Portuguese (Portugueses)
1st row: Afonso I • Saint Anthony • Pope John XXI • Nuno Álvares Pereira • Afonso de Albuquerque • Vasco da Gama 2nd row: Álvares Cabral • Damião de Góis • Fernão Mendes Pinto • Camões • António Vieira • Eça de Queiroz 3rd row: Fernando Pessoa • Amália Rodrigues • José Saramago • Mário Soares • José Barroso • Nelly Furtado
Total population
c. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua, Pope John (numbering Pope John XXI (1215 – May 20, 1277) born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus) a Portuguese also Dom Nuno Álvares Pereira, O Carm ( pron 'nunu 'aɫvɐɾɨʃ pɨ'ɾɐjɾɐ ( July 24 Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was Damiao de Góis (dɐmiˈɐ̃ũ dɨ gɔiʃ ( February 2, 1502 - January 30, 1574) born in Alenquer, Portugal, was an important Fernão Mendes Pinto (fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ ˈmẽdɨʃ ˈpĩtu Old Portuguese: Fernam Mendez Pinto) (1509? &ndash 1583 was a Portuguese Explorer Luís Vaz de Camões (luˈiʃ vaʃ dɨ kaˈmõĩʃ sometimes rendered in English from old Portuguese as Camoens) (c Father António Vieira, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu vi'ɐiɾɐ ( February 6, 1608, Lisbon, Portugal - July 18, 1697, Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (fɨɾˈnɐ̃du pɨˈsoɐ (b Amália da Piedade Rebordão Rodrigues, GCSE, GCIH, pron ɐ'maliɐ ʁu'dɾigɨʃ ( July 23, 1920 &ndash José de Sousa Saramago, GColSE (ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu born November 16, 1922) is a Nobel-laureate Portuguese Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (ˈmaɾiu suˈaɾɨʃ born 7 December 1924 Portuguese politician José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. Nelly Kim Furtado (born December 2 1978 is a Canadian Singer-songwriter, record producer actor and instrumentalist, who also holds Portuguese 15 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Portugal: 10,000,000
Rest of Europe 1 386 292 Americas 2 993 127 Africa 342 264 Asia 30 000 Oceania 56 000
Languages
Portuguese
Religions
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Galicians and other Spaniards; Italians, and French. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Galicians ( Galician: Galegos) are an Ethnic group or Nationality whose homeland is Galicia, which is a historical region The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion (

The Portuguese people (Portuguese: os Portugueses; literally the Portuguese) are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Portuguese is their native language and Roman Catholicism is their predominant religion. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

Ethnic composition of the Portuguese

Modern Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and their ancestry is very similar to other western and southern European peoples, particularly from the Iberian Peninsula, with whom it shares ancestry and has cultural proximity. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic It is largely consistent with the geographic position of the western part of the Iberian peninsula, located on the extreme southwest of continental Europe. There are clear connections with the Mediterranean peoples as well as with those of Atlantic and Western Europe. }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Dark brown hair and dark hazel and brown eyes predominate in a majority of Portuguese people, however blond hair and blue or green eyes are also found with some frequency. Brown hair is the second most common Hair color, with black being the most common Blond (also spelled blonde, see below) or fair-haired is a Hair color characterized by low levels of the dark Pigment eumelanin Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain

Ancestry

The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, predominantly Mediterranean and Atlantic European. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean.

The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000-40,000 years ago. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits In Human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup in Western Europe See also this map for distribution in Europe.

Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, links modern Iberians to the populations of much of Western Europe and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe. The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. Recent books published by geneticists Bryan Sykes, Stephen Oppenheimer and Spencer Wells have argued the large Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberian influence in the modern day British gene-pool. Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947 a British physician a member of Green College Oxford and an honorary fellow of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, performs and Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the Indeed, Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b (of Paleolithic origin) is the most common haplogroup in practically all of the Iberian peninsula and western Europe^[2]. In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes In Human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup in Western Europe Within the R1b haplogroup there are modal haplotypes. The term haplotype is a contraction of the term " haploid Genotype. One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). In Human genetics, the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH is a Y-chromosome Haplotype of Y-STR Microsatellite variations associated with This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. In Iberia it reaches 33% in Portugal.

The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Iberia, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the demic diffusion model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Demic diffusion is a Demographic term referring to a migratory model developed by Cavalli-Sforza, that consists of population Diffusion into and across ^[3][4]

Starting in the 3rd millennium BC as well as in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for These were later (7th and 5th Centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as Celts. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts

Eventually urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as Tartessos, influenced by the Phoenician colonization of coastal Mediterranean Iberia, with strong competition from the Greek colonization. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca

Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC [1].

These two processes defined Iberia's, and Portugal's, cultural landscape - Mediterranean towards the southeast and a Continental in the northwest, as historian José Mattoso describes it. ^[5] Given the origins from Paleolithic and Neolithic settlers as well as Indo-European migrations, one can say that the Portuguese ethnic origin is mainly a mixture of pre-Roman Pre-Indo-Europeans (such as, in other parts of Iberia, the Iberians, Tartessians and Aquitanians), Pre-Celtic, Proto-Celtic and Celtic peoples, producing peoples such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania, the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici and the Cynetes of the Alentejo and the Algarve. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, the region later known as Gascony Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal.

The Romans were an important influence on Portuguese culture, considering the Portuguese language itself derives from Latin. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The culture of Portugal is rooted in the Latin culture of Ancient Rome, with a Celtiberian background (a mixture of pre-Roman Celts and Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Other influences included the Greeks, Phoenicians/Carthaginians (small semi-permanent commercial coastal establishments in the south), the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans (both migrated to North Africa, while some were partially integrated by the Visigoths and Suevi), and the Visigoths and Suevi (including the Buri), along with minor numbers of Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Jews who also settled in what is today Portuguese territory. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Portugal is a coastal nation in southwestern Europe. Its Mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula and borders only one nation &mdash

For the Y-chromosome and MtDNA lineages of the Portuguese and other peoples see this map and this one. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria.

The legacy of Muslim rule

There exists a number of studies which focus on the genetic impact of the eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus) on the genetic make up of the Iberian population. Conquest (710–756 See also Umayyad conquest of Hispania 710 - The Berber General Tariq ibn Ziyad takes Tangier. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Recent studies agree that there is some genetic relationship between Iberia (mainly far southern regions) and some North African Populations as a result of this period of history, Iberia is the only region in Europe with a significant presence of the typically North West African Y-chromosome haplotypes E-M81^[6],^[7] and Haplotype Va^[8], although this influence may be the result of ancient demic processes that predate the Islamic presence^[9], and may constitute the result of some common western Mediterranean population background. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Northwest Africa or Northwestern Africa is a variably defined Region of North Africa.

Iberia is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of Sub-Saharan origin, as a result of Berber colonization and, particularly on specific locations in the south, modern African slavery. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa ^[10],^[11]

Nevertheless, the North African or just African element in modern day Iberians' ancestry is quite trivial when compared to the pre-Islamic ancestral basis [2].

Historical groups and influences

The ancestry of modern Portuguese has been influenced by the many peoples which have passed on its territory throughout history. These peoples include the Pre-Indo-European peoples of Iberia, Proto-Celts and Celts (such as the Lusitanians, Calaicians, Celtici, Cynetes and other Pre-Roman Peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, such as other minor local tribes as the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi and Zoelae), Phoenicians (Punics), Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Suebi, Visigoths, Alans, Buri, Byzantines, Saqaliba (Slavs), Berbers and Arabs (Moors), Jews (Sephardim or Marranos). Phonological reconstruction Consonants The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic Consonants may be summarised as follows Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain The Bracari were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, akin to the Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the northwest of modern Portugal, in The Coelerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) part of Calaician or Gallaeci people, The Equaesi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, between the provinces of Minho and Trás-os-Montes The Grovii were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, around the Minho river The Interamici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, near the The Leuni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Luanqvi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the The Limici were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the swamps of the river Lima, in the border region between Minho ( Portugal The Narbasi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the province of Minho (north of modern Portugal) and nearby areas of modern The Nemetati were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal between the Cávado and Ave Rivers in The Paesuri were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living between the rivers The Quaquerni were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, province of Minho, in the mountains at the mouths The Seurbi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers The Tamagani were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, from the area The Tapoli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe living just north of the river The Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal,in the east of the The Turduli Veteres, or Ancient Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians The Turdulorum Oppida (Latin - Oppidums of the Turduli) or Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (coastal central Portugal The Turodi were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes and border areas The Zoelae were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Punics, (from Latin pūnicus meaning Phoenician were a group of Western Semitic speaking peoples originating from Carthage The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or

Demography

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

There are around 10 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a total population of 10. Urban organization Metropolitan areas As of 2001 Census Portugal had two significant agglomerations Lisbon Metropolitan Region and Northern Littoral Urban-Metropolitan 75 million (estimate).

Native minority languages in Portugal

A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Astur-Leonese Mirandese language in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso and Mogadouro - even if all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese. Astur-Leonese is a Dialect continuum included in the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages. The Mirandese language (autonym mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; Portuguese: mirandês or língua mirandesa) is a Romance language A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or Miranda do Douro ( pron mi'ɾɐ̃dɐ du 'do(owɾu Miranda de l Douro ( pron Vimioso ( pron vimi'ozu is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 481 Mogadouro ( pron. mugɐ'do(owɾu is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 760 Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran, spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain, and Portugal). Barranquenho ( Barranquenhu; English: Barrancainian is a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran spoken in the Portuguese Extremaduran ( estremeñu) is a Romance Language, spoken by several thousands of people in Spain, most of them in the Autonomous community Barrancos ( pron bɐ'ʁɐ̃kuʃ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 168 Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Ethnic minorities in Portugal

People from the former colonies (namely Brazil, Africa - Afro-Portuguese, and parts of India) have, in the last two to three decades, migrated to Portugal. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld See also CPLP Geographic distribution of Portuguese Portuguese language Afro-Portuguese are residents or citizens of Portugal of Black - African descent Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. ^[12] More recently, a great number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the biggest ethnic minority), are also migrating to Portugal. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens There is also a small Chinese minority. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world.

There is also a small minority of Gypsies (Ciganos) of about 40,000 people^[13] and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 persons (some Ashkenazi, the majority Sephardi, such as the Belmonte Jews). The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The history of the Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Belmonte Jews are a community that survived in secrecy for hundreds of years by maintaining a tradition of Endogamy and by hiding all the external signs of their faith

Minorities of Portuguese descent

In the whole world there are easily more than one hundred million people with recognizable Portuguese ancestors, due to the colonial expansion and world-wide immigration of Portuguese from the 16th century onwards to India, the Americas, Macau and East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia and Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The United States of America —commonly referred to as the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to emigration more than any West European country except Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world ^[15] From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[16] About 35 million Brazilians have recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Brazil ' s population is very diverse comprising many races and Ethnic groups In general Brazilians trace their origins from four sources of migration The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in^[17]: (see table)

Portuguese Sephardic Jews (mostly descendants) are also important in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil^[18] and Turkey. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, and California. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years (see Portuguese Americans and Luso Americans). The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Portuguese Americans are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in the southwest European nation of Portugal, including the Luso-Americans, or Lusitanic Americans are people living in the United States whose cultural background derives in part from countries with Portuguese speaking roots Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940 (see Portuguese Canadians). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Portuguese Canadians' (luso-canadianos are Canadians of Portuguese descent Argentina and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Portuguese fishermen dispersed across the Caribbean islands, especially Bermuda and the island of Barbados where there is high influence from the Portuguese community. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation

In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged European emigration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s there were up to 1 million Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa ^[19] An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in the 1975, while others moved to Brazil and south to South Africa, which now has the largest Portuguese population in Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

As of 1989, some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States. ^[20]

As a result of interracial marriage and cultural influence, there are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, most notably in Malaysia and Singapore (see Kristang people), Barbados, Aruba, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana), Equatorial Guinea and Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers). For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore The Kristang are an Ethnic group of people of mixed Portuguese and Asian descent which arose in Malacca ( Malaysia) between Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state The history of Portuguese community in Guyana is directly related to the end of Slavery. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Burghers are a Eurasian ethnic group historically from Sri Lanka, consisting for the most part of male-line descendants of European colonists The Portuguese Burghers are an ethnic group in Sri Lanka, of Portuguese and Sinhalese descent

How many Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry?

There are no exact figures about the number of Brazilians of Portuguese descent, as the Portuguese immigration to Brazil is as old a phenomenon as the country's colonization and happened in different immigration waves during the last centuries (see Portuguese-Brazilian and White Latin American). Brazilians ( brasileiros in Portuguese) are all people born in Brazil Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Portuguese-Brazilian' (luso-brasileiro is a Portuguese born citizen with Brazilian citizenship or a Brazilian born citizen of Portuguese White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America.

Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many British Americans in the United States who will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans"). The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics or IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Gehjgygmmliografia e Estatística is the agency responsible for Statistical The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In 1872, there were 3. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year 7 million Whites in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. 1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Native American ancestry) and 1. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. Afro-Brazilian, or Black Brazilian, is the term used to racially categorize Brazilian citizens who are black or Multiracial The Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( Portuguese: povos indígenas) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who inhabited the country prior to 9 million Blacks. These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s. ^[21]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1. 5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Rio is, still today, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself. ^[22][23]

Genetic studies also confirm the strong Portuguese racial influence in Brazilians. According to a study, at least half of the Brazilian population's Y Chromosome comes from Portugal. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, most of them may come from Portuguese ancestors. Afro-Brazilian, or Black Brazilian, is the term used to racially categorize Brazilian citizens who are black or Multiracial ^[24][25]

References

See also

• Genetic history of Europe
• European ethnic groups
• Romance languages
• Portuguese Africans
  • Portuguese Angolans
  • Portuguese Mozambicans
  • Portuguese-South Africans
• Portuguese-Brazilians
• Portuguese Luxembourger
• Portuguese British
• Portuguese Americans
• Portuguese Canadians

External links

• Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
• Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal
• Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series