República del Perú  (Spanish) Republic of Peru
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Somos libres, seámoslo siempre"  (Spanish) "We are free, may we always be so"
Capital (and largest city)		Lima 12°2.6′S, 77°1.7′W
Official languages		Spanish1
Demonym		Peruvian
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	Alan García Pérez
-	Vice President	Luis Giampietri Rojas
-	Prime Minister	Jorge Del Castillo
-	President of Congress	Luis Gonzales Posada
Independence		from Spain
-	Declared	July 28, 1821
-	Recognized	December 9, 1824
Area
-	Total	1,285,220 km² (20th) 496,222 sq mi
-	Water (%)	8. The flag of Peru was adopted by the Government of Peru in 1825 The Coat of Arms of Peru is a national symbolic emblem of Peru. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The Peruvian National Anthem is the National anthem of Peru. This Anthem was adopted in 1821 Peru is a multiethnic country It has a population of Amerindians 45% Mestizos 37% Whites 15% Asian Peruvians and Afro-Peruvians 3% Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Peru is a multiethnic country It has a population of Amerindians 45% Mestizos 37% Whites 15% Asian Peruvians and Afro-Peruvians 3% For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Established in the Constitution of 1993 the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic ( Presidente de la República) is the Chief of Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off The Republic of Peru has two Vice Presidents who are elected along with the President in democratic Elections. Luis Giampietri Rojas (born 31 December 1940 is a retired admiral of the Peruvian Navy and a politician with the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party Presidents of the council of ministers of Peru ( 1963 &ndash 1980) During the government of Francisco Morales Bermúdez ( 1975 &ndash Jorge Alfonso Alejandro Del Castillo Gálvez ( Lima, July 2, 1950) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician The Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República is the name given to Peru 's unicameral legislature under the current (1993 constitution. Luis Javier Gonzales Posada Eyzaguirre is a Peruvian politician Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 80
Population
-	2007 census	28,220,764
-	Density	22/km² (183rd) 57/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$207. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 985 billion (51st)
-	Per capita	$7,410 (79th)
GDP (nominal)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$101. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 504 billion (55th)
-	Per capita	$3,616 (87th)
Gini (2002)		54. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 6 (high)
HDI (2005)		▲0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 773 (medium) (87th)
Currency		Nuevo Sol (PEN)
Time zone		PET (UTC-5)
Internet TLD		.pe
Calling code		+51
1	Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Peru has one Time zone, Peru Time (PET, which is located in the UTC-5 zone 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes.

Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú (help·info), IPA: [reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu]), is a country in western South America. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. At the time of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and the degradation of the Royal power took place and under the attack of Buenos Aires armies in Upper Peru

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. Multi-ethnic societies, in contrast to single ethnic societies integrate different Ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture race and history under a common The Indigenous peoples in Peru ( pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

Etymology

The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. The Bay of San Miguel (Golfo de San Miguel is located on the Pacific coast of Darien, a district of eastern Panama. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. ^[1] When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[2] Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru. Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire ^[3] The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. ^[4] Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled At the time of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and the degradation of the Royal power took place and under the attack of Buenos Aires armies in Upper Peru

History

Main article: History of Peru

The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The history of Peru spans several millennia Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world and to the Inca Empire ^[5] The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization) was a complex Pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers ^[6] These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. The Chavín were an early Civilization that existed in present-day Peru. The Paracas culture was an important Andean society between approximately 750 BCE and 100 CE with an extensive knowledge of irrigation and water management The Moche civilization (alternately the Mochica culture Early Chimu Pre-Chimu Proto-Chimu etc The Nazca culture (often spelled Nasca) flourished in the Nazca region between 300 BC and 800 AD, concomitantly with the Moche culture This article is about the historical civilization and city located near present-day Ayacucho The Chimú were the residents of Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche valley of Trujillo, Peru In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences ^[7] Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops In Agriculture, a terrace is a leveled section of a Hilly cultivated area designed as a method of Soil conservation to slow or prevent the rapid Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only living family in the suborder Tylopoda. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. In Cultural anthropology and Sociology, reciprocity is a way of defining people's informal Exchange of goods and labour; that In Cultural anthropology and Sociology, redistribution implies the existence of a strong political centre such as Kinship -based Leadership Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information ^[8]

Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"

In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Machu Picchu (Machu Pikchu "Old Peak" 'mɑtʃu 'piktʃu is a Pre-Columbian Inca site located 2400 meters (7875 ft above sea level This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of forty (40 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa ( Quito – Cajamarca, August 29, 1533) was the last sovereign Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled ^[9] Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce. Francisco de Toledo Count of Oropesa, ( July 10, 1515, Oropesa Spain &mdash1584 Seville) was Spanish viceroy of Peru from For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Mita ( Quechua: mit'a) was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. ^[10] Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. ^[11] However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. ^[12] In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Bourbon Reforms were a series of economic and political measures taken by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century (under the House of Bourbon) intended ^[13] The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated. Túpac Amaru II (José Gabriel Túpac Amaru b March 19, 1742 in Tinta Cusco, Peru &ndash executed in Cusco May 18, 1781 ^[14]

In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814 Latin America was in these years ruled by independent juntas As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. At the time of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and the degradation of the Royal power took place and under the attack of Buenos Aires armies in Upper Peru José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash ^[15] During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. ^[16] National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash The Congress of Panama (often referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress in remembrance of the Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece) was a Congress The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy was a short-lived confederated state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839 ^[17] Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports. The Guano Era refers to a period of stability and prosperity in Peru during the mid-19th century Ramón Castilla y Marquesado ( Tarapacá, 31 August 1797 &ndash Tiviliche 25 May 1867) was a Peruvian Caudillo Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals ^[18] However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. ^[19]

Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific. The Naval Battle of Angamos ( October 8, 1879) was an important struggle in the War of the Pacific, where the Peruvian Ironclad

Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia Arica was a Province in Tarapacá Region in Chile. The capital is Arica. Provinces and municipalities Iquique 2 Iquique (Regional and provincial capital Alto Hospicio The Treaty of Ancón was signed by Peru and Chile on 20 October 1883, in the Ancón District near Lima. The Treaty of Lima solved the dispute between Peru and Chile regarding the status of the Chilean administered territories of Tacna and Arica. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía. The Civilista Party ( Partido Civil) was a conservative party in Peru. Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo (1863 &ndash 1932 was a Peruvian politician who twice occupied the Presidency of Peru, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930 ^[20] The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a Left wing Peruvian Political party. ^[21] The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. ^[22]

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado ( June 16 1910 &ndash December 24 1977) was a left -leaning Peruvian General who Fernando Belaúnde Terry ( October 7, 1912 &ndash June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963&ndash1968 and 1980&ndash1985 The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support. ^[23] In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy. Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (born 1921 was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru in 1975 after deposing his predecessor General Juan ^[24] During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence. It has been estimated that nearly 70000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru that started in 1980 and although still ongoing had greatly wound down by 2000 ^[25] Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections. Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven The 2000 national election in Peru was highly controversial and widely considered to have been fraudulent ^[26] Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García. Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off ^[27]

Government

Main articles: Government of Peru and Politics of Peru

Congress sits on the Palacio Legislativo in Lima. The government of Peru, as established by the 1993 Constitution, is a presidential Representative democratic Republic. Politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Peru

Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State ^[28] The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. ^[29] There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber ^[30] Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. ^[31] The judiciary is nominally independent,^[32] though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today. ^[33]

The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person persons or political party that they desire to Compulsory voting requires electors to Vote in Elections or attend a polling place on voting day ^[34] General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52. The first round of the 2006 Peruvian national election was held on April 9, 2006 to elect the President of the Republic, two Vice-Presidents 120 Members Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a Left wing Peruvian Political party. 6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47. Union for Peru (Unión por el Perú was originally a liberal or centrist Political party in Peru. 4%). ^[35] Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats). The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a Left wing Peruvian Political party. The Peruvian Nationalist Party ( Partido Nacionalista Peruano) is a political party in Peru. Union for Peru (Unión por el Perú was originally a liberal or centrist Political party in Peru. National Unity (Unidad Nacional is a Peruvian Right-wing Political party. See also Politics of Peru Alliance for the Future ( Alianza por el Futuro) is a Peruvian political alliance formed by pro- Fujimori ^[36]

Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. In October 1998 Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had over the years resulted in armed conflict ^[37] There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean. Dating back to the 19th century and culminating in the devastating War of the Pacific, Peru and Chile have had a long and tortuous history of Territorial disputes ^[38] Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. The Andean Community ( Spanish: Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a Trade bloc comprising the South American countries of It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The Peruvian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army Navy and Air Force components ^[39] The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. The Ministry of Defence of Peru ( Ministerio de Defensa del Perú) is the agency of the Peruvian government responsible for safeguarding of A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority A volunteer military or all-volunteer military is one which derives its manpower from volunteers rather than Conscription or mandatory service ^[40]

Regions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Peru

Ama
zonas

Ancash

Apurímac

Arequipa

Ayacucho

Caja
marca

Cusco

Huánuco

Huanca
velica

Ica

Junín

La Libertad

Lamba
yeque

Lima

Lima
Province

Callao

Loreto

Madre de Dios

Moquegua

Pasco

Piura

Puno

Tacna

Tumbes

San
Martín

Ucayali

Clickable map of the regions of Peru. The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century Amazonas is a region (called a "Departamento" in Spanish which is roughly equivalent to a province or state in northern Peru. Ancash is a region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad region on the north the Huánuco and Pasco regions on the Apurímac is a region in central Peru. It is bordered on the east by the Cusco Region, on the west by the Ayacucho Region, and on the south by the Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco regions on the north the Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and Huánuco is a region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions on Huancavelica is a Region in Peru. Area 2213147 km² Population 447054 ( 2005 census) Ica is a region in Peru. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west the Lima Region on the north the Huancavelica and Ayacucho Junín is a region in the central highlands of Peru. Its capital is Huancayo. La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north the Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. Political division Main article Districts of Lima The province is divided into 43 districts. Callao is a region located in the central Loreto is Peru 's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Moquegua is a small department in southern Peru that extends from the coast to the highlands Pasco is a region in central Peru. Its capital is Cerro de Pasco. Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply Puno is a region in southeastern Peru. It is bordered by Bolivia on the east the Madre de Dios Region on the north the Cusco and Tacna is the southernmost region in Peru. Its name originates from the Quechua words taka ("hit" and na ("something Tumbes is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate with beaches that are San Martín is a region in northern Peru. Most of the region is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Ucayali is an inland region in Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River

Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. The regions of Peru (Regiones del Perú are the first-level Administrative subdivisions of Peru. Political division Main article Districts of Lima The province is divided into 43 districts. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term. ^[41] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. ^[42] The province of Lima is administered by a city council. ^[43]

Regions:

Province:

• Lima

Geography

Main article: Geography of Peru

Topographic map of Peru

Peru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. Amazonas is a region (called a "Departamento" in Spanish which is roughly equivalent to a province or state in northern Peru. Ancash is a region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad region on the north the Huánuco and Pasco regions on the Apurímac is a region in central Peru. It is bordered on the east by the Cusco Region, on the west by the Ayacucho Region, and on the south by the Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco regions on the north the Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. Callao is a region located in the central Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and Huancavelica is a Region in Peru. Area 2213147 km² Population 447054 ( 2005 census) Huánuco is a region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions on Ica is a region in Peru. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west the Lima Region on the north the Huancavelica and Ayacucho Junín is a region in the central highlands of Peru. Its capital is Huancayo. La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north the Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru, known for its rich Chimú and Moche historical past Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. Loreto is Peru 's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Moquegua is a small department in southern Peru that extends from the coast to the highlands Pasco is a region in central Peru. Its capital is Cerro de Pasco. Piura is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply Puno is a region in southeastern Peru. It is bordered by Bolivia on the east the Madre de Dios Region on the north the Cusco and San Martín is a region in northern Peru. Most of the region is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Tacna is the southernmost region in Peru. Its name originates from the Quechua words taka ("hit" and na ("something Tumbes is a Coastal region in northwestern Peru. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate with beaches that are Ucayali is an inland region in Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River Political division Main article Districts of Lima The province is divided into 43 districts. Peru is a country in South America facing the Pacific Ocean. Area land 1 The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The Altiplano ( Spanish for high plain) where the Andes are at their widest is the most extensive area of High plateau on earth outside Huascarán or Nevado Huascarán is a Mountain in the province of Yungay - Cordillera Blanca, part of the Western Andes. ^[44] The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region. ^[45]

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Lake Titicaca is a lake located on the border of Bolivia and Peru. ^[46] Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. Alternative use Ucayali Region The Ucayali River, which rises about 110 km (70 miles north of Lake Titicaca, is a branch of the The Marañón River (Río Marañón rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction The Içá or Putumayo River is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, west of and parallel to the Yapura. The Yavarí River (Río Yavarí is a 1184 km Tributary of the Amazon, located in eastern Peru and western Brazil. The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin. The Urubamba River ( Rio Urumamba) is a river in Peru. A partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River, it rises in the Andes to the south-east The Mantaro River (Río Mantaro is a 724 km Tributary of the Amazon, located in central Peru. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers ^[47]

The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.

Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The Humboldt Current is a cold low- Salinity Ocean current that flows north-westward along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. ^[48] In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. ^[49] The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. ^[50] Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere ^[51] The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation. The National parks in Peru, South America. Natural heritage The Constitution of Peru of 1993 recognized

Economy

Main article: Economy of Peru

The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports. This article is about the a country in South America. Traditionally the economy of Peru, was based on natural resources in fields such as Mining, Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia

Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 773. ^[52] Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374;^[53] 39. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country 3% of its total population is poor, including 13. 7% that is extremely poor. ^[54] Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Hard currency or strong currency, in Economics refers to a globally traded Currency that can serve as a reliable and stable Store of value. ^[55] Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. Income inequality metrics or income distribution metrics are techniques used by economists to measure the distribution of Income and Economic inequality ^[56]

Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado ( June 16 1910 &ndash December 24 1977) was a left -leaning Peruvian General who Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly Economic interventionism, is a common term used to describe any activity beyond the basic regulation of fraud and enforcement of contracts undertaken by a government in an effort to affect These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Income redistribution refers to a political policy intended to even the amount of income individuals are permitted to earn Dependency theory is a body of Social science theories both from developed and Developing nations which are predicated on the notion that resources ^[57] Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. In general liberalization (or liberalisation) refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions usually in areas of social or economic policy Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country ^[58] Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( ^[59]

Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22. 3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9. 7%). ^[60] Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. In international Economics and International trade, terms of trade or TOT is the relative prices of a country's export to import ^[61] Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[62] Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile. ^[63]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Peru

Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestry

With about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007. Peru is a multiethnic country It has a population of Amerindians 45% Mestizos 37% Whites 15% Asian Peruvians and Afro-Peruvians 3% The Indigenous peoples in Peru ( pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who This is a list of continental South American countries/dependencies by Population. ^[64] Its demographic growth rate declined from 2. 6% to 1. 6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. ^[65] As of 2005, 72. 6% lived in urban areas and 27. 4% in rural areas. ^[66] Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking For the Cactus Genus, see Oreocereus. Arequipa is the capital of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru Trujillo, in northwestern Peru, is the capital of the La Libertad Region, and the third largest city in Peru. Chiclayo, is the capital city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru. Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 370962 Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru. It is also the capital of the Santa Province and the Chimbote District. ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos Huancayo ( Wankayu in Quechua) is the capital of the Junín Region, in the central highlands of Peru. The Peru 1993 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Peruvian population made on July 11, 1993 by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática ^[67]

Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Multi-ethnic societies, in contrast to single ethnic societies integrate different Ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture race and history under a common Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases. The Indigenous peoples in Peru ( pueblos indígenas in Spanish) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of forty (40 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic ^[68] Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. ^[69] Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. ^[70] Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan

Spanish, the first language of 80. 3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. 5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0. 2% of Peruvians, respectively. ^[71] The 2006 National Continuous Census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INEI) finds that 85 percent of the population that identified with a religion is Catholic and 11 percent Protestant; the remaining 4 percent includes Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Israelites of the New Universal Pact. ^[72] Literacy was estimated at 88. 9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76. 1%) than in urban areas (94. 8%). ^[73] Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide ^[74]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Peru

Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th century

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions,^[75] though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. The Culture of Peru was shaped by the relationship between Hispanic and Amerindian cultures The Cuzco School ( Escuela Cuzqueña) was an artistic tradition that centered on Cusco, Peru (the former capital of the Inca Empire Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of This The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Peruvian architecture is the architecture carried out during any time in what is now modern-day Peru, and by Peruvian architects worldwide Machu Picchu (Machu Pikchu "Old Peak" 'mɑtʃu 'piktʃu is a Pre-Columbian Inca site located 2400 meters (7875 ft above sea level Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc ^[76] During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. The Cuzco School ( Escuela Cuzqueña) was an artistic tradition that centered on Cusco, Peru (the former capital of the Inca Empire ^[77] Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Indianismo, sometimes Indigenismo, was a movement in Latin American literature that explored the beliefs and lifestyles of the Indigenous peoples during ^[78] Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the Fine arts: "the Borrowing of a variety of styles from different sources and combining them" (Hume 1998 ^[79]

Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru, but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order Christian literature is writing that deals with Christian themes and incorporates the Christian World view. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. Costumbrismo refers to the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life mannerisms and customs primarily in the Hispanic scene Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Ricardo Palma Soriano (1833 - 1919 was a Peruvian author scholar and librarian ^[80] In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría,^[81] José María Arguedas,^[82] and César Vallejo. Ciro Alegría Bazán (1909-1967 was a Peruvian Journalist, Politician, and Novelist. José María Arguedas Altamirano ( 18 January 1911 &ndash 28 November 1969) was a Peruvian novelist poet and anthropologist who wrote César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza ( March 16 1892 &ndash April 15 1938) was a Peruvian Poet. ^[83] During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom. Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (born March 28 1936 is a Peruvian writer Politician, Journalist, and Essayist. The Latin American Boom ( Boom Latinoamericano) was a Literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists ^[84]

Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish. Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche or seviche) is a form of citrus- Marinated Seafood Salad, popular in mainly Latin American countries

Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Peruvian cuisine is considered one of the most diverse in the world and is on par with French Chinese and Indian cuisine Native American cuisine includes all food practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Spanish cuisine consists of a variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography culture and climate ^[85] Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Anticuchos (singular anticucho, Quechua for Cut Stew Meat) are popular inexpensive dishes in Andean states consisting of small pieces Ceviche (also spelled as cebiche or seviche) is a form of citrus- Marinated Seafood Salad, popular in mainly Latin American countries Humita is a Native American dish from pre-Hispanic times and a traditional food in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru Pachamanca is a traditional Peruvian dish based on the Baking, with the aid of hot stones (the earthen oven is known as a Huatia) of lamb Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. ^[86] Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. ^[87]

Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on Peru 's Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences ^[88] In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. The quena (qina sometimes also written "kena" in English is the traditional Flute of the Andes. The Tinya is a percussion instrument like a small hand-made drum of leather ^[89] Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. This article is about an instrument For the album by British Trip-Hop band Morcheeba, see Charango. ^[90] African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. A cajón (ka'xɔn (plural Cajones not cajons (Spanish for 'crate' 'drawer' or 'box' is a kind of box Drum played by slapping the front face (generally thin plywood with ^[91] Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno. Apart from dances of native origin there are also dances that are related to the agricultural work, Hunting and War. Marinera is a coastal dance of Peru, generally called the "National Dance of Peru Tondero is a Dance and Guitar rhythm from the Peruvian north coast ( Piura - Lambayeque) The Danza de las tijeras (scissors dance is an original dance from the south of the Andes, in Peru, in which two or more dancers ( danzak)dance Huayño (wayñu huaiño huayño huayno is a genre of popular Andean music, especially common in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. ^[92]

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Government

• (Spanish) Web portal of the Peruvian Government
• (Spanish) Directory of Peruvian Government websites

General reference

• BBC country profile of Peru
• Peru entry at The World Factbook
• Encyclopædia Britannica entry on Peru
• Peru web directory

Other

• Peru travel guide from Wikitravel
• Peru at the Open Directory Project