| John Paul II | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | Karol Józef Wojtyła |
| Papacy began | 16 October 1978 |
| Papacy ended | 2 April 2005 |
| Predecessor | John Paul I |
| Successor | Benedict XVI |
| Born | 18 May 1920 Wadowice, Poland |
| Died | 2 April 2005 (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Styles of Pope John Paul II | |
 | |
| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | Servant of God |
Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Wadowice (Wadowitz is a Town in southern Poland, 50km from Kraków with 19200 inhabitants (2006 situated on the Skawa river confluence Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the His Holiness is the official style or manner of address in reference to the leaders of certain religious groups Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II) born Karol Józef Wojtyła IPA: [ˈkaɾɔl ˈjuzεf vɔi̯ˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City from 16 October 1978, until his death, almost 27 years later. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) His was the second-longest pontificate after Pius IX's 31-year reign. While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders this title in English Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 He has been the only Polish pope, and was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Adrian VI in the 1520s. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of
John Paul II was Pope during a period in which the Catholic Church's influence declined in developed countries but expanded in the Third World. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically During his reign, the pope traveled extensively, visiting over 100 countries, more than any of his predecessors. He remains one of the most-traveled world leaders in history. He was fluent in numerous languages: his native Polish and also Italian, French, German, English, Spanish, Croatian, Portuguese, Russian and Latin. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [1] As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he canonized a great number of people. Universal Call to Holiness and Apostolate is a teaching of the Roman Catholic Church that all people are called to be holy. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints
He beatified 1,340 people (some listed here), more people than any previous pope. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church According to the Wikipedia page on Pope John Paul II he Beatified 1340 people more than any previous pope The Vatican asserts he canonized more people than the combined tally of his predecessors during the last five centuries, and from a far greater variety of cultures. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope [2] Whether he had canonized more saints than all previous popes put together, as is sometimes also claimed, is difficult to prove, as the records of many early canonizations are incomplete, missing, or inaccurate. However, it is known that his abolition of the office of Promotor Fidei ("Promoter of the Faith" and the origin of the term Devil's advocate) streamlined the process. In common Parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who takes a position sometimes one he or she disagrees with for the sake of argument.
Contents
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Biography
Early life
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in the Polish town of Wadowice and was the youngest of three children of Karol Wojtyła and Emilia Kaczorowska. This article contains expanded biographical information about Pope John Paul II. The early life of Pope John Paul II covers the period in his life from his birth in 1920 to his ordination to the priesthood in 1946 Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar [3] His mother died on April 13, 1929, [4] when he was just nine years old, and his father supported him so that he could study. His brother, who worked as a doctor, died when Wojtyła was twelve. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health He lost everyone in his family - a sister, brother, mother, and father - before he became a priest. His youth was marked by extensive contacts with the then thriving Jewish community of Wadowice. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Wadowice (Wadowitz is a Town in southern Poland, 50km from Kraków with 19200 inhabitants (2006 situated on the Skawa river confluence He played sports during his youth, and was particularly interested in football (soccer)[5] as a goalkeeper. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered In many team Sports a goalkeeper (termed goaltender netminder, goalie, or keeper in some sports [6]
After completing his studies at the Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, in 1938 Wojtyła enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in a school for drama. Marcin Wadowita {{IPA-pl|w|a|d|o|'v|i|t|a}} (also known as Wadovius or Campius) ( 1567 - 27 January 1641) was a Polish priest For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland [3] He worked as a volunteer librarian and did compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, but refused to hold or fire a weapon. In his youth he was an athlete, actor and playwright and he learned as many as ten languages during his lifetime, including Latin, Ukrainian, Greek, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, German, English as well as his native Polish. A sportsperson ( British and American English) or athlete (principally American English is any person who participates regularly in a Sport. Acting is the work of an Actor or Actress, which is a person in Theatre, Television, Film, or any other Storytelling A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. He also had some facility with Russian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
In 1939, Nazi occupation forces closed the Jagiellonian University. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet All able-bodied males had to have a job. From 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant and a manual labourer in a limestone quarry, and then as a salesman for the Solvay chemical factory to avoid being deported to Germany. This article deals with the company named Solvay For other meanings see Solvay. [3] His father died of a heart attack in 1941. B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said he helped Jews find refuge from the Nazis. The Independent Order of B'nai B'rith ( IPA: /bəneɪ 'brɪθ/ Hebrew: בני ברית "Sons of the Covenant " is the oldest continually-operating
On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In sharp contrast to the harshness normally expected from the occupiers, German officers tended him and commandeered a passing truck to get him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there with a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. This accident and his survival seemed to Wojtyła a confirmation of his priestly vocation. On 6 August 1944, "Black Sunday", just after the Warsaw uprising began, the Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to avoid a similar uprising. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. The Warsaw Uprising ( Powstanie Warszawskie) was a World War II struggle by the Polish Home Army ( Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his home as it was searched, then escaped to the Archbishop's residence, where he stayed until after the war.
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans quit the city, and the seminarians reclaimed the ruined seminary. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the odious task of chopping up and carting away piles of frozen excrement from the lavatories. That month, Wojtyła personally helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer[7] who had run away from a Nazi labor camp in Częstochowa. Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248894 inhabitants (2004 Zierer was attempting to reach her family in Kraków but had collapsed from cold and exhaustion on a train platform in Jędrzejów. Jędrzejów Ostrowiec County Jędrzejów is a town in Poland. No one helped but Wojtyła, who gave her some hot tea and food, personally carried her to a train and accompanied her to Kraków. Zierer credits Wojtyła for saving her life that day. She would not hear of her benefactor again until she read that he was elected as the Pope in 1978. [8][9][10]
Priest
In 1942 he entered the underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. This article covers the topic of underground education in Poland (Tajne szkolnictwo or pl tajne komplety) during World War II Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Early life Sapieha was born in 1867 in the castle of Krasiczyn to a family of nobles. Karol Wojtyła was ordained a priest on 1 November 1946, by Cardinal Sapieha. In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Not long after, he was sent to study theology at the Pontifical Athenaeum of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome, Italy, commonly known as the Angelicum, where he earned a licentiate and later a doctorate in sacred theology. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, commonly known as the Angelicum, is Rome's Dominican university and one of the major pontifical Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, commonly known as the Angelicum, is Rome's Dominican university and one of the major pontifical Licentiate (from Latin licentia docendi = permission/right to teach is the title of a person who holds an Academic degree called a License. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement This doctorate, the first of two, was based on the Latin dissertation Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith According to Saint John of the Cross). Even though his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied the degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation (an Angelicum rule). In December of that year, a revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and Wojtyła was finally awarded the degree. For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland
Returning to Poland in the summer of 1948, with his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, fifteen miles from Kraków. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability In March 1949, he was transferred to Saint Florian's parish in Kraków. Saint Florian ( Latin: Florianus) (died ca 304 is a Christian Saint, and the Patron saint of Poland; Linz Austria He taught ethics at the Jagiellonian University in there and subsequently at the Catholic University of Lublin. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (in Polish Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, or KUL) is located in Lublin Wojtyła gathered a group of fewer than 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family", who met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and helping the blind and sick. Eventually there were some 200 people in his circle, which came to be called Środowisko, meaning roughly "milieu". The group went on both skiing and kayaking trips annually. Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing Skis as primary equipment A kayak is a small human-powered Boat. It typically has a covered deck and a cockpit covered by a Spraydeck.
Fr Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny ("Universal Weekly") dealing with contemporary church issues, and his literary work blossomed in his first dozen years as a priest. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Tygodnik Powszechny (translates as ‘Universal Weekly’ is a Roman Catholic weekly Magazine, focusing on social and cultural issues The war, life under communism, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poems and plays. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters These were published under two pseudonyms-Andrzej Jawień, and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda. He used these pseudonyms firstly to distinguish his literary from his religious writings, which were published under his own name, and also so that his literary work would be considered on their own merits rather than as clerical curiosities.
He earned a second doctorate, based on an evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of phenomenologist Max Scheler (An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler), in 1954. Max Scheler ( August 22, 1874, Munich – May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main) was a German Philosopher As was the case with the first degree, he was not granted the degree upon earning it. This time, the faculty at Jagiellonian University was forbidden by communist authorities from granting the degree. In conjunction with his habilitation at Catholic University of Lublin, Poland, he finally obtained the doctorate of philosophy in 1957 from that institution, where he had assumed the Chair of Ethics in 1956. Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (in Polish Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, or KUL) is located in Lublin Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language
Bishop and cardinal
On 4 July 1958 Pope Pius XII named him titular bishop of Ombi and auxiliary to Archbishop Baziak, apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Kraków. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Main article Bishop (Catholic Church A titular bishop is a bishop of the Catholic Church who is not in charge Ombi is a Titular see (vacant since 1966 as of 2005 in the Catholic church the see corresponds to the city now known as Kom Ombo in Egypt He was consecrated to the Episcopate by Arcbishop Baziak on September 28, 1958. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At 38 Karol Wojtyła was the youngest bishop in Poland. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Pope John Paul II recounts in his book Rise, Let us be on our Way how he entered a room a full of priests, after news had been received of his appointment as auxiliary Bishop, when Archbishop Baziak called out "Habemus papam" ("We have a Pope"). Baziak died in June 1962 and on July 16 Karol Wojtyła was elected as Vicar Capitular, or temporary administrator, of the Archdiocese until an Archbishop could be appointed. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
Starting in October 1962 Bishop Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council, and in December 1963 Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Archbishop Wojtyła's promotion to the Sacred College of Cardinals with the title of Cardinal Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. San Cesareo in Palatio or San Caesareo de Appia is a Titular church in Rome, near the beginning of the Appian Way.
He made contributions to two of the most historic and influential products of the council, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis Humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes). Dignitatis Humanæ is the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom. Gaudium et Spes, the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, was one of the chief accomplishments of the Second Vatican Council.
In 1960, Wojtyła had published the influential book Love and Responsibility, a defense of the traditional Church teachings on sex and marriage from a new philosophical standpoint. In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae Vitae which deals with those same issues and forbids abortion and artificial birth control. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Humanae Vitae ( Latin "Of Human Life" is an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and promulgated on July 25, 1968
A Pope from Poland
In August 1978 following Paul's death, he voted in the Papal conclave that elected Pope John Paul I, who at 65 was considered young by papal standards. Papabili and proceedings Ten days after the funeral of Pope John Paul I, on October 14, the doors of the Sistine Chapel were sealed and the conclave A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 However, John Paul I was in poor health and he died after only 33 days as pope, thereby precipitating another conclave.
Voting in the second conclave was divided between two particularly strong candidates: Giuseppe Siri, the Archbishop of Genoa; and Giovanni Benelli, the Archbishop of Florence and a close associate of Pope John Paul I. Giuseppe Cardinal Siri ( May 20, 1906 &mdash May 2, 1989) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Giovanni Cardinal Benelli ( May 12, 1921 &mdash October 26, 1982) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 In early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of victory. However, Wojtyła secured election as a compromise candidate, in part through the support of Franz Cardinal König and others who had previously supported Cardinal Siri. Franz Cardinal König ( August 3, 1905 &mdash March 13, 2004) was an Austrian Prelate of the Roman
He became the 264th Pope according to the chronological List of popes. While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope elected since Pope Pius IX in 1846. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Like his immediate predecessor, Pope John Paul II dispensed with the traditional Papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with the simplified Papal inauguration on 22 October 1978. The Papal Coronation is the ceremony in which a new Pope is crowned as earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church, sovereign of Vatican City Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe' is a rather general term for the formal installation of an The Papal Inauguration Mass is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church (celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring and hugged him (SABC2 "The Greatest souls" documentary 2005). Stefan Wyszyński (3 August 1901 - 28 May 1981 was a Polish Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. As Bishop of Rome he took possession of his Cathedral Church, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 12 November 1978. The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar)
Assassination attempts
On 13 May 1981 John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman, as he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience. An attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II occurred on May 13, 1981. Juan María Fernández y Krohn (born in Spain in 1950 is a former Roman Catholic Priest and former Belgian lawyer who tried to assassinate The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish Assassin, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Saint Peter's Square, or Saint Peter's Piazza ( Italian: Piazza San Pietro) is located directly in front of St He was rushed into the Vatican complex, then to the Gemelli Hospital, where Dr. The Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli is a large general Hospital in Rome, Italy. Francesco Crucitti, a noted surgeon, had just arrived by police escort after hearing of the incident. The Pope had lost almost three-quarters of his blood, a near-exsanguination, despite the fact that the bullets missed his mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta. Exsanguination (also known colloquially as bleeding out) is the fatal process of total Hypovolemia (blood loss He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his massive blood loss and abdominal wounds. En route to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Two days after Christmas 1983, John Paul II visited the prison where his would-be assassin was being held. The two spoke privately for 20 minutes. John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust. " The pope also stated that Our Lady of Fatima helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal. Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima
| “ | Could I forget that the event [Ali Ağca's assassination attempt] in St. Peter’s Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet. | ” |
—Pope John Paul II -Memory & Identity, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005, p. 184 | ||
On 2 March 2006, an Italian parliamentary commission concluded that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt, in retaliation for John Paul II's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement, a theory which had already been supported by Michael Ledeen and the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Michael Arthur Ledeen (b Los Angeles California, August 1, 1941) is a scholar at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a contributing near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The report stated that certain Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilized to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian [11] Although the Pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that this country had nothing to do with the assassination attempt, his secretary, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, alleges in his book A Life with Karol that the pope was convinced privately that the KGB was behind the assassination attempt. [12] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the Pope denied the Bulgarian connection. This theory was also central to Tom Clancy's novel Red Rabbit, published in 2002. Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Red Rabbit ( 2002) is a New York Times bestselling novel by Tom Clancy.
Another assassination attempt took place on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the last attempt on his life, in Fatima, Portugal when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet, but was stopped by security guards. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Fátima ( ˈfatimɐ is a city in Portugal famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917 A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle The assailant, a right wing Spanish ex-priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn, a former priest of the Diocese of Madrid, reportedly opposed the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and called the pope an agent of Communist Moscow. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Juan María Fernández y Krohn (born in Spain in 1950 is a former Roman Catholic Priest and former Belgian lawyer who tried to assassinate In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the Roman Catholic priesthood and served a six-year sentence. He was treated for mental illness and was expelled from Portugal afterwards, only to become a lawyer in Belgium, where he would try to assassinate King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Pope John Paul II was also one of the targets of the Al-Qaeda-funded Operation Bojinka during a visit to the Philippines in 1995. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed The first plan was to kill Pope John Paul II when he visited the Philippines during the World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. World Youth Day is a youth-oriented Roman Catholic Church event World Youth Day 1995 was a Catholic youth festival that took place from January 10 &ndash 15, 1995 in Manila, Philippines On January 15, 1995, a suicide bomber would dress up as a priest, while John Paul II passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati City. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons The assassin planned to get close to the Pope, and detonate the bomb. The planned assassination of the Pope was intended to divert attention from the next part of the phase. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the would-be assassins alerted police to their whereabouts, and they were arrested nearly a week before the Pope's visit.
Health
When he became pope in 1978, John Paul II was already an avid sportsman, and he traveled extensively during his papacy. Pope John Paul II entered the Papacy as an avid Sportsman, enjoying Hiking and Swimming. The Popemobile is an informal name for the specially designed Motor vehicles used by the Pope during outdoor public appearances Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " At the time, the 58-year old was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weightlifting, swimming and hiking in the mountains. Weightlifting, also called Olympic weightlifting or Olympic-style weightlifting, is a sport in which participants attempt a maximum weight single lift of a barbell Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage He was also fond of football and played for Poland in his youth.
John Paul's obvious physical fitness and athletic good-looks earned much comment in the media following his election, which compared his health and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a keep-fit regime had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) who was an avid mountain climber. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labeled John Paul the "the keep-fit pope. The Irish Independent is Ireland's largest selling daily newspaper "
In 1981, John Paul II's health suffered a major blow after the first failed assassination attempt. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. He went on to a full recovery, and sported an impressive physical condition throughout the 1980s. Starting about 1992, however, his health slowly declined. He rarely walked in public and began to suffer from an increasingly slurred speech and difficulty in hearing. Most experts agreed that the frail pontiff suffered from Parkinson's disease, although it wasn't until 2003 that the Vatican finally confirmed it. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope From being strikingly fitter than his predecessors, he had declined physically to far more ill health than was the norm among more elderly popes.
In February 2005 John Paul II was taken to the Gemelli hospital with inflammation and spasm of the larynx, the result of influenza. The Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli is a large general Hospital in Rome, Italy. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens The larynx (plural larynges) colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the Neck of Mammals involved in protection of the He was released from the hospital, then taken back after a few days because of difficulty breathing. A tracheotomy was performed, which improved the Pope's breathing but limited his speaking abilities, to his visible frustration. Tracheotomy and tracheostomy are Surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe In March 2005, speculation was high that the Pope was near death; this was confirmed by the Vatican a few days before John Paul II died.
Death
On 31 March 2005 the Pope developed a very high fever and profoundly low blood pressure, but was neither rushed to the hospital nor offered life support. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. Instead, he was offered medical monitoring by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication that the pope and those close to him believed that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican. [13] Later that day Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. Anointing of the Sick is distinguished from other forms of religious Anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning in that it is intended as its name Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz (born April 27, 1939 in Raba Wyżna) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. During the final days of the Pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace.
Tens of thousands of people rushed to the Vatican, filling St. Peter's Square and beyond with a vast multitude, and held vigil for two days. Saint Peter's Square, or Saint Peter's Piazza ( Italian: Piazza San Pietro) is located directly in front of St Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you. "
On Saturday 2 April, at about 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words, "Let me go to the house of the Father," to his aides in his native Polish and fell into a coma about four hours later. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. [14] He died in his private apartment, at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC), 46 days short of his 85th birthday. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter, that is, Divine Mercy Sunday which was put into the Church's calendar by him on the occasion of the canonization of St. Faustina on 30 April 2000,[15] had just been celebrated at his bedside. The Feast of the Divine Mercy or Divine Mercy Sunday falls on the Octave of Easter (the Sunday immediately following Easter Mary Faustina Kowalska, commonly known as Saint Faustina, born Helena Kowalska (August 25 1905 Glogowiec Poland then in the Russian Empire &ndash Died October Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Several aides were present, along with several Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)
A crowd of over two million present in Vatican City mourned the death of John Paul II. The public viewing of his body in St. Peter's Basilica drew over four million people to Vatican City and was one of the largest pilgrimages in the history of Christianity. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance Many world leaders expressed their condolences and ordered flags in their countries lowered to half-staff. Numerous countries with a Catholic majority, and even some with only a small Catholic population, declared mourning for John Paul II.
On his death certificate, (refractory) septic shock was listed as a primary cause of death along with profound arterial hypotension leading to complete circulatory collapse. Septic shock is a very serious medical condition caused by decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery as a result of Infection and Sepsis, though the In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. In cases of fatal sepsis, the normal cause of death is complete circulatory collapse.
Funeral
The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. For the New York prison see The Tombs. A Tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. The funeral of Pope John Paul II was held on April 8 2005, six days after his death on April 2. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April to 7 April at St. Peter's Basilica. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St The Mass of Requiem on 8 April was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Ratzinger, who would become the next pope, conducted the ceremony. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of Blessed Pope John XXIII. Pope John (numberingBlessed The alcove had been empty since Pope John's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church
Titles
His title was: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of Saint Peter, Head of the College of Bishops, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West (this title was recently removed from the papal list of titles by the reigning pope, Benedict XVI), Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God, Pope John Paul II. The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. In the broadest sense a vicar (from the Latin Vicarius) is a representative anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The term College of Bishops is used in Catholic Theology to describe the bishops, as the successors of the Apostles in communion History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory
Posthumous recognition and cause for canonization
Since the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world have been referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great" — only the third pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. [16][17]
His successor, Pope Benedict XVI, referred to him as "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address from the loggia of St Peter's Church. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Loggia is the name given to an Architectural feature originally of Italian design which is often a gallery or Corridor generally on the ground Pope Benedict XVI, then Cardinal Ratzinger, stirred excitement by some devotees of the pope when in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose, he referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great. "
Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great. " At the 2005 World Youth Day in Germany, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people. " In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor. "
In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great," numerous newspapers have also done so. For example the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great. Corriere della Sera ("Evening Courier" is an Italian daily Newspaper (first in sales) published in Milan. "
Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title establishes itself through popular, and continued, usage. Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858-867. Pope Saint Leo I or Pope Saint Leo the Great was Pope from September 29, 440 to November 10, 461. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Geiseric, king of the Vandals, captures Sicily. Events By Place Western Roman Empire August 2 — Majorian resigns as Emperor shortly afterwards Libius Severus Events By Place Byzantine Empire Summer - Maurice agrees to Khosrau's entreaties and agrees to restart the war with Persia Events By Place Ancient Japan Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution. History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions Pope This article is about the year 858 AD. For the terrorist attack on Korean air see Korean_Air_Flight_858. Events By Place Byzantine Empire September — Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
On May 9, 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, John Paul II. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Normally five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome and the one responsible for promoting the cause for canonization of any person who dies within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. Camillo Cardinal Ruini (born February 19, 1931) is an Italian Prelate of the Catholic Church. A vicar general (often abbreviated VG) is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints
The "exceptional circumstances" presumably refer to the people's cries of "Santo Subito!" ("Saint now!") during the late pontiff's funeral. Therefore the new Pope waived the five year rule "so that the cause of Beatification and Canonization of the same Servant of God can begin immediately. "[18] The decision was announced on May 13, 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fatima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima Peter's Square. [19] John Paul II often credited Our Lady of Fatima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [20]
In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. A miracle is an event believed to be caused by interposition of Divine intervention by a Supernatural being in the Universe by which the ordinary operation A French nun, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease, is reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II". Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's [21][22] The nun was later identified as Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, a member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards from Puyricard, near Aix-en-Provence. Aix (ɛks or Aix-en-Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm to distinguish [23]
On May 28, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI said Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. During his homily he encouraged prayers for the early canonization of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonization would happen "in the near future. "
In January 2007, it was announced by Stanislaw Cardinal Dziwisz of Krakow, his former secretary, that the key interviewing phase in Italy and Poland of the beatification process was nearing completion. Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz (born April 27, 1939 in Raba Wyżna) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinal Dziwisz had been giving an interview that featured the introduction of his new book in Polish and Italian, Living With Karol, when he made the announcement. In February 2007, the website of the late pope's sainthood cause has stated that relics of Pope John Paul II — pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear — were being freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause to interested parties; this distribution and prayerful use of relics is a typical praiseworthy pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.
On 8 March 2007 it was announced that the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification is at an end. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Cardinal Vicar ( Cardinale Vicario) is a title commonly given to the Vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the Diocese within In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007 — the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death — the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, who will conduct an investigation of their own. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope The Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints ( Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the complex process
Not all Catholic theologians agree with the call for beatification. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor Jose Maria Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni raised seven points, including his stance against contraception and the ordination of women (despite the fact his position was reaffirmation of what already had been Catholic teaching) as well as the Church scandals that allegedly presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification. "[24]
Life's work
Teachings
As pope, one of John Paul II's most important roles was to teach people about Christianity. The teachings of the Servant of God Pope John Paul II are contained in a number of documents Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings He wrote 14 papal encyclicals (List of Encyclicals of Pope John Paul II) that many observers believe will have long-lasting influence on the church. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This article contains a list
In his Apostolic Letter At the beginning of the third millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasized the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person. Novo Millennio Ineunte ("At the beginning of the new millennium" is an Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, addressed to the Bishops Clergy Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " " In what he calls a "program for all times," he placed "sanctity" as the single most important priority of all pastoral activities in the entire Catholic Church. He canonized many saints around the world as exemplars for his vision and he supported the prelature of Opus Dei, whose aim is to spread the message of the universal call to holiness and the sanctification of secular activities, which he said is a "great ideal" and a "characteristic mark" of the Second Vatican Council. Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is a part of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches the Catholic belief that everyone Universal Call to Holiness and Apostolate is a teaching of the Roman Catholic Church that all people are called to be holy.
In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor) he emphasized the dependence of man on God and his law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". Veritatis Splendor ( Latin for "The Splendor of Truth" is an Encyclical by Pope John Paul II. He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and skepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences
In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promotes a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit for Truth in theological matters. Fides et Ratio (faith and reason is an Encyclical promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 14 September 1998. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he describes the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasizes why it is important that theologians should focus on the relationship. John Paul proposes that philosophy has lost its meaning (e. g. , the pursuit for objective truth), and that restoring it will ultimately help cure the nihilistic condition of our current age; and, moreover, lead to the Truth of sacred scripture.
John Paul II also wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals. Through his encyclicals, John Paul also talked about the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of mankind, and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations. Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence
Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Orientale Lumen (Light of the East). An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church See also Catholic theology of the body, Teachings of Pope John Paul II Evangelium Vitæ ( Latin: "The Gospel of Life" is the Often accused of inflexibility through misunderstanding of the office of the papacy in asserting Church Teaching, he explicitly reiterated and asserted unchanged 2,000-year old Catholic teaching on moral matters like murder, euthanasia and abortion. These, like all statements on faith and morals, according to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, when asserted in the official papal capacity possess the quality referred to as infallibility. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF ( Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) previously known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office,
John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the Vatican II (1962–65), affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Nevertheless, his critics often wished aloud that he would embrace the so-called "progressive" agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate "progressive" changes in these areas, e. g. , still condemning the taking of unborn human life through abortion as an "unspeakable crime". John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, with Cardinal Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed Liberation theology. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent An Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic
He believed in the Church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptized man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the sacrament of marriage that was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active Often mistakenly assumed to be a rejection against women, he definitively explained and asserted in 1994 for all time the Church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, without such authority such ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the Church by ordaining women to the priesthood. (Apostolic Letter 'Ordinatio Sacerdotalis') In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests. Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse.
John Paul II, as a writer of philosophical and theological thought, was characterized by his explorations in phenomenology and personalism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism: Only persons are real (in He is also known for his development of the Theology of the Body. Theology of the Body refers to a series of 129 Lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in the Pope Paul
Philosophers and theologians influenced by him include-among countless others: his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, Jurgen Habermas, John Haas, Andrew Greeley, Rocco Buttiglione, Hans Köchler, George Weigel, Scott Hahn, Mary Beth Bonacci, Deirdre McQuade, Antoinette Bosco, Hans Küng, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, SJ, John J. Myers, Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke, Joseph Bernardin, Francis Cardinal George, O.M.I., Timothy M. Dolan, Edward Egan, John O'Connor, Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz, Christoph Schonborn, Stanisław Dziwisz, Franciszek Macharski, Józef Glemp, Peter Hans Kolvenbach, S.J., Paolo Dezza, Pedro Arrupe, S.J., Oscar Romero, Mother Teresa, Walter Kasper, Michael Fitzgerald, Jean-Marie Lustiger, André Vingt-Trois, Jarosław Gowin, and Elio Sgreccia. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of The Reverend Dr Andrew M Greeley (born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley is an Irish-American Roman Rocco Buttiglione (born June 6, 1948) is an Italian Christian Democrat politician and an academic philosopher. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman George Weigel ( Baltimore, 1951 -) is an American Catholic author and political and social activist Scott Hahn (born October 28, 1957) is a contemporary author theologian and Catholic apologist. Hans Küng (born March 19, 1928 in Sursee, Canton of Lucerne) is a Catholic Priest, a Swiss theologian and Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar ( April 8, 1904 - June 22, 1995) was a French Dominican Priest and theologian Avery Dulles SJ (born August 24, 1918) is a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and currently the Laurence J Archbishop John Joseph Myers (b July 26, 1941 in Earlville, Illinois, near Ottawa) is the Archbishop of the Roman Joseph Louis Cardinal Bernardin (originally Bernardini) ( April 2, 1928 &ndash November 14, 1996) was an American Francis Eugene George, OMI (born January 16, 1937) is an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded on January 25, 1816 by Saint Timothy Michael Dolan (born February 6, 1950) is the tenth Roman Catholic Archbishop of For the police officer who with Sonny Grosso, investigated the so-called French Connection Heroin smuggling ring see Eddie Egan. John O'Connor may refer to Father John O'Connor (1870-1952 British priest John J Christoph Schönborn, OP (born January 22, 1945) is an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church and theologian Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz (born April 27, 1939 in Raba Wyżna) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Franciszek Macharski (born 20 May 1927 in Kraków) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Józef Glemp (born December 18, 1929) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, SJ, STD (born in Druten, 30 November, 1928) was the 29th Superior The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Fr Pedro Arrupe SJ ( November 14, 1907 &ndash February 5, 1991) (full name Pedro de Arrupe y Gondra) was the twenty-eighth The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ( August 25 1917 &ndash March 24 1980) commonly known as Monseñor Romero, was a Bishop Mother Teresa, Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, (born August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997) was an Albanian ref>Spink Walter Cardinal Kasper (born 5 March 1933 in Heidenheim an der Brenz) is a German Prelate of the Roman Catholic Michael Louis Fitzgerald ( 17 August 1937) is a Roman Catholic Archbishop. Aaron Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger (French pronunciation Fr-Jean Marie Lustiger André Armand Cardinal Vingt-Trois (born November 7, 1942) is a French Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Jarosław Gowin (born December 4, 1961 in Cracow) is a Polish politician
Pastoral trips
During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II made trips to 117 countries. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential [25] In total he logged more than 1. 1 million km (725,000 miles). He consistently attracted large crowds on his travels, some amongst the largest ever assembled in human history. All these travels were paid by the money of the countries he visited and not by the Vatican.
One of John Paul II's earliest official visits was to Poland, in June 1979, where he was constantly surrounded by ecstatic crowds. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [26] The first trip to Poland was sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980 which brought freedom and human rights to his troubled country. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the organization. Successive trips reinforced this message and Poland began the process that would finally defeat the domination of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe in 1989.
While some of his trips (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI (the first pope to travel widely), many others were to places that no pope had ever visited before, including Mexico in February, (1979) for a Bishops Synod, even before going to Poland for the first time, Ireland later that year in September 1979, Japan (in 1982), South Korea and Puerto Rico (both in 1984). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Pope The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican In the first visit by a pontiff to Cuba (1998), he sharply criticized Cuba's stance on religious expression, as well as US sanctions against Cuba. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The United States Embargo Against Cuba (described in Cuba as el bloqueo, Spanish for "the Blockade " is an economic commercial and In 2000, the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt met with the Coptic pope and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the The Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria has the title Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria in 2001. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. He visited Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be interred. The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Ummayad Mosque' ( Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير transl Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram.
In 1988 he made a trip to Lesotho to beatify Joseph Gerrad. [27] On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between four and eight million in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines, considered the largest single event in Christian history. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 World Youth Day 1995 was a Catholic youth festival that took place from January 10 &ndash 15, 1995 in Manila, Philippines Rizal Park is situated in the heart of the city of Manila, Philippines. The City of Manila In September 2001 amid post-September 11 concerns, he traveled to Kazakhstan, with an audience of largely Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity in that nation. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings He fluently said Mass in local languages during some visits, including Kiswahili at a Mass in Nairobi, Kenya in 1995 and in an Indonesian language in East Timor. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia.
Throughout his trips, he stressed his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary through visits to various shrines to the Virgin Mary, notably Knock in Ireland, Licheń Stary in Poland, Fátima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico and Lourdes in France. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary In the culture and practice of some Christian Churches - mainly but not solely the Roman Catholic Church - a Shrine to the Virgin Mary (or Marian shrine Knock (An Cnoc meaning The Hill – but now more generally known in Irish as Cnoc Mhuire, "Hill of (the Virgin Mary" is a small town in Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Licheń Stary is a village with 1200 inhabitants on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodship, 15 km north of Konin Poland. Fátima ( ˈfatimɐ is a city in Portugal famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Our Lady of Guadalupe, also called the Virgin of Guadalupe (Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe or Virgen de Guadalupe is a 16th century Roman Catholic Mexican The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Lourdes ( Occitan: Lorda) is a town and commune situated in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department, lying in the first Pyrenean This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Relations with other religions and denominations
Pope John Paul II traveled extensively and came into contact with believers from many divergent faiths. He constantly attempted to find common ground, both doctrinal and dogmatic. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on October 27, 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and Christian denominations spent a day together with fasting and praying. A Day of Prayer is a day allocated to prayer either by leaders of religions or the general public for a specific purpose Assisi (əˈsiːzi or /əˈsiːsi/ ( Latin: Asisium) is a Town in Italy in Province of Perugia, Italy, in the Umbria Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) [28]
Anglicanism
Pope John Paul II had good relations with the Anglican Church, referred to by Paul VI as "our beloved Sister Church". He preached in Canterbury Cathedral during his visit to Britain, and received Archbishops of Canterbury with friendship and courtesy. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the However, John Paul II was greatly disappointed by the Anglican Church's decision to offer the sacrament of priestly ordination to women and saw it as a step in the opposite direction from unity between the Anglican Church and Roman Catholicism.
Judaism
Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved during the pontificate of John Paul II. The Great Synagogue of Rome (Tempio Maggiore di Roma is the largest Synagogue in Rome. See also Christianity and Judaism See also Christian-Jewish reconciliation This article on relations between Catholicism and Judaism deals with He spoke frequently about the Church's relationship with Jews. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
As a child, Karol Wojtyła had played sports with his many Jewish neighbors. In 1979 he became the first Pope to visit the Nazi Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his countrymen (mostly Polish Jews) had perished during the German Nazi occupation. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German In 1998 he issued "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah" which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust. [1] He also became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Synagogue of Rome on April 13, 1986. The Great Synagogue of Rome (Tempio Maggiore di Roma is the largest Synagogue in Rome. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
In 1994, in honor of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, Pope John Paul II hosted "The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. " This concert, which was conceived and conducted by American Maestro Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome, the President of Italy, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Gilbert Levine (b Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as
In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, (the Israeli national Holocaust memorial) in Israel and later made history by touching the holiest site in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews in the past). Yad Vashem (יד ושם also spelled Yad VaShem; "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" is Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The Western Wall (הכותל המערבי translit: HaKotel HaMa'aravi) sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel (lit Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the [29] In October 2003 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop
Immediately after the pope's death, the ADL issued a statement that Pope John Paul II had revolutionized Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27 year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before. " (Pope John Paul II: An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered).
Eastern Orthodox Church
In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist of the Romanian Orthodox Church. In May 1999 Pope John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Teoctist, born Toader Arăpaşu ( February 7, 1915 &ndash July 30, 2007) was the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054. The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the Pope. Emil Constantinescu (born November 19, 1939 in Tighina, currently in the Republic of Moldova) was President of Romania The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity. "
John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as Ukraine, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that an end to the Schism was one of his fondest wishes. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
The Pope had also said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia, but this never occurred. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending He had made several attempts to solve the problems which arose over a period of centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, such as giving back the icon of Our Lady of Kazan in August 2004. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Our Lady of Kazan, also called Theotokos of Kazan (Russian Казанская Богоматерь) is a holy Icon, of which it However, the Russian Orthodox Church never expressed much enthusiasm, making statements to the effect of: "The question of the visit of the Pope in Russia is not connected by the journalists with the problems between the Churches, which are now unreal to solve, but with giving back one of many sacred things, which were illegally stolen from Russia. " (Vsevolod Chaplin).
Buddhism
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama and the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, visited Pope John Paul II eight times, more than any other single dignitary. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including The Pope and the Dalai Lama often shared similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from peoples affected by communism and both being heads of religious bodies. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
Islam
On 6 May 2001, Pope John Paul II became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in an Islamic mosque. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. He visited Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria, where John the Baptist is believed to be interred, and gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness. The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Ummayad Mosque' ( Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير transl Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. "[30] He kissed the Quran in Syria [2], an act which made him popular amongst Muslims and more unpopular amongst traditional Catholics.
In 2005, Pope John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation," which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by choirs from Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Turkey with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra ( PSO) is an American Symphony Orchestra, based at Heinz Hall in the Cultural District The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Gilbert Levine (b The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St Gregory the Great was established on September 1, 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI, seven months after his election
The Pope for youth
John Paul II had a special relationship also with Catholic youth and is known by some as The Pope for Youth. Before he was pope he used to camp and mountain hike with the youth. He still went mountain hiking when he was pope. He was a hero to many of them. Indeed, at gatherings, young Catholics, and conceivably non-Catholics, were often fond of chanting the phrase "JP Two, We Love You", and occasionally John Paul would reply "JP too, He Loves YOU!" He was particularly concerned with the education of young future Priests, and made many early visits to Roman seminaries, including to the Venerable English College in 1979. The Venerable English College is a Roman Catholic Seminary in Rome for the training of priests for England.
He established World Youth Day in 1984 with the intention of bringing young Catholics from all parts of the world together to celebrate their faith. World Youth Day is a youth-oriented Roman Catholic Church event These week-long meetings of youth occur every two or three years, attracting hundreds of thousands of young people, who go there to sing, party, have a good time and deepen their faith. Some of his most faithful youths gathered themselves in two organizations: "papaboys" and "papagirls. "
Apologies
Over the later parts of his reign, John Paul II made several apologies to various peoples who had been wronged by the Catholic Church through the years. Even before he became the Pope, he was a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives like the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. The Pastoral Letter of the Polish Bishops to their German Brothers (Orędzie biskupów polskich do ich niemieckich braci w Chrystusowym urzędzie pasterskim Hirtenbrief der polnischen During his reign as a Pope, he publicly made apologies for over 100 of these wrongdoings, including:
- The conquest of Mesoamerica by Spain in the name of the Church
- The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992). Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)
- Catholics' involvement with the African slave trade (9 August 1993). This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
- The Church Hierarchy's role in burnings at the stake and the religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (May 1995, in the Czech Republic). Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia,
- The injustices committed against women, the violation of women's rights and for the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman"). Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
- The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see the article Religion in Nazi Germany) (16 March 1998)
- For the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 (18 December 1999 in Prague). The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as This article gives an overview about Religion in Nazi Germany and the Nazis ' complex and sometimes contradictory relationship with religion Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Jan Hus ( (ˈjan ˈɦus alternative spellings John Hus, Jan Huss, John Huss) (c Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. When John Paul II visited Prague in 1990s, he requested experts in this matter "to define with greater clarity the position held by Jan Hus among the Church's reformers, and acknowledged that "independently of the theological convictions he defended, Hus cannot be denied integrity in his personal life and commitment to the nation's moral education. " It was another step in building a bridge between Catholics and Protestants.
- For the sins of Catholics throughout the ages for violating "the rights of ethnic groups and peoples, and [for showing] contempt for their cultures and religious traditions". (12 March 2000, during a public Mass of Pardons). Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
- For the sins of the Crusader attack on Constantinople in 1204. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. (4 May 2001, to the Patriarch of Constantinople). Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Social and political stances
John Paul II was considered a conservative on doctrine and issues relating to reproduction and the ordination of women. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies No pope, however, has strayed from the Catholic Church's unbroken moral teachings on artificial contraception and the ordination of women.
A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work entitled "Theology of the Body," an extended meditation on the nature of human sexuality. Theology of the Body refers to a series of 129 Lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in the Pope Paul Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings He also extended it to condemnation of abortion, euthanasia and virtually all uses of capital punishment, calling them all a part of the "culture of death" that is pervasive in the modern world. Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner The phrase "culture of death" is a term used in moral theology He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and social justice. Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of Debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth owed by individuals corporations or nations Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than
Relations with dictatorships
In 1984 and 1986, through the voice of Cardinal Ratzinger, leader of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned the Liberation theology which had many followers in South America. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF ( Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) previously known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Oscar Romero's attempt, during his visit to Europe, to obtain a Vatican condemnation of El Salvador's regime, denounced for violations of human rights and its support of death squads, was a failure. Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ( August 25 1917 &ndash March 24 1980) commonly known as Monseñor Romero, was a Bishop El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. A death squad is an armed Squad that kills civilians terrorists or guerillas In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church" (i. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America e. "ecclesial base communities" (CEBs) supported by the CELAM), and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See. Basic ecclesial communities (BECs are sub-units of Parishes with either lay or religious leadership responsible to the parish Priest. The Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano ( English: Latin American Episcopal Conference) also known as CELAM, is a conference of the The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic
John Paul II was criticized for visiting Augusto Pinochet in Chile. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the He invited him to restore democracy, but, critics claim, not in as firm terms as the ones he used against communist countries. John Paul also allegedly endorsed Pío Cardinal Laghi, who critics say supported the "Dirty War" in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentinean generals of the military dictatorship, allegedly playing regular tennis matches with general Jorge Rafael Videla. Pio Cardinal Laghi (born 21 May, 1922) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, whose service has been limited to the diplomatic This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 However, the Pope has been linked to the fall of Jean-Claude Duvalier's dictatorship in Haiti. Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed Bébé Doc or Baby Doc) (born July 3, 1951) succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: He was also critical of the Chinese government and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association running the church and appointing bishops without the consent of the Holy See, and maintained strong ties with underground Catholic groups. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( Chinese: 中国天主教爱国会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì) abbreviated
The pope, who began his papacy when the Soviets controlled his native country of Poland, as well as the rest of Eastern Europe, was a harsh critic of communism, and supported the Polish Solidarity movement. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev once said the collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end [31]
In later years, after having harshly condemned Liberation theology, John Paul II criticized some of the more extreme versions of capitalism. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where "Unfortunately, not everything the West proposes as a theoretical vision or as a concrete lifestyle reflects Gospel values. " He saw in capitalism certain "viruses": secularism, indifferentism, hedonistic consumerism, practical materialism, and also formal atheism. Atheism
Jubilee 2000 campaign
In 2000 he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono. Jubilee 2000 was an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation of Third world debt by the year 2000. Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of Debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth owed by individuals corporations or nations Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, KBE, known as Bob Geldof (born 5 October 1951, is an Irish singer It was reported that during this period, U2's recording sessions were repeatedly interrupted by phone calls from the Pope, wanting to discuss the campaign with Bono.
Iraq war
In 2003 John Paul II also became a prominent critic of the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia In his 2003 State of the World address the Pope declared his opposition to the invasion by stating, "No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity. "[32] He sent former Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States Pío Cardinal Laghi to talk with American President George W. Bush to express opposition to the war. The Nunciature to the United States of America is an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. Pio Cardinal Laghi (born 21 May, 1922) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, whose service has been limited to the diplomatic The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. John Paul II said that it was up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a crime against peace and a violation of international law. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards
European Constitutional Treaty
In European Union negotiations for a new European Constitutional Treaty in 2003 and 2004, the Vatican's representatives failed to secure any mention of Europe's "Christian heritage"—one of the Pope's cherished goals. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended
Sexuality
- See also: Homosexuality and Roman Catholicism and Theology of the Body
While taking a traditional position on sexuality, defending the Church's moral opposition to marriage for same-sex couples, the pope asserted that persons with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity as everybody else. In Roman Catholicism, homosexual acts are contrary to natural law and sinful while homosexual desires are disordered (but not themselves sinful Theology of the Body refers to a series of 129 Lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in the Pope Paul Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same In his last book, Memory and Identity, he referred to the "pressures" on the European Parliament to permit "homosexual 'marriage'". Memory and Identity is a book written by Pope John Paul II and published in 2005 The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU In the book, as quoted by Reuters, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, perhaps more insidious and hidden, which attempts to pit human rights against the family and against man. "
The Pope also reaffirmed the Church's existing teaching on gender in relation to transsexuals, as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which he supervised, made clear that transsexuals could not serve in church positions. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF ( Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) previously known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office,
Theory of evolution and the interpretation of Genesis
- See also: Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church. The position of the Catholic Church on the theory of Evolution has moved over the last two centuries from a large period of no official
In an 22 October 1996 address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Pope John Paul II reaffirmed the Church's openness to the theory of evolution:
- "In his encyclical Humani Generis (1950), my predecessor Pius XII has already affirmed that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation, provided that we do not lose sight of certain fixed points. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded by the Roman Catholic Church in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions . . . Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studies -- which was neither planned nor sought -- constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory. " (John Paul II, Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution)
In the same address, the Pope rejected any theory of evolution that provides a materialistic explanation for the human soul:
- "Theories of evolution which, because of the philosophies which inspire them, regard the spirit either as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a simple epiphenomenon of that matter, are incompatible with the truth about man. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living "
John Paul II also wrote to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on the subject of cosmology and how to interpret Genesis:
- "Cosmogony and cosmology have always aroused great interest among peoples and religions. This article discusses scientific theories of creation (cosmogony The Bible itself speaks to us of the origin of the universe and its make-up, not in order to provide us with a scientific treatise, but in order to state the correct relationships of man with God and with the universe. Sacred Scripture wishes simply to declare that the world was created by God, and in order to teach this truth it expresses itself in the terms of the cosmology in use at the time of the writer. The Sacred Book likewise wishes to tell men that the world was not created as the seat of the gods, as was taught by other cosmogonies and cosmologies, but was rather created for the service of man and the glory of God. Any other teaching about the origin and make-up of the universe is alien to the intentions of the Bible, which does not wish to teach how heaven was made but how one goes to heaven. " (Pope John Paul II, October 3, 1981 to the Pontifical Academy of Science, "Cosmology and Fundamental Physics")
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
On February 10, 2005, Pope John Paul II elevated the Archdiocese of Trivandrum to a Major Archdiocese, elevating the Archbishop to Major Archbishop (called Catholicos by Syro-Malankara Catholics). Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 As a major archiepiscopal church, the Syro-Malankaras are granted the greatest level of self-government (autonomy) under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, governed by the major archbishop and the general synod of all bishops of the church, subject to papal oversight.
Criticisms
John Paul II was criticized for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the canonization of its founder, Jose María Escrivá. Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is a part of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches the Catholic belief that everyone Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer (January 9 1902 &ndash June 26 1975 (also known as José María or Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y Albás, born Escrivá's detractors call him an admirer of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Other movements and religious organizations of the Church went decidedly under his wing (Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the Charismatic Movement etc. The Legion of Christ is a Catholic religious congregation established in 1941 in Mexico by Fr The Neocatechumenal Way is an organisation within the Catholic Church dedicated to the Christian formation of adults The Schoenstatt Movement ( German Schönstatt-Bewegung) is a Roman Catholic Marian Movement founded in Germany ) and he was accused repeatedly of waving a soft hand on them, especially in the case of Rev. Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ. Fr Marcial Maciel Degollado ( 10 March 1920 – 30 January 2008) was born into a Mexican Roman Catholic family in The Legion of Christ is a Catholic religious congregation established in 1941 in Mexico by Fr [33]
John Paul II's defense of traditional moral teachings of the Catholic Church regarding gender roles, sexuality, euthanasia and artificial contraception came under attack. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Some feminists criticized his traditional positions on the roles of women, which included rejecting women priests. Christian feminism is an aspect of Feminist theology which seeks to advance and understand the equality of Men and Women morally socially In general religious use Ordination is the process by which a person is consecrated (set apart for the administration of various religious rites Many gay-rights activists and others criticized him for maintaining the Church's unbroken opposition to homosexuality and same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Critics have also claimed that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems such as street children in South America. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Street children is a term used to refer to children who live on the streets South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a In 2007, TIME magazine reported that the manner of John Paul II's death may have contravened his own position on using medical means to prolong life. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [34]
In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernization, traditional Catholics sometimes denounced him from the right, demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass and repudiation of the reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin rite Mass, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical The Tridentine Mass (Missa Tridentina is the form of the Roman Rite Mass contained in the typical editions of the Roman Missal that were published The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. He was also accused by these critics for allowing and appointing liberal bishops in their sees and thus silently promoting Modernism, which was firmly condemned as the "synthesis of all heresies" by his predecessor Pope St. Pius X. Modernism in the Roman Catholic Church is a theological viewpoint that usually includes a rationalist approach to the Bible, Secularism and modern Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which was called by the Holy See a "schismatic act". Marcel-François Lefebvre ( November 29 1905 – March 25 1991) better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French The Society of St Pius X ( SSPX) is an international Traditionalist Catholic organisation whose official Latin name is Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic The International Peace Prayer Conference John Paul II held in Assisi, Italy, in 1986 was heavily criticized as giving the impression that syncretism and/or indifferentism were openly embraced by the papal magisterium. Assisi (əˈsiːzi or /əˈsiːsi/ ( Latin: Asisium) is a Town in Italy in Province of Perugia, Italy, in the Umbria Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest When the second instance the Conference was held, in 2002, it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to "false religions". Likewise criticized were his kissing of the Quran in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001 - (a thorough analysis). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like Antônio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance, but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his Syllabus errorum (1864) and at the First Vatican Council. Antônio de Castro Mayer, STL ( June 20, 1904 &mdash April 25 1991) was a German-Brazilian Prelate of the Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 The Syllabus of Errors ( Syllabus Errorum) was a document issued by Holy See under Pope Pius IX on December 8 1864, The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868.
John Paul II took an absolutist position against artificial birth control, including the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV. [35] This position was harshly criticized by doctors and AIDS activists, who said that it led to countless deaths and millions of AIDS orphans. [36] It also led to an unusually public debate among senior figures in the Church. The Catholic Agency for Overseas Development published a paper stating, "Any strategy that enables a person to move from a higher-risk towards the lower end of the continuum, [we] believe, is a valid risk reduction strategy. The Catholic Agency For Overseas Development ( CAFOD) previously known as the Catholic Fund for Overseas Development, is a United Kingdom -based international "[37]
John Paul II was also criticized for failing to respond quickly enough to the sex abuse crisis, and for recentralizing power back to the Vatican following what some viewed as a decentralization by Pope John XXIII. Allegations of sexual abuse of children have been made against a variety of religious groups including but not exclusively Roman Catholic priests monks and nuns Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization particularly those regarding decision-making become concentrated within __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Pope John (numberingBlessed As such he was regarded by some as a strict authoritarian. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Conversely, he was also criticized for spending far too much time preparing for and undertaking foreign travel. The frequency of his trips, it was said, not only undermined the "specialness" of papal visits, but took him away from important business at the Vatican and allowed the Church, administratively speaking, to drift.
There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programs as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically [38][39] The Pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium. [40]
Further reading
Books by John Paul II
Meditations and philosophy
- Memory and Identity - Conversations at the Dawn of a Millennium, published by Rizzoli (22 March 2005) ISBN 0-8478-2761-5, conversational presentation of John Paul II's views on many secular topics, such as evil, freedom, contemporary Europe, nationalism, and democracy. Memory and Identity is a book written by Pope John Paul II and published in 2005 Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Included in the book is also a transcript of the Pope's discussion on his assassination attempt in 1981.
- Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way, Warner Books (September 28, 2004), ISBN 0-446-57781-2, mostly addressed to his bishops, although it has been used as source of inspiration for others having knowledge of Christianity. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
- Roman Triptych (Meditation) - 6 March (2003), in Italy published by Libreria Editrice Vaticana ISBN 88-209-7451-7
- Pope John Paul II - In My Own Words, Gramercy (6 August 2002) ISBN 0-517-22084-9, best-seller, a carefully selected compilation of words and prayers of John Paul II, compiled by Anthony F. " Roman Triptych: Meditations" is a poem by Pope John Paul II, published in the ( Vatican) in March 2003 by Libreria Editrice Vaticana Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Chiffolo.
- Gift and Mystery - On the Fiftieth Anniversary of My Priestly Ordination, Image (20 April 1999) ISBN 0-385-49371-1, about being a priest. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
- The Theology Of The Body; Human Love In The Divine Plan, Pauline Books and Media, 1997, ISBN 0-8198-7394-2, a compilation of weekly lectures from 1979 to 1984 to married couples about the deep meaning of human love and sexuality. Theology of the Body refers to a series of 129 Lectures given by Pope John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in the Pope Paul
- Crossing the Threshold of Hope, Knopf (19 September 1995), ISBN 0-679-76561-1, edited by Vittorio Messori. Crossing the Threshold of Hope was the first book-length Interview with Pope John Paul II. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Vittorio Messori (born 1941 is an Italian journalist and writer John Paul II expounds upon many of his teachings and ideas.
- The Way to Christ - Spiritual Exercises, HarperSanFrancisco (7 October 1994) ISBN 0-06-064216-5, conversational presentation of two retreats Karol Wojtyła gave 10 years apart before becoming pope. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) In that time he served in Kraków as bishop and cardinal.
- Person and Act, by Karol Wojtyła; before his papacy, (28 February 1979). Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) In depth phenomenological work tied to Thomistic Ethics; the title is sometimes mistranslated into English as The Acting Person, (2002), ISBN 90-277-0985-8.
- Love and Responsibility, by Karol Wojtyła before his papacy, Ignatius Press; Rev. edition (1 April 1993) ISBN 0-89870-445-6, in depth philosophical analysis of human love and sexuality. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
- Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology of the Body [John Paul II; Translated by Dr. Michael Waldstein] Pauline Books & Media, 2006. ISBN 0-8198-7421-3, a new translation in English created from the newly-discovered original Polish work written by John Paul II
- (Promulgated by Pope John Paul II), Catecismo de la Iglesia Catolica, Doubleday, 2006. The Doubleday Publishing Group is the fifth largest Book Publishing company in the world ISBN 978-0385-51650-1
Plays by John Paul II
- David - according to Pope John Paul II’s translator Boleslaw Taborski, no copy has been found. [41]
- Job
- Jeremiah
- Our God's Brother, Ave Maria Press (September 1995) ISBN 0-87793-870-9, play written by Karol Wojtyła in Poland during World War II at a time when Nazis were suppressing Polish culture (1944). Saint Albert Chmielowski aka Adam Hilary Bernard Chmielowski was born August 20, 1845 in Igołomia near Miechów, Congress World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history.
- The Jeweller's Shop: A Meditation on the Sacrament of Matrimony, Passing on Occasion into a Drama, Arrow, (17 March 1980) ISBN 0-09-140861-X. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)
Both of these plays were filmed:
- Our God's brother (in Polish: Brat naszego Boga), 123 min, 1997, color, directed by Krzysztof Zanussi. Krzysztof Zanussi, (b June 17, 1939 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish producer and Film director. IMDb entry.
- La Bottega dell'orefice (English: The Jeweller's Shop), 88 min (Canada)/95 min (USA), 1988, color, directed by Michael Joseph Anderson. Michael Joseph Anderson (born January 30, 1920) is an English film director. IMDb entry.
Poetry by John Paul II
- Roman Triptych. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Meditations, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, (Vatican) March 2003), ISBN 88-209-7451-7
- The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, USCCB (September 1, 2003) ISBN 1-57455-556-1, poems written in the summer of 2002. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- The Place Within: The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, Random House; 1st edition (25 October 1994) ISBN 0-679-76064-4, lyrical poetry
Biographies of Pope John Paul II
- Witness to Hope, George Weigel, HarperCollins (1999, 2001) ISBN 0-06-018793-X. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) George Weigel ( Baltimore, 1951 -) is an American Catholic author and political and social activist
- Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II, Jonathan Kwitny, Henry Holt and Company, 1997. Jonathan Kwitny (23 March 1941 Indianapolis - 26 November 1998 New York) was a Jewish American Writer and investigative
- His Holiness: John Paul II and the History of Our Time, Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi, Doubleday, 1996. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The
- Pope John Paul II: The Biography, Tad Szulc, Scribner, 1995.
- Universal Father, Garry O'Connor, Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2005, ISBN 91-37-12870-1
- John Paul II: An Illustrated Biography, Andrzej Nowak, Kluszczynski, Kraków, 2005
- Let Me Go to the Father's House: John Paul II's Strength in Weakness, Stanislaw Dziwisz, Czeslaw Drazek, SJ, Renato Buzzonetti, Angelo Comastri, Pauline Books & Media, 2006. Andrzej Nowak (1960- is a Polish historian and publicist Professor of Jagiellonian University and Business College - National Louis University in Nowy Sącz ISBN 0-8198-4522-1
- The Hidden Pope, Dacry O'Brien, Daybreak Books (1998) ISBN 0-87596-478-8
Literature about his thought
- Buttiglione, Rocco, Karol Wojtyla: The Thought of the Man Who Became Pope John Paul II, Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 1997. ISBN 0802838480
- Köchler, Hans, The Phenomenology of Karol Wojtyla. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman On the Problem of the Phenomenological Foundation of Anthropology, in: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 42 (1982), pp. 326-334
- Köchler, Hans, Karol Wojtyla's Notion of the Irreducible in Man and the Quest for a Just World Order (Saint Joseph College, USA, 2006)
- Simpson, Peter, On Karol Wojtyła, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth Publishing, 2000. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman ISBN 053458375X
Honors and namesakes
The pontiff was celebrated during his lifetime and later posthumously with several honors and as the namesake of several places and institutions. Such places often bear the name John Paul II but newer institutions are using the name John Paul the Great.
Educational and cultural centers named in honor of the Pope include the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family whose largest campuses are located at the Lateran University in Rome, Italy and Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, United States. The Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family is a Roman Catholic pontifical institute of theological studies with locations around The Pontifical Lateran University (in Italian Pontificia Università Lateranense) (also known as the Lateranum) is a Pontifical University in Rome The Catholic University of America ( CUA) located in Northeast Washington D Affiliated campuses are found in Australia, Benin, Brazil, India, Mexico and Spain. There is also a Pope John Paul II Cultural Center in the United States capital. The Pope John Paul II Cultural Center is a Roman Catholic Museum and Think tank in Washington D John Paul the Great Catholic University is a rededicated degree-granting institution in San Diego, California. John Paul the Great Catholic University is located in San Diego California. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. [42] Several John Paul II Catholic Centers may be found on college and university campuses around the world, usually serving students and staff as Roman Catholic chapels. [43] Several elementary and secondary schools also use the name John Paul II or John Paul the Great, like John Paul the Great Catholic High School in Prince William County, Virginia,[44] administered by the Dominican Sisters of Saint Cecilia or "Nashville Dominicans. Prince William County is a county located in the Washington Metropolitan Area. " (The cornerstone and tabernacle of the school were blessed by Pope Benedict XVI during Mass at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. on April 17, 2008. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Nationals Park is the current ballpark for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D )
Several national and municipal public projects were named in honor of the Pope. Rome's main railway station, the Roma Termini station, was dedicated to Pope John Paul II by a vote of the City Council, a first municipal public object in Rome bearing the name of a non Italian. Roma Termini (in Italian, Stazione Termini or Stazione di Roma Termini) is the main train station of Rome. International airports named after him are John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice — one of the principal airports of Poland — and the João Paulo II Airport in the Azores. João Paulo II Airport, named for Pope John Paul II, is an Airport located on the Island of São Miguel, less than 3 km west of the city The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from The Juan Pablo II Bridge is located in Chile, while John Paul II Square in Bulgaria denotes the Pope's visit to Sofia in 2002. The Juan Pablo II Bridge, also known as Puente Nuevo ("New Bridge" is a bridge in Chile connecting Concepción and Talcahuano with Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Parvis Notre-Dame - Place Jean-Paul II is a centerpiece of one of Paris' neighborhoods. Pope John Paul II Park is a feature of Boston, Massachusetts[45] while Pope John Paul II Drive serves residents of Chicago, Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [46]
Of international interest, Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands was named in honor of the Pope. Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula (Poluostrov Yoan Pavel II \po-lu-'os-trov yo-'an 'pa-vel 'vto-ri\ is an ice-covered peninsula on the north coast of Livingston Island, Antarctica Livingston Island ( is an Antarctic island in the South Shetland Islands, Western Antarctica lying between Greenwich and Snow Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands, lying about 120 kilometres north of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic landmark recognizes the his contribution to world peace and understanding among people.
The Pope was named Time Magazine's Person of the year in 1994. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) In 2000, he was also made an honorary Harlem Globetrotter. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism and Comedy. [47] In February 2004 Pope John Paul II was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize honoring his life's work in opposing Communist oppression and helping to reshape the world. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor [48]
See also
- List of canonizations
- List of Encyclicals of Pope John Paul II
- List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy
- List of Roman Catholic bishops of Kraków
- Papal election, 2005
- Papabili
- Personalism
- Popemobile
- Cultural references to Pope John Paul II
- The Incredible Popeman
- Stanisław Dziwisz - Personal secretary
- Liberation theology
References
- Szulc, Tad. For a list of saints and blessed Roman Catholics see Chronological list of saints and blesseds. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This article contains a list Pope John Paul II made a total of 104 pastoral visits outside Italy Papal election process for 2005 See also Papal election Presiding over the conclave was the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism: Only persons are real (in The Popemobile is an informal name for the specially designed Motor vehicles used by the Pope during outdoor public appearances As one of the most well-known and well-travelled persons of the 20th century there are many cultural references to Pope John Paul II ( 18 May 1920 – The Incredible Popeman ( Homopater in Latin) is the name of a Colombian Comic book by Rodolfo León Sánchez being Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz (born April 27, 1939 in Raba Wyżna) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Pope John Paul II: The Biography, (ISBN 0-671-00047-0)
- The Pope Blog (2005). The Last Will and Testament of Pope John Paul II (translated from Italian by V.I.S.). Retrieved 7 April 2005. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Testament in the original Polish)
- The Message of Fatima Tarcisio Bertone with introduction by Tarcisio Bertone. Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, SDB (born 2 December 1934) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See
- "John Paul II Election Surprises"
- "Electing a new Pope: The Conclave and all that"
- "Last Days of Pope John Paul II"
- "'Cured' Pope returns to Vatican" (10 February 2005). Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. BBC News.
- D'Emilio, Frances (31 March 2005). Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Pope Has High Fever From Urinary Infection". The Associated Press, published on Yahoo! News.
- Domínguez, J. (no date). "Pope John Paul II and Communism". World Religions and 101 Cults. Retrieved 4 April 2005. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- "Frail Pope suffers heart failure" (1 April 2005). Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. BBC News.
- Sean Gannon Papal Fallibility (7 April 2006) Haaretz, Israel
- "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting" (1 April 2005). Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Deutsche Welle. Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster.
- Address of Bishop Stanislaw Dziwisz On Sunday, 13 May 2001 to the Catholic University of Lublin on the 20th anniversary of the assassination attempt, published by Catholic Culture: Dziwisz Address
- Time Magazine, 25 January 1982: The Pope vs. his doctors
- The Pope Blog (2005). Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Final Letter of Pope John Paul II to the Faithful (translated from Italian). Retrieved 3 April 2005. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Lorenzi, Rossella (22 March 2005). Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Pope's Condition Not Improving". Discovery News.
- Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2005). Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato. Retrieved 2 April 2005. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment. )
- "Pope returns to Vatican after op" (13 March 2005). Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. BBC News.
- "Pope back at Vatican by Easter? It's possible" (3 March 2005). Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Associated Press, republished on MSNBC.
- St Anthony Messenger Press (2005). Pope John Paul II's Final Days. Retrieved 2 April 2005. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Interview with AM Programme, ABC Radio (Australia). April 3, 2005. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Subject: Death of Pope John Paul II; helicopter crash in Indonesia.
- "Vatican source: Pope given last rites" (31 March 2005). Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CNN.
- Wojtyla, Karol (2005). Pope John Paul II. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2 April 2005. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- "World awaits word on pope's condition" (2 April 2005). Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CNN.
- "Last Days of Pope John Paul II"
- "Feast of Divine Mercy"
- de Montfort, St. Louis-Marie Grignion. True Devotion to Mary. translated by Mark L. Jacobson, Aventine Press, 2007, (ISBN 1593304706).
Notes
- ^ http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm Pope John Paul II, The Robinson Library]
- ^ The Vatican News, Saints
- ^ a b c Holy See Press Office. "His Holiness John Paul II: Short Biography". Holy See Press Office. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
- ^ Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II) Timeline from [[[CBN]]
- ^ Pentin, Edward - National Catholic Register. "Faith and Football". Legion of Christ. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ Christensen, John, "The early years: an unhappy childhood," CNN.
- ^ Profile of Edith Zierier (1946), Voices of the Holocaust, Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
- ^ CNN Live event transcript, CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner com, Aired 2005-04-08, Retrieved on 2007-06-17. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
- ^ Roberts, Genevieve. , "THE DEATH OF POPE JOHN PAUL II: `He saved my life - with tea, bread'", The Independent, 2005-04-03, Retrieved on 2007-06-17. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
- ^ Cohen, Roger. , " The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved", International Herald Tribune, 2005-04-06, Retrieved on 2007-06-17. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
- ^ Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack By VICTOR L. SIMPSON Associated Press Writer
- ^ Late Pope 'thought of retiring' BBC News
- ^ "Frail Pope suffers heart failure," BBC News, 1 April 2005 (accessed 11 June 2005). Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "John Paul's last words revealed, BBC News, 18 September 2005 (accessed 18 September 2005). Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The Feast Of Mercy EWTN
- ^ O'Reilly, David. "Papal Legacy: Will history use name John Paul the Great?" Knight Ridder Newspapers (Detroit Free Press) April 4, 2005 "Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity. "
- ^ Murphy, Brian. "Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honor for John Paul" Associated Press April 5, 2005
- ^ RESPONSE OF HIS HOLINESS BENEDICT XVI FOR THE EXAMINATION OF THE CAUSE FOR BEATIFICATION AND CANONIZATION OF THE SERVANT OF GOD JOHN PAUL II Vatican News
- ^ Waiting Period Waived for John Paul II Benedict XVI Opens Predecessor's Cause of Beatification ROME, May 13, 2005 ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome
- ^ John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens VATICAN CITY, June 28, 2005
- ^ Vatican may have found Pope John Paul's 'miracle' ABC News online
- ^ Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease, Rome, Jan. 30, 2006 Catholic World News
- ^ Nun Who Claims Cure by John Paul II Emerges to Make Her Case New York Times, Europe
- ^ Dissident theologians participate in the canonization process of Pope John Paul II Catholic News Agency, 6 December 2005 (accessed 26 June 2007)
- ^ CNN, the Pope's Legacy (1999)
- ^ "1979: Millions cheer as the Pope comes home," from "On This Day, 2 June 1979," BBC News (accessed 11 June 2005). Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate, 1988.
- ^ Andrea Riccardi. Andrea Riccardi (born 1950 in Rome) is the founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio. La pace preventiva. Milan: San Paolo 2004. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.
- ^ 2000: Pope prays for Holocaust forgiveness
- ^ Address at Omayyad Mosque of Damascus - 6 May 2001
- ^ Ryan Chilcote, "Gorbachev: Pope was 'example to all of us'," CNN, 4 April 2005 (accessed 11 June 2005). Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ John Paul II, "Address to the Diplomatic Corps," Vatican, 13 January 2003 (accessed 7 February 2007). Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II in Spanish (original language)
- ^ TIME, "Was John Paul II Euthanized?", retrieved 2007-09-22
- ^ Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use, Deitsche Welle
- ^ Top Catholics question condom ban, International Herald Tribune
- ^ Pope Rejects Condoms as a Counter to AIDS, Washington Post
- ^ INDIA Hindu extremists against grants to missionaries, "it's only money to convert" they say - Asia News
- ^ IndiaStar: "Mother Teresa's Hidden Mission in India: Conversion to Christianity"
- ^ National Catholic Reporter: Obituary of Pope John Paul II
- ^ Kadison, Dan. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Holy Nights, New York Post, May 13, 2007. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed May 12, 2008. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ John Paul the Great Catholic University
- ^ John Paul II Newman Center :: Home
- ^ Arlington Diocese:
- ^ Department of Conservation and Recreation
- ^ Google Maps
- ^ Boguslaw Kwasny: Pope John Paul II named Harlem Globetrotter, February 2001
- ^ Bush, pope, jailed Israeli among 2004 Nobel Peace Prize nominees USA Today World News
External links
- Vatican: the Holy See
- The Holy See - The Holy Father - John Paul II
- Link to collected tributes, writings and commentary on John Paul II
- John Paul II's funeral April 8, 2005, the pictures
- John Paul II Karol Wojtyla Papiez z Polski
- John Paul II: text, concordances and frequency list
- Quella parte di anima chiamata corpo, (Italian program Tv English subtitled about John Paul II)
- John Paul II's Multilingual Opera Omnia
- Tomb of John Paul II
- Ascension of John Paul the Great. Serapis Bey announced on May 1, 2005: "John Paul II has entered into the Oneness of the Eternal Life with his own God Presence. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "
- English website of the Cause for the Beatification and Canonization of John Paul II
- Pope John Paul II at the Open Directory Project
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Eugeniusz Baziak | Archbishop of Kraków 1963 – 1978 | Succeeded by Franciszek Macharski |
| Preceded by John Paul I | Pope 1978 – 2005 | Succeeded by Benedict XVI |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Wojtyła, Karol Józef |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | John Paul II (English); Ioannes Paulus II (Latin) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Pope |
| DATE OF BIRTH | May 18, 1920 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Wadowice, Poland |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 2, 2005 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Eugeniusz Baziak (b March 8, 1890 in Tarnopol – June 15, 1962 in Warsaw, Poland) was Archbishop Franciszek Macharski (born 20 May 1927 in Kraków) is a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Wadowice (Wadowitz is a Town in southern Poland, 50km from Kraków with 19200 inhabitants (2006 situated on the Skawa river confluence Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory
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