Physical chemistry, is the application of physics to macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems^[1] within the field of chemistry traditionally using the principles, practices and concepts of thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " Quantum chemistry is a branch of Theoretical chemistry, which applies Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory to address issues and problems in Statistical mechanics is the application of Probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of Mechanics ^[2] It is mostly defined as a large field of chemistry, in which several sub-concepts are applied; the inclusion of quantum mechanics is used to illustrate the application of physical chemistry to atomic and particulate chemical interaction or experimentation. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons ^[1]

Physical chemistry is mostly referred to as a macromolecular doctrine, as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded are composed entirely of macromolecular concepts, such as colloids. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another ^[3]

The relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of:

1. Intermolecular forces on the physical properties of materials (plasticity, tensile strength, surface tension in liquids). In Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, intermolecular forces are forces that act between stable Molecules or between functional groups of Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms For the work of fiction see Surface Tension (short story. Surface tension is a property of the surface of a Liquid that causes it to Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of
2. Reaction kinetics on the rate of a reaction. Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics is the study of rates of chemical processes The reaction rate or rate of reaction for a Reactant or product in a particular reaction is intuitively defined as how fast a reaction takes
3. The identity of ions on the electrical conductivity of materials.

Contents 1 History 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 4.1 Sub-topics 4.2 Publications

History

The term "physical chemistry" was probably first introduced by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (Russian: «Курс истинной физической химии») before the students of Petersburg University. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов () was a Russian Polymath, scientist Year 1752 ( MDCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar for European countries but not Great Britain) of Saint Petersburg State University ( Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a Russian federal state-owned higher

The foundation of modern physical chemistry is thought to have been laid in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs after the publishing of his paper, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, which contained several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule ^[4] and subsequent naming and accreditation of enthalpy to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and to macromolecular processes. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Josiah Willard Gibbs ( February 11, 1839 &ndash April 28, 1903) was an American theoretical Physicist, Chemist In the History of thermodynamics, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances is a 300-page paper written by American mathematical-engineer Willard Gibbs In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which In Thermodynamics and Chemistry, chemical potential, symbolized by μ, is a term introduced by the American engineer chemist and mathematical Gibbs' phase rule, stated by Josiah Willard Gibbs in the 1870s is the fundamental rule on which Phase diagrams are based In Thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy (denoted as H, h, or rarely as χ) is a quotient or description of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( September 21, 1853 &ndash February 21, 1926) was a Dutch Physicist. The term macromolecule by definition implies "large Molecule "

The first scientific journal for publications specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie is a German publication transliterated as "International journal of research in physical chemistry and chemical physics" Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( Latvian: Vilhelms Ostvalds; September 2, 1853 &ndash April 4, 1932) was a Baltic Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff ( August 30, 1852 &ndash March 1, 1911) was a Dutch physical and organic chemist

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Physical Chemistry (p3 - "PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"), states that the field of physical chemistry is concerned with the microscopic and the macroscopic phenomenon which are mostly concerned with thermodynamics, and kinetics; the field of atomic and particulate interaction being included is implied with the inclusion of quantum chemistry.
2. ^ Quantum Chemistry (p3 - "PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"), states that "We can divide physical chemistry into four areas: thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics".
3. ^ Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules (p1 - "INTRODUCTION"), defines the formation of physical chemistry as being between macromolecules and colloids in modern physical chemistry. Also defines the "fierce battles" in the 1900s between the inclusion of colloids AS macromolecules.
4. ^ Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences

References

1. Levine, I. In the History of thermodynamics, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances is a 300-page paper written by American mathematical-engineer Willard Gibbs N. (1978). Physical Chemistry McGraw-Hill publishing ISBN 0-07-037418-X
2. Atkins, P.W. (1978). Peter William Atkins (born August 10, 1940) is an English Chemist and a Fellow and Professor of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Oxford University Press ISBN 0-7167-3539-X
3. Berry, S. R. , Rice, S. A, Ross, J. (2000). Physical Chemistry 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510589-3
4. Hunter, R. J. (1993) Introduction to Modern Colloid Science Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855386-2
5. Hiemenz, P. C. , Rajagopalan, R. , (1997). Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry Marcel Dekker Inc. , New York. ISBN 0-8247-9397-8
6. Moore, W. J. (1963). Physical Chemistry 4th ed. Longman publishers/London/Prentice Hall, NJ.

See also

Sub-topics

• Photochemistry
• Thermochemistry
• Chemical kinetics
• Quantum chemistry
• Electrochemistry
• Surface chemistry
• Solid-state chemistry
• spectroscopy
• Materials science
• Molecular modelling

Publications

• Important publications in physical chemistry(chemistry),
• Important publications in physical chemistry(physics)

Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation In Thermodynamics and Physical chemistry, thermochemistry is the study of the Heat evolved or absorbed in Chemical reactions Thermochemistry Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics is the study of rates of chemical processes Quantum chemistry is a branch of Theoretical chemistry, which applies Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory to address issues and problems in Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including Solid - Liquid Solid-state chemistry is the study of the synthesis structure and physical properties of solid materials Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Molecular modelling is a collective term that refers to theoretical methods and computational techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of Molecules The techniques Some criteria for editing this page have been debated and are displayed Optics Book of Optics

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