President Delors transformed the post into a more presidential figure
President Delors transformed the post into a more presidential figure

However the Commission began to recover under President Jacques Delors' Commission. Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (born July 20 1925 in Paris) is a French Economist and politician the only person to have served two terms The Delors Commission was the administration of Jacques Delors, the 8th President of the European Commission, over the Commission of the European Communities He is seen as the most successful President, being credited with giving the Community a sense of direction and dynamism. [10] The International Herald Tribune noted the work of Delors at the end of his second term in 1992: "Mr. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Delors rescued the European Community from the doldrums. He arrived when Europessimism was at its worst. Although he was a little-known former French finance minister, he breathed life and hope into the EC and into the dispirited Brussels Commission. In his first term, from 1985 to 1988, he rallied Europe to the call of the single market, and when appointed to a second term he began urging Europeans toward the far more ambitious goals of economic, monetary and political union. "[11]

But Delors not only turned the Community around, he signalled a change in the Presidency. Before he came to power the Commission President still a position of first among equals, when he left office he was the undisputed icon and leader of the Community. Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people His tenure had produced a strong Presidency and a strong Commission as the President became more important. Following treaties cemented this change, with the President being given control over the allocation of portfolios and being able to force the resignation of Commissioners. When President Romano Prodi took office with the new powers of the Treaty of Amsterdam, he was dubbed by the press as Europe's first Prime Minister. (born 9 August 1939 is an Italian politician and statesman He served as President of the Council of Ministers (prime minister of Italy twice from 17 May The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. [12][13] However, President Delors' work had increased the powers of Parliament, who's support he had enjoyed. Later Commissions did not enjoy the same support, which became most notable when the Santer Commission was forced to resign in 1999. The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March [14]

Appointment

President Barroso, from the EPP which won the 2004 elections
President Barroso, from the EPP which won the 2004 elections

The President is first nominated by the European Council; that nominee is then officially elected by the European Parliament. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The candidate selected by the Council has often been a leading national politician but this is not a requirement. In 2004, the proposed European Constitution had included a provision that the choice of President must take into account the latest Parliamentary elections. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. That provision was not in force in the nomination in 2004, but the centre-right parties of the EU pressured for a candidate from their own ranks. In the end, a right-wing candidate was chosen: José Manuel Barroso of the European People's Party. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. [15]

There are further criteria influencing the choice of the Council, these include: which area of Europe the candidate comes from, favoured as Southern Europe in 2004; the candidate's political influence, credible yet not overpowering members; language, proficiency in French considered necessary by France; and degree of integration, their state being a member of both the eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Euro Enlargement of the The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls [16][17][18]

In 2004, this system produced a number of candidates[19] and was thus criticised by some MEPs: following the drawn-out selection, the ALDE group leader Graham Watson described the procedure as a "Justus Lipsius carpet market" producing only the "lowest common denominator"; while Green-EFA co-leader Daniel Cohn-Bendit asked Barroso after his first speech "If you are the best candidate, why were you not the first?"[20][21]

Elections

Further information: Elections in the European Union

In February 2008, President Barroso admitted there was a problem in legitimacy and that, despite having the same legitimacy as Prime Ministers in theory, in practice it was not the case. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Graham Watson MEP (born 23 March 1956 is a European Politician from the United Kingdom. The Justus Lipsius building has been the headquarters of the Council of the European Union since 1995. The European Greens European Free Alliance ( The Greens European Free Alliance; Greens EFA; French: Le Groupe Verts Alliance libre européenne Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born Montauban, France, April 4 1945) is a French - German politician and was a student leader during Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The low voter turnout creates a problem for the President's legitimacy, with the lack of a "European political sphere", but analysis claim that if citizens were voting for a list of candidates for the post of President, turn out would be much higher than that seen in recent years. Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a Ballot in an Election. [22]

Under the European Constitution the European Council would have to take into account the results of the latest European elections and, furthermore, the Parliament would elect, rather than simply approve, the Council's proposed candidate. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. This was taken as the parliament's cue to have its parties run with candidates for the President of the Commission with the candidate of the winning party being proposed by the Council. [23] This was partly put into practice in 2004 when the European Council selected a candidate from the political party which won that year's election. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according However at that time only one party had run with a specific candidate: the European Green Party, who had the first true pan-European political party with a common campaign,[24] put forward Daniel Cohn-Bendit. The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born Montauban, France, April 4 1945) is a French - German politician and was a student leader during [23] However the fractious nature of the other political parties led to no other candidates, the People's Party only mentioned four or five people they'd like to be President. [25]

The Constitution failed ratification but these amendments have been carried over to the Treaty of Lisbon which is planned to come into force in 2009. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the There are plans to strengthen the European political parties[26] in order for them to propose candidates for the 2009 election. [27][28] The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party have already indicated, in their October 2007 congress, their intention for forward a candidate for the post as part of a common campaign. The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across [29]

Term of office

The President is elected for a renewable five year term starting six months after the elections to the European Parliament. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU These were brought into alignment via the Maastricht Treaty and the elections take place in June every five years (the first election was held in 1979, hence all subsequent elections are held on years ending in 4 and 9). The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final [30] This alignment has led to a closer relationship between the elections and the President himself with the above mentioned proposals for political parties running with candidates.

The President and his Commission may be removed from office by a vote of censure from Parliament. Parliament has never done this to date, however the threat of this happening in 1999 due to allegations of financial mismanagement led to the Santer Commission resigning on its own accord, before the Parliament forced them out. The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March [31]

Duties and powers

The Berlaymont, seat of the President since 1967
The Berlaymont, seat of the President since 1967

The role of the President is lead the Commission, and give direction to the Commission and the Union as a whole. The treaties state that "the Commission shall work under the political guidance of its President" (Article 219 TEC), this is conducted through his calling and chairing of meetings of the college of Commissioners. The Commissioners are assigned their portfolios (and the role of Vice President of the European Commission) of responsibilities by the President, who may subsequently remove them or force them to resign. A Vice President of the European Commission is a post in the European Commission usually occupied by more than one member of the Commission [30] The power of the Commission as a whole is to propose and enforce the law of the European Union, in addition to representing it abroad. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU [32]

The work of the Commission as a body is based on the principle of Cabinet collective responsibility, however in his powers he acts as more than a first among equals. Cabinet collective responsibility is constitutional convention in governments using the Westminster System that members of the Cabinet must publicly Primus inter pares ( Latin) or First among equals is a phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people [30] The Presidents office is on the top, 13th, floor of the Berlaymont building in Brussels. The Berlaymont (often nicknamed "the Berlaymonster" or "the beast" is a European governmental building in Brussels, Belgium. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The president receives his political guidance from his cabinet, the head of which acts as a political bodyguard for the President. In the European Commission, a cabinet is the personal office of a European Commissioner. Such factors can lead to an isolation of the President from outside events. [33] For the European Civil Service he has a status akin to a deity, due to his immense authority and symbolism within the body. The European Civil Service is the Civil service serving the Institutions of the European Union. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always [34] The President exercises further authority through the legal service and Secretariat-General of the Commission. The Directorate-General for Legal Service is a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The Secretariat-General of the European Commission is a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The former has the power to strike down proposals on legal technicalities while the latter organises meetings, agendas and minutes. An agenda is a list of Meeting activities in the order in which they are to be taken up beginning with the call to order and ending with adjournment Minutes also known as protocols are the instant written record of a Meeting or hearing. His control over these areas gives the President further political tools when directing the work of the Commission. This has also increased the Presidential style of the Commission President. [35]

The Presidential system had started to develop since Jacques Delors and has since been cemented, a strong President with competent mandarins is practically unstoppable. Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (born July 20 1925 in Paris) is a French Economist and politician the only person to have served two terms However, externally he is still dependent on support from the Council and Parliament. Delors had enjoyed the Parliament's and the Council's support for his whole term, and due to his work the Parliament increased in powers and the Council increased in membership. The membership is now so large the President is increasingly unable to garner the support of all the states, even though the job is supposed to try to keep everyone happy. The Parliament now has more powers over the Commission and can reject its proposals, although the Commission has little power over Parliament, such as the ability to dissolve it to call new elections. [36]

The President also has responsibility for representing the Commission in the Union and beyond. For example, he is a member of the European Council and takes part in debates in Parliament and the Council of Ministers. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Outside the Union he attends the meetings of the G8 to represent the Union. [30] However in foreign affairs, he does have to compete several Commissioners with foreign affairs related portfolios, the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the President of the European Council. The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union The President of the European Council is a position in the European Union that chairs the European Council. [37]

Competition

Despite the recent Presidential style, the President has also begun to loose ground to the larger member states as countries such as France, Italy, the UK and Germany seek to sideline its role. This may increase with the creation of the permanent President of the European Council. The President of the European Council is a position in the European Union that chairs the European Council. [38] Although there are concerns that competition with the new Council President would lead to increased infighting,[39] there are provisions for combining the two offices. The Council President may not hold a national office, such as a Prime Minister of a member state, but there is no such restraint on European offices. So the Commission President, who already sits in the European Council, could also be appointed Council President. This would allow the Council to combine the position, with its powers, of both executive bodies into a single President of the European Union. At present there is no single President of the European Union. [40]

Privileges of office

The President's salary is (as of 2004) 266,530 euro. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e This is compared to a normal Commissioner who is paid 217,280 euro. [41] The President is awarded no official residence or private jet, but does revive a housing allowance, chauffeured car and a personal staff of approximately 20 people. An official residence is the residence at which Heads of state, Heads of government, gubernatorial or other senior figures officially Business jet, private jet or colloquially bizjet is a term describing a Jet aircraft, usually of smaller size designed for transporting groups of [42]

List of Presidents

Legend:   [     ] left leaning (e. g. PES) - [     ] liberal (e. The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal g. ELDR) - [     ] right leaning (e. The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993 is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 55 national parties from across In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities g. CD/EPP)

PresidentTook officeLeft officeStatePartyPhoto
1Walter Hallstein
Hallstein Commission		1958-01-011967-06-30Flag of West Germany West GermanyChristian Democrats
National: CDU
2Jean Rey
Rey Commission		1967-07-021970-07-01Flag of Belgium BelgiumLiberal Democrat
National: PRL
3Franco Maria Malfatti
Malfatti Commission		1970-07-021972-03-21Flag of Italy ItalyChristian Democrats
National: DC
4Sicco Mansholt
Mansholt Commission		1972-03-221973-01-05Flag of the Netherlands NetherlandsSocialists
National: PvdA
5François-Xavier Ortoli
Ortoli Commission		1973-01-061977-01-05Flag of France FranceChristian Democrats
National: RPR
6Roy Jenkins
Jenkins Commission		1977-01-061981-01-19Flag of the United Kingdom United KingdomSocialists
National: Labour
7Gaston Thorn
Thorn Commission		1981-01-201985-01-06Flag of Luxembourg LuxembourgLiberal Democrat
National: Demokratesch
8Jacques Delors
Delors Commission		1985-01-071995-01-24Flag of France FranceSocialists
National: Socialiste
9Jacques Santer
Santer Commission		1995-01-251999-03-15[43]Flag of Luxembourg LuxembourgPeople's Party
National: CSV
-Manuel Marín
Interim Marín Commission		1999-03-151999-09-17Flag of Spain SpainSocialists
National: PSOE
10Romano Prodi
Prodi Commission		1999-09-172004-11-22[44]Flag of Italy ItalyLiberal Democrat
National: Democratici
11José Manuel Barroso
Barroso Commission		2004-11-22incumbent
Term expires 2009-10-31		Flag of Portugal PortugalPeople's Party
National: PSD

See also

References

  1. ^ European Commission. European NAvigator. European NAvigator ( ENA) is an educational platform providing a wealth of information about the history of Europe and its institutions since 1945. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  2. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 221-2
  3. ^ a b The 'empty chair' policy. European NAvigator. European NAvigator ( ENA) is an educational platform providing a wealth of information about the history of Europe and its institutions since 1945. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
  4. ^ a b Ludlow, N (2006). De-commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis : the Community institutions and the crisis of 1965-6 (PDF). London School of Economics. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
  5. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 222
  6. ^ The Rey Commission. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
  7. ^ EU and the G8. European Commission. Retrieved on 2007-09-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France
  8. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 222-3
  9. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 24
  10. ^ The new Commission - some initial thoughts. Burson-Marsteller (2004). Burson-Marsteller Ltd, is one of the largest public relations agencies in the world Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
  11. ^ Merritt, Giles (1992-01-21). Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. A Bit More Delors Could Revamp the Commission. International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Retrieved on 2007-10-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost
  12. ^ James, Barry (1999-04-16). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Prodi to Have Wide, New Powers as Head of the European Commission. International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
  13. ^ Rossant, John (1999-09-27). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Commentary: Romano Prodi: Europe's First Prime Minister? (int'l edition). Business Week. BusinessWeek is a business Magazine published by McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
  14. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 228
  15. ^ Choosing a New EU Commission President. Deutsche Welle] (2004-06-16). Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  16. ^ Fuller, Thimas (2004-06-30). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Portuguese premier wants to unite bloc : Barroso nominated to head EU executive. International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  17. ^ Stuart, Paul (2004-07-21). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Portugal’s Prime Minister Barroso nominated as European Commission president. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  18. ^ José Manuel Durão Barroso: The New Commission President. Grayling (2004). Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  19. ^ Commission president: Key candidates. BBC News (2004-06-27). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  20. ^ Cohn-Bendit, Daniel (2004). Nomination of Commission President handled "in a most unsatisfactory way". European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  21. ^ Watson, Graham (2004-07-21). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Statement by the President-designate of the Commission. Graham Watson MEP website. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
  22. ^ Mahony, Honor (2008-02-28). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Barroso admits legitimacy problem for commission president post. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
  23. ^ a b Hughes, Kirsty. Nearing Compromise as Convention goes into Final Week? (PDF). EPIN. Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
  24. ^ European Greens Found European Greens. Deutsche Welle (2004-02-23). Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
  25. ^ The EP elections: Deepening the democratic deficit. Euractiv (2004-06-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
  26. ^ Mahony, Honor (2007-06-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden European politics to get more political. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
  27. ^ Palmer, John (2007-01-10). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Size shouldn't matter. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
  28. ^ Leadership of the EU. Federal Union. federal union Federal Union is a Pro-European British group launched in November 1938, to advocate a Federal Union of Europe as a post-war aim Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  29. ^ RESOLUTION ELDR CONGRESS IN BERLIN 18-19 OCTOBER 2007. ELDR party (2007-10-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  30. ^ a b c d Role and Powers. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  31. ^ Harding, Gareth (1999-03-18). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Unfolding drama of the Commission's demise. European Voice. European Voice is an English language newspaper owned by The Economist group Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
  32. ^ Institutions of the EU: The European Commission. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
  33. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 211-3
  34. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 211
  35. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 217-21
  36. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 226-8
  37. ^ Eppink, 2007, p. 232-3
  38. ^ Iey Berry, Peter Sain (2008-01-18). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor [Comment Power is slipping from the commission to the council]. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  39. ^ Hix, Simon. Why the Franco-German Plan would institutionalise 'cohabitation' for Europe. Foreign Policy Centre. The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC is a British Think tank specialising in Foreign policy. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
  40. ^ SCADPlus: The Institutions of the Union: European Council. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden
  41. ^ What does an EU commissioner do?. BBC News (2004-11-18). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  42. ^ Mahony, Honor (2008-04-14). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Member states consider perks and staff for new EU president. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  43. ^ Resigned early. Commission served in caretaker capacity under Marín till September. Replaced by Prodi who competed Santer's mandate to 22 January 2000 when they were reappointed on their own mandate.
  44. ^ Term lasted till 31/10/04, continued as caretaker till 22/11/04 due to delay in appointment of Barroso Commission.

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