President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. The President of the United States is the Head of state and the Head of government of the United States. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A ministry is a specialised organisation responsible for a sector of Government Public administration, sometimes led by a minister, but usually a senior A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different mainly in Parliamentary systems This is a list of the offices of Heads of state, Heads of government, cabinet, and Legislature, of sovereign states. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides, who sits in leadership (from Latin pre- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term praeses). Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i. e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with executive powers. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State.

Among other things, president today is a common title for the head of state of most republics, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation An electoral college is a set of many electors who are empowered to elect a candidate to a particular Office. It is also often adopted by dictators. A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute

History

Main article: History of president

As an English word, the term was originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain. The word president is derived from the Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit Early examples are from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464); the founding President of the Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The President of the Royal Society ( PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London. William Brouncker 2nd Viscount Brouncker, FRS (1620 – 5 April 1684) was an English Mathematician.

Later this usage was applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the Thirteen Colonies (originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council". The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the . ^[1] The first President of a country was George Washington, the President of the United States. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In America the title was 'upgraded' from its earlier use for the President of the Continental Congress, the "officer in charge of the Continental Congress" since 1774. The President of the Continental Congress was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates that emerged as the first national government The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the

As other countries followed the American Revolution, and deposed their monarchies, president was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The first European president was the president of France, a post created in the Second Republic of 1848. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs (The First Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five directors, and finally echoed the ancient Roman Republic by appointing three consuls at its head. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire )

The first president of an internationally recognized African state was the President of Liberia in 1848. The following is a list of Presidents of the Republic of Liberia, made up of the 24 heads of state in the history of Liberia.

Today, most republics have a President as their head of state. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its

Presidents in democratic countries and international organizations

Presidential systems

In states with a presidential system of government, the President exercises the functions of Head of State and Head of Government, i. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State e. he directs the Executive arm of Government.

Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college. In the United States of America, the President is indirectly elected by the U.S. Electoral College made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. In most U. S. states, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, is in effect voting for the candidate. However, in several close U. S. elections (notably 1876, 1888, 2000), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the electoral count. Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history The United States Presidential Election of 1888 was held on November 6 1888 The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican

Many South American, Central American, and African nations follow the presidential model.

Parliamentary systems

Other states have adopted a parliamentary system of government, in which the president is head of state but largely ceremonial. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which In these cases the separate head of government (often a prime minister), who is usually indirectly elected by the parliamentary majority, holds the executive power and forms the government. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation.

Countries with such systems include most European and Commonwealth republics including Finland, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Hungary, the Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Singapore, as well as Portugal (which has a slightly different system). Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Republic of Macedonia (Република Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Singapore Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Sri Lanka has a hybrid system (which includes a parliament and a prime minister as well as an extremely powerful president). Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The president of Nauru is, however, elected by the parliament according to the Westminster system and acts as both the head of state and head of government. Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is an Island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This is also the case for the presidents of Botswana and South Africa (since 1984).

Under such a system, the president as head of state generally takes a similar role to a constitutional monarch, with the government governing in his or her name, producing phrases such as "His/Her Excellency's Government" in formal state documentation. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is

A president may also possess some reserve powers, which can be exercised by the president without formal advice (that is, binding instruction) from the government. In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the In some constitutional systems the president chairs (at least some) cabinet meetings and often has access to all cabinet memoranda. Especially in fields where protocol is important, such as diplomacy, the head of state tends to be a major player. In International politics, protocol is the Etiquette of Diplomacy and affairs of state The president can therefore exercise a degree of informal influence not often publicly realised.

An example of this influence is the following: between 1870 and 1940, and again from 1945 to 1958, France operated a classic parliamentary system of government, with power in a cabinet chosen by the National Assembly, and a largely, though not totally, symbolic president; in 1877, President Mac-Mahon showed that his office was constitutionally significant when he dismissed the then prime minister before calling new elections, in the hope of achieving a royalist majority to restore the monarchy (the plan failed). The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, 1st Duc de Magenta, Marshal of France (13 June 1808 - 17 October 1893 was a French

Presidential titles for non heads of state

Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as 'president' (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as President of the Government, President of the Council of Ministers or President of the Executive Council. President of the Government is a term used in official statements to describe several Prime Ministers Croatia, Prime Minister of Croatia The official Title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the Head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly

However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the country. Rather, he or she is called a president in an older sense of the word to denote the fact that he or she heads the cabinet. The word president is derived from the Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A separate head of state generally exists in their country that instead serves as the president or monarch of the country. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state

Thus, such officials are really premiers, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries

There are several examples for this kind of presidency:

• The official title of the Italian Prime Minister is President of the Council of Ministers (Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri)
• Under the French Third and the Fourth Republics, the "President of the Council" (of ministers - or prime minister) was the head of government, with the President of the Republic a largely symbolic figurehead. In Italy, the Prime Minister of Italy (officially the President of the Council of Ministers, Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the country's The official Title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the Head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the The official Title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the Head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected
• The Prime minister of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937 was titled President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ( Irish: Uachtarán ar Ard-Chomhairle Shaorstát Éireann) was the Head of government or prime At the same time, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy with a reigning monarch, the King of Ireland, as well as a resident Governor-General carrying out many head of state functions. The King was the Head of state of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State. The Governor-General (Seanascal was the representative of the King in the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State.
• The Prime Minister of Spain is officially referred to as the President of the Government of Spain, and informally known as the "president". The Prime Minister of Spain, (officially the President of the Government, Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno) is the Spanish Head of government Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning king.
• The official title of the Polish prime minister is President of the Council of Ministers (Polish Prezes Rady Ministrów)

Semi-presidential systems

A third system is the semi-presidential system, also known as the French system, in which like the Parliamentary system there is both a president and a prime minister, but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland represents the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet and directs their work supervises territorial self-government The official Title President of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the Head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. When his party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by opponents of the President however, the president can find himself marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known as cohabitation. Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party The French semi-presidential system, which can be considered a hybrid between the first two, was developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle. See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French It is used in France, Finland, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sri Lanka and several post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and

Collective Presidency

Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state; examples include:

• Switzerland, where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member Swiss Federal Council despite the fact the system includes a president of the Confederation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Swiss Federal Council (Schweizerischer Bundesrat Conseil fédéral suisse Consiglio federale svizzero Cussegl federal The President of the Confederation (Bundespräsident Président de la Confédération Presidente della Confederazione President da la Confederaziun is the presiding member The president is a member of the Federal Council elected by the Federal Assembly (the Swiss Parliament) for a year (constitutional convention mandates that the post rotates every New Year's Day); and of Captains Regent of San Marino|Captains Regent]] elected by the Grand and General Council. The Federal Assembly (in German, Bundesversammlung; in French, Assemblée fédérale; in Italian, Assemblea federale TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is New Year's Day is the first day of the Year. On the modern Gregorian calendar, it is celebrated on January 1, as it was also in ancient Rome (though The Grand and General Council ( Consiglio Grande e Generale) is the Parliament of San Marino.
• In the Soviet Union, while the real power was exercised by the general secretary of the Communist Party, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet executed powers of collective head of state, and its chairman was often called "president" in the West. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( Президиум Верховного Совета in Russian, or Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta was a Soviet The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings

Presidents in dictatorships

In dictatorships, the title is frequently taken by self-appointed and/or military-backed leaders. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Such is the case in many African states; Idi Amin in Uganda, for example. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa.

President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to ensure that their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. President for Life is a Title assumed by some Dictators to remove their Term limit, in the hope that their Authority, legitimacy, and A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute

Lucius Cornelius Sulla appointed himself in 82 BC to an entirely new office, dictator rei publicae constituendae causa, which was functionally identical to the dictatorate rei gerendae causa except that it lacked any set time limit, although Sulla held this office for over two years before he voluntarily abdicated and retired from public life. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c Year 82 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Sulla defeats Samnite allies of This article is about the Latin phrase For the historical state see Roman Republic; for the dialogue by Cicero see De re publica; for the former Estonian The second well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. Dictator was a Political office of the Roman Republic. The dictator was above the three branches of government in the Constitution of the Roman Republic Year 45 BC was the year the Julian calendar went into effect According to this calendar it was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

Ironically, most leaders who proclaim themselves President for Life do not in fact successfully serve a life term. Even so presidents like Alexandre Sabès dit Pétion, Rafael Carrera, Josip Broz Tito and François Duvalier died in office. Alexandre Sabès Pétion ( April 2, 1770 &ndash March 29, 1818) was President of the southern Republic of Haiti from 1806 until José Rafael Carrera Turcios ( 24 October 1814 &ndash 14 April 1865) was the ruler of Guatemala from about 1839 until his death Dr François Duvalier, known as " Papa Doc " ( April 14, 1907 – April 21, 1971) was the President of

The last living person to be officially proclaimed president for life was the late Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan. Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow (θɑːpɑːrmɯːrɑːt niːjɑːðɒv ( 19 February, 1940, Gypjak, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia.

Several presidents have ruled until their death, but they have not officially proclaimed themselves as President for Life. For instance, Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania, who ruled until his execution (see Romanian revolution). Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Archbishop President Makarios became president of Cyprus late in his life (in 1960) and ruled until his death in 1977, having successfully won re-election several times. Makarios III (Μακάριος Γ born Mihail Christodoulou Mouskos (Greek Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος) on August 13, The President of Cyprus is the Head of state and the Head of government of the Republic of Cyprus. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office

Presidential symbols

As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e. g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see Official residence. An official residence is the residence at which Heads of state, Heads of government, gubernatorial or other senior figures officially

Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as gun salutes, Ruffles and flourishes, and a presidential guard. A salute (also called obeisance) is a Gesture (often Hand gesture) or other action used to display respect Ruffles and flourishes are preceding fanfare for ceremonial music for distinguished people A common presidential symbol is the presidential sashes worn by Latin American presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president. A presidential sash is a cloth Sash worn by Presidents of many nations in the world As other countries followed the American Revolution, and deposed their monarchies, president was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The first European president was the president of France, a post created in the Second Republic of 1848. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs (The First Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five directors, and finally echoed the ancient Roman Republic by appointing three consuls at its head. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire )

Presidential ranks

Below a President, there can be a number of vice-presidents. This rank does not hold the same power, but power can be transferred in special circumstances. Normally Vice-Presidents do hold power and special responsibilities below that of the President.

Sub-national presidents

President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the parish presidents of the parishes of the U.S. state of Louisiana, the presiding member of city council for villages in the U.S. state of Illinois, or the municipal presidents of Mexico's municipalities. A parish as an Administrative division of several countries. In England and in one American state ( Louisiana) it is sometimes called A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. A presidente municipal ( English: " municipal president " is the chief of government of Municipios in Mexico The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Municipalities ( municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the borough presidents of the Five Boroughs of New York City. Borough President (informally BP, or Beep in slang is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city The City of New York

Non-governmental presidents

President is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations.

Judiciary

France

In French legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President", Monsieur le Président, or appropriate feminine forms). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the Court of Cassation is the most senior judge in France"). The Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation in French) is the main Court of last resort in France. Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e. g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).

Scotland

The Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the College of Justice and Court of Session, as well as being Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the High Court of Justiciary, the offices having been combined in 1836. The Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland and presiding Judge (and Senator of the College of Justice and Court of Session Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The College of Justice is a term used to describe the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and its associated bodies The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland. It is both a Court of first instance and a court of Appeal and sits exclusively The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland.

Other

The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In university systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of president and chancellor can become quite complicated. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects University president is the title of the highest ranking officer within a University, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as A Chancellor is the head of a University. Other titles are sometimes used such as President or Rector. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as chief operating officer under the direction of the chief executive officer. A chief operating officer or chief operations officer ( COO) is a Corporate officer responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of the Corporation A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator

In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the Governor but is not always so. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government

Many other organisations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a political party, to the president of a chamber of commerce, to the President of a students' union and even the president of a high school chess club. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A chamber of commerce (also referred to in some circles as a board of trade) is a form of Business network. A students' union, student government, student senate, students' association, or guild of students is a Student Organization High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the head of the church is known as the President. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church Together with his two counselors, they are known as the First Presidency. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency (or the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church) was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church This pattern is repeated throughout the church in quorums and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. In the Latter Day Saint movement, a quorum is a group of people ordained or endowed with priesthood authority and organized to act together as a body The Methodist Church in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations

Presidential chronologies of United Nations member countries

• European Commission
• President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
• List of leaders of the Soviet Union#Leaders of post-Soviet independent states

Sources and additional reading

• The powers, functions and functioning of presidents were reviewed by six international experts for Australia's Republic Advisory Committee in 1993. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s An approximately chronological list of leaders of the Soviet Union (heads of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and President of the Soviet Union) Afghanistan has only intermittently been a Republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings Emirs List of Heads of State of Albania (1912-Present Principality of Albania (1912-1920 Chairman of the National Assembly Ismail Qemali This is a List of presidents and previous Chiefs of State of Algeria starting with the pre-independence Provisional Government established in 1958 along with the respective The President is both Head of state and Head of government in Angola. List of Heads of State ( Presidents Directors and Dictators etc President of Armenia is the title of the Head of state of Armenia since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 The Austrian Federal President ( German language: Österreichischer Bundespräsident) is the federal Head of state of Austria. The country of Azerbaijan is a Presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan The President is the head of state, a largely ceremonial post elected by the parliament The office of President of Belarus (Прэзідэнт Рэспублікі Беларусь Президент Республики Беларусь is the Head of state Latest election This page contains a list of presidents of Benin. The President of Bolivia is the head of state of Bolivia. According to the current constitution the president is elected by popular vote for a single non-renewable five year The following is a list of Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. List of Heads of State of Botswana (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- See also List of Brazilian monarchs This is a list of Presidents of Brazil. This page will list the various republican heads of state of Bulgaria, as well as leaders of Bulgaria's communist party during the time when it played the "leading role" Maurice Yaméogo took office as president of the autonomous Republic of Upper Volta on December 11, 1959. List of Rulers and Heads of State of Burundi (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Kingdom of Burundi Republic This is a List of Heads of State of Cameroon. (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Latest election Affiliations List of Heads of State of Cape Verde Affiliations See also Cape Verde Heads of government This is a complete list of the heads of state of the Central African Republic and Central African Empire. List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Last elections The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman This is a list of the persons that have been President of the Republic of Colombia and of the same territory under different names throughout history List of Heads of State of the Comoros (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Latest election List of Heads of State of the Republic of the Congo ( Congo-Brazzaville) (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation The following table contains a list of the Presidents and heads of state of Costa Rica since Central American independence from Spain and Latest election List Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office The President of Croatia is the Head of state. Croatia is a Parliamentary democracy where the President's main role is leading the armed forces This page contains a list of Presidents of Cuba. This page also contains a list of Prime Ministers of Cuba from the creation of that office in 1940 until 1976 when it was abolished The President of Cyprus is the Head of state and the Head of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The President of the Czech Republic is the Head of state of the Czech Republic. Election results 2005 List of Heads of State of Djibouti Affiliations See also Djibouti This page contains a list of presidents of Dominica from 1978 to the present This page contains a list of presidents of the Dominican Republic. East Timor is an emerging democratic State. Its current president is José Ramos-Horta. List of Heads of State of Ecuador (Dates in italics indicate 'de facto' continuation of office Rival governments in rebellion Pharaonic Dynasties (3100 BC – 30 BC See also List of pharaohs Roman Province (30 BC – 323 AD See also List of This page contains a list of Presidents of El Salvador. There has been a total of 55 presidents many have served in office more than once Latest election List of Heads of State of Equatorial Guinea (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations- List of Heads of State of Eritrea (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations See also The President of the Republic (Eesti Vabariigi President is the Head of state of the Republic of Estonia. The Ethiopian presidency is largely a symbolic office with little power Fiji 's Head of State is the President of the Republic of the Fiji Islands. The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the President and the Second French Republic (1848-1852 President of the Provisional Government of the Republic Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (24 February 1848 Three people have served as heads of state in the history of Gabon since independence was obtained from France on 17 August 1960. Chronological list of heads of state of The Gambia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Latest election Sources The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. The President of Germany (deutscher Bundespräsident is Germany 's Head of state. Prior to independence Ghana was known as the British colony of Gold Coast. This is a list of the heads of state of Greece, from the foundation of the modern nation state until the present The title of President of Guatemala has been the usual title of the leader of Guatemala since 1839 when that title was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz. Latest election List of Heads of State of Guinea (Dates in italics indicated de facto continuation of office See also Latest election See also Guinea-Bissau presidential election 2005 List of Heads of State of Guinea-Bissau (Dates in italics indicate When Guyana was declared a republic in 1970 the president was elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term and possessed largely ceremonial powers This page lists presidents and other heads of state of Haiti. This page lists presidents of Honduras. Many of the post 1900 Presidents represented one of the two dominant political parties which are the Liberal Party of Honduras (PLH For Heads of State in the Kingdom of Hungary, see List of Hungarian rulers. The President of Iceland (forseti Íslands is Iceland 's elected Head of state. This is a list of Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as President of India following the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950 This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. Key The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader. The President of Iraq is Iraq 's Head of state. Presidents of the Republic of Iraq (1958-2003 For most of the country's history Iraq's The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit This is the list of Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title it '''''Presidente della Repubblica''''' since 1948 Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party List of the heads of state of Kenya Dominion of Kenya (1963 – 1964 Republic of Kenya (1964 – present Latest election "Notes from The President of Kiribati is the Head of state and Head of government of Kiribati. The President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( North Korea) was established in the North Korean 1972 constitution. The President of the Republic of Korea is according to the Constitution head of state chief executive of the government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces The President of Kyrgyzstan is the Head of state and the highest official of Kyrgyzstan. The office of the President of Laos was created in 1975 after the takeover of the country by the Pathet Lao, which abolished the monarchy. President of Latvia is Head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Republic of Latvia. This page lists presidents of Lebanon Though it is not specifically stated in the constitution an unwritten understanding known as the National Pact (al-mithaq al-watani agreed in 1943 The following is a list of Presidents of the Republic of Liberia, made up of the 24 heads of state in the history of Liberia. The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania — grand dukes kings and presidents — the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory The Macedonian Presidency is the Presidency of the Republic of Macedonia. presidends of Madagascar rchs of Madagascar (1787-1897== Merina Dynasty King Andrianampoinimerina ( 1787 - 1810) King Radama Latest election List of Heads of State of Malawi Affiliations- MCP = Malawi Congress Party - nationalist authoritarian sole legal The President of the Maldives is the head of state and Head of government and first citizen of Maldives and the supreme commander of the Maldivian armed The chronological list of the Heads of State of Mali is shown below Affiliations Latest election See also The office of the President of Malta (President ta' Malta came into being on 13 December 1974, when Malta became a Commonwealth republic. List of Presidents of the Marshall Islands See also High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Heads of state (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations See also Mauritania This page contains a list of presidents of Mauritius. The President is elected by the National Assembly of Mauritius for term of five years it is a largely ceremonial position First Mexican Empire (1822-1823 Presidents of Mexico (1824-1864 Between the time of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide's abdication ( March 19, 1823 The following is a list of the Presidents of the Federated States of Micronesia: Tosiwo Nakayama ( 1979 &ndash 1987) John Haglelgam The President of Moldova is elected every four years and has been since 1990 The President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. The Constitution of Mongolia implements a Semi-presidential system, so while much of the President's The President of Montenegro ( Serbian: Предсједник Црне Горе Predsjednik Crne Gore) is the head of state of the Republic Latest election List List of Heads of State of Mozambique The official residence is the Palácio da Ponta Vermelha. Latest election List This page contains a list of presidents of Namibia. The president of Nauru is elected by Parliament from amongst its members The position of President of Nepal (राष्ट्रपति constitutes the Head of State of Nepal and was created after the country was declared a republic The position of President of Nicaragua was created in the Constitution of 1854 Latest election List of Heads of State of Niger (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations History When Nigeria became a Federal republic within the Commonwealth in 1963 it retained the Parliamentary system of government inherited from The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. List of Presidents of Palau See also Vice-President of Palau High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific List of the Presidents of Panama (1840-Present This page lists presidents of Panama since both independences in 1840 and in 1903 Established in the Constitution of 1993 the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic ( Presidente de la República) is the Chief of This a complete list of Presidents of the Philippines that consists of the 14 Heads of state in the history of the Philippines. The President of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, shorter form Prezydent RP) is the Polish Head of The complete list of Presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 Heads of state in the history of Portugal since the October 5 1910 revolution The President of Romania is the Head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a Two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004 This is a list of Presidents of the Russian Federation formed in 1993 after the fall of the Soviet Union. This page contains a list of presidents of Rwanda. See also List of incumbents, List of Prime Ministers of Rwanda, List of Kings of Rwanda. The Captains Regent ( Capitani Reggenti) of San Marino are elected every six months by the small country's Grand and General Council. Latest election See also São Tomé and Príncipe presidential election 2006 List of Heads of State of São Tomé and Príncipe Elections Presidents of Senegal 1960-present Léopold Sédar Senghor: 6 September 1960 - 31 December 1980 Leaders of Serbia (1944-Present Socialist Republic of Serbia (1944-1991 Chairman of the Anti-Fascist Assembly This page contains a list of presidents of Seychelles. See also Lists of incumbents. The President of Sierra Leone is the Head of state and the Head of government of Sierra Leone, as well as the Commander-in-chief of the The President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore 's Head of state. This is a list of the Presidents of Slovakia Slovakia (1939-1945 Jozef Tiso (26 October 1939- April 1945 Slovakia since 1993 The The function of President of the Republic of Slovenia (Predsednik Republike Slovenije was established on 23 December 1991, when the National Assembly of Slovenia This page contains a list of the Presidents of Somalia. See also History of Somalia List of Prime Ministers of Somalia This is a list of presidents of Somaliland. The country is not recognized internationally State President, or Staatspresident in Afrikaans, was South Africa 's Head of state from 1961 to 1994. The President of South Africa, in full the President of the Republic of South Africa is the Head of state and Head of government under South The President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the elected Head of state and the Head of government. This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Sudan. Presidents of Suriname 1975-present No Name Took office Left office Party The list of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation (1848–present presents the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council, Switzerland 's seven-member executive This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. The President of Tajikistan is the Head of State and highest position within the Government of Tajikistan. This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. Last elections Presidents of Tanzania 1964-present Political Affiliation This page contains a list of presidents of Togo. See also Lists of incumbents. This page lists presidents of Trinidad and Tobago. See also Lists of incumbents, List of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago, List of Governors-General This is a list of presidents of Tunisia since 1957 Presidents of the Republic of Tunisia (1957-Present See also Lists of office-holders This is a complete list of Presidents of Turkey consisting of the eleven Heads of state in the country's inception following the Turkish War of Independence The President of Uganda is the Head of state in Uganda. The role began as a largely ceremonial position with the Prime Minister holding the true power The President of Ukraine (Президент України is the head of the state of Ukraine and acts in its name The President of the United States is the Head of state and the Head of government of the United States. Heads of State of Uruguay (1825-Present Presidents (1825 Governors and Captains-general (1825-1830 Presidents (1830-1952 Presidents of the Leaders of Uzbekistan since 1924 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1991 First secretaries of the Communist Party Vladimir Ivanovich The President of Vanuatu is the chief of state of Vanuatu. It is an elected position elected for a five-year term by an Electoral college consisting of Parliament ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Office The President of Vietnam (Chủ tịch nước Việt Nam is the Head of state of Vietnam, although the functions of the President are often ceremonial List of Heads of State of the Republic of Yemen (1990-Present Chairman of the Presidential Council President This page contains a list of presidents of Zambia. Presidents of Zambia (1964-Present Latest election See also Lists of incumbents This page contains a list of presidents of Zimbabwe. Canaan Banana was a "figurehead" president but Mugabe has been an executive The Republic Advisory Committee was a committee established by the then Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating in May 1993 Reports by among others Professor Klaus Von Beyme (on Germany), A. G. Noorani (on India), Jim Duffy (on Ireland) and Sir Ellis Clarke (on Trinidad and Tobago) outline the role of various presidencies. Jim Duffy (born 12 April 1966) is an Irish historian political commentator and a policy advisor to the Irish leader of the Opposition Fine Gael Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke, TC, GCMG (born December 28, 1917) was the second and last Governor-General of Trinidad The full report is called An Australian Republic: The Options - The Appendices (ISBN 0-644-32589-5)

See also

• List of basic political science topics
• CEOs of major corporations
• Head of state
• Governor-General
• Mayor-President
• Minister-President (a head of government, not of state)
• Monarch
• Prime minister
• List of state leaders
• Heads of state timeline
• World government
• Presidents Day
• Mr. President (title)
• Bombay Presidency
• Bengal Presidency

References