The Philomaths, or Philomath Society (Polish: Filomaci or Towarzystwo Filomatów; from the Greek philomathes, "lovers of knowledge"), was a secret Polish student organization that existed from 1817 to 1823 at the Imperial University of Vilna. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Vilnius University (Vilniaus Universitetas formerly known as Vilnius State University, earlier - Stefan Batory University and before that Almae
The society was created on 1 October 1817 in Vilna (Polish Wilno, now Vilnius, Lithuania), Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire (which acquired those territories following the partitions of Poland - or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - in 1794). The Vilnа Governorate (1801-1840 often named Lithuania-Vilna Governorate) (Виленская губерния Vilenskaya guberniya, Vilniaus gubernija or The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The society was composed of Polish students and alumni of the Imperial University (formerly the Stefan Batory University, now Vilnius University). The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. This article is about the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century
Notable members included Józef Jeżowski (co-founder and president), Jan Czeczot (co-founder), Józef Kowalewski (co-founder), Onufry Pietraszkiewicz (co-founder), Tomasz Zan (co-founder), Adam Mickiewicz (co-founder), Antoni Edward Odyniec, Ignacy Domejko, Teodor Łoziński, Franciszek Malewski, Jan Sobolewski, Aleksander Chodźko. Józef Jeżowski (1793-1855 was a Polish Philologist and Poet. Jan Czeczot ( Belarusian: Ян Чачот, Jan Čačot, 1796-1847 was a Belarusian and Polish romantic poet and ethnographer Józef Kowalewski (Иосиф Михайлович Ковалевский (1801-1878 was a Polish Orientalist. Tomasz Zan ( December 21 1796 – July 19 1855) was a Polish poet and activist Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December Antoni Edward Odyniec ( January 25, 1804 – January 15, 1885) was a Polish Romantic -era poet who penned the celebrated "Song Ignacy Domeyko (Ignacio Domeyko Ігнат Дамейка Ignacy Domejko Ignotas Domeika born near Nesvizh, Belarus July 31, 1802 – January Franciszek Hieronim Malewski of Jastrzębiec (1800-1870 was a Polish lawyer archivist and journalist Aleksander Borejko Chodźko ( August 30, 1804 – December 27, 1891) was a Polish Poet, Slavist, and Most of them were students, but some members and supported included faculty and former alumni.
Its structure was a cross between freemason organization and a learned society. A learned society is an Organization that exists to promote an Academic discipline or group of disciplines It was divided into two chapters - scientific-mathematic and literary. The members of the latter discussed literary works, and the organization aims were self-educational and didactic; however around 1819-1820 the members became split on whether the organizations should concentrate on self-education (Jeżowski) or take a more active role in restoring Poland's independence (Mickiewicz), eventually the second faction gained dominance and new social and political goals emerged.
The discussions increasingly turned toward romanticist Polish literature that was banned by the Russian Empire for its pro-independence currents; history of Poland (or perhaps more correct, history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) was studied, pro-independence works written and circulated. Romanticism in Poland was a period in the evolution of Polish arts and culture that began with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Highly developed agricultural people have lived in the area that is now Poland for the last 7500 years the Slavic people have settled in this territory for over 1500 years and the The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The organizations inspired the creation of many similar youth organizations across the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania,[1] and it established ties with similar clandestine pro-Polish organizations in Congress Poland and the rest of partitioned lands, such as the Patriotic Society (Towarzystwo Patriotyczne) of Walerian Łukasiński, and even Russian organizations such as the Decembrists. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Walerian Łukasiński ( Warsaw, 15 April 1786 – 27 January 1868, Shlisselburg) was a Polish officer and political [1]
Two closely-related groups were formed in 1820:
- The Radiant Association (Towarzystwo Promienistych, from "promieniści," the "Radiant Ones"), a legal organization created by Tomasz Zan, and disbanded under pressure from University authorities, in May 1820;
- The Filaret Association (Zgromadzenie Filaretów, Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Pożytecznej Zabawy, filareci, from the Greek "philáretos," "Lovers of Virtue), a secret organization created by Zan within the Philomaths after the dissolution of the Radiants. The Filaret Association (also translated as filaret(es, philaret(es; Zgromadzenie Filaretów Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Pożytecznej Zabawy, filareci It continued the traditions of the Radiants, but with a much clearer pro-independence goal, and was dedicated to the study of Polish patriotic literature. It was disbanded in 1823 after the arrests of the Philomaths.
In 1822 the organizations went through some name changes. In 1823 the organization was discovered by Russian authorities led by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev. Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (Никола́й Никола́евич Новоси́льцев (1761&ndash1836 was a Russian statesman and a close aide to Alexander After a trial that lasted several months, in 1824, 108 people were convicted of membership in this or related organizations; 20 members of Philomathes and related organizations were sentenced to imprisonment or katorga and exiled to Siberia; over a dozen faculty members were dismissed (including historian Joachim Lelewel). Katorga (ка́торга from medieval Greek: katergon κάτεργον Galley) was the precursor to the Gulag system The Polish term sybirak (plural sybiracy) is synonymous to the Russian counterpart Sibiryak (a dweller of Siberia) and generally refers to all Joachim Lelewel ( Warsaw, March 22, 1786 – May 29, 1861, Paris) was a Polish Historian and
Adam Mickiewicz, one of the Three Polish Bards, convicted of being a Philomath member and exiled into Russia, later described his experiences in that period in the third part of a major work, Dziady (Forefathers' Eve). Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December The Three Bards (trzej wieszcze are the three National poets of Polish literature. Dziady ( Forefathers' Eve) is a famous poetic Drama by a Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz considered to be one of the greatest works of European
References
- Jerzy Jan Lerski, Historical Dictionary of Poland, Greenwood Press, 1996, ISBN 0313260079, Google Print, p.141-142
- (Polish) Zbigniew Wójcik, WKŁAD IGNACEGO DOMEYKI I INNYCH FILARETÓW WILEŃSKICH DO NAUKI, Zwoje 4/2004 (41)
- (Polish) WIEM Encyklopedia, Filomaci
- (Polish) Encyklopedia Internautica, FILOMACI
Further reading
- J F. Jerzy Jan Lerski (1917-1992 nom de guerre: Jur, also known as George Jan Lerski, was a Polish lawyer soldier historian political scientist and a politician WIEM Encyklopedia (full name in Wielka Interaktywna Encyklopedia Multimedialna - Great Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia 'wiem' in Polish language also means 'I know' is a Polish Encyklopedia Internautica is a Polish Internet encyclopedia based on the Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna (Popular Universal Encyclopedia of Pinnex Gomoszyński, A course of three lectures on the history of Poland, London, 1843, Google Print, p.60-65 (public domain)
- (Polish) Pieśń Filaretów (Filaretes' Song)
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