Pederasty or paederasty (literally 'boy-love', see etymology below) refers to a sexual relationship, whether or not consummated, between an adolescent boy and an adult male. Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family [1]
In the past century, the term pederasty has seen a number of different uses. In the classic and academic sense, it refers to the erotic relationship between an adult male and an adolescent boy. Such relationships may be sexually expressed or not, consensual or nonconsensual, sentimental or commercial, and their legality will vary depending on local age of consent laws, sexual assault laws, and prohibitions on homosexuality. While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. The term can also be employed of the attraction of the man to the boy, whether or not reciprocated.
Starting with Geoffrey Gorer in 1966, anthropologists have postulated three subdivisions of homosexuality as age-structured, egalitarian and gender-structured. Geoffrey Gorer, English anthropologist and author (1905-1985 noted for his application of psychoanalytic techniques to anthropology Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Gay community or LGBT community is a term used to describe the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender subculture Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives [2] Thus, pederasty is contrasted with the other two forms of male homosexuality, androphilia and transgender relations, which are currently prevalent in modern industrialized societies. It is generally not used for lesbian relations. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women
The term has also been used, at times in legal parlance, to refer to relations with minors below the age of consent regardless of sex or age. See Pedophilia, Child sexual abuse, and Statutory rape
Pederasty has existed from earliest times through a variety of customs and practices within different cultures. The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent The phrase statutory rape is a term used in some legal jurisdictions to describe consensual Sexual relations that take place when an individual (regardless of gender has sexual In the West it was first represented by the institutions of Ancient Greece, where it reached its height in 5th century BC, though legal and moral sanctions regulated its practice. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. [3] In Athens it was the subject of philosophic debates and legal oratory in which penetrative sex was unfavorably compared with erotic relationships which did not debase either of the participants. Athenian pederasty entailed a formal bond between an adult man and an adolescent boy outside his immediate family consisting of loving and often sexual relations (see The Greeks below) Later repression of male love culminating in the persecution of homosexuals during Mediaeval times and the Spanish Inquisition and Renaissance Italy[4] also stemmed from the growing Christian movements in Europe. Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th
Pederasty as a cross-cultural phenomenon is considered the predominant expression of male-male sexuality as viewed through historical record, though the practice has varied significantly within different cultures. [5][6] It has been associated with coming-of-age ritual, the acquisition of virility and manly virtue, educational aspiration and the pederastic military use of teenagers.
The Western model of male adult relations is seen by researchers as a departure from this norm since it has rarely appeared as a pattern in other times and places. Unlike the other models, it ‘assumes that homosexuality is not merely a behavior, but something innate to a person’s real being. ’
In this sense, such cultures do not see the practise of pederasty as something in line with any ideological or traditional model, but rather - that the behaviour has become partially integrated into the Child Sexual Abuse model. Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent
Lexicological considerations
In modern anthropologic and sexologic parlance, "pederasty" is used as a generic term to describe the cultural phenomenon of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys, whether chaste or of a sexual nature. However, dictionary definitions of the practice reduce it to anal intercourse, ranging from moralistic ones based on the Christian discourse on homosexuality (Oxford Compact Edition, 1971, gives, "Unnatural connexion with a boy; sodomy. ") to ones focused on the mechanics of a sexual act (Merriam-Webster (on-line edition) gives, "Pederast: one that practices anal intercourse especially with a boy")[6]. In 1980 under the aegis of National Organization for Women, feminists adopted a resolution on lesbian and gay rights, which defined pederasty as "the involvement of children by adults in sexual activity," claiming that "over 90% of all pederasts are heterosexual males who seek out young girls as their victims. The National Organization for Women ( NOW) is the largest American Feminist organization A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women " The text of the resolution read:"Whereas, pederasty is an issue of exploitation and violence, not affectional/sexual preference/orientation. " [7][8]
In current use, the term or its cognate may be used to describe any sexual relations between an adult male and a boy. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Sometimes (as in the French pédé), it is used for all male homosexuality - often in a pejorative sense. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt In the English-speaking world the term is now popularly used to describe sexual relations between adults and boys below the age of consent in their respective community. While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at In the news media and in common parlance, the term tends to be used as a synonym for pedophilia, even though the latter typically designates sexual contact between adults and prepubescent children, which is distinct from pederasty's application to relations between adults and youths who have reached puberty. The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular
Academic definitions
In sexology, anthropology and history, the term "pederasty" has generally been used to describe relationships and desires that conform more to the classical understanding of the practice than to its modern interpretations.
Pederasty has been defined as "The erotic relationship between an adult male and a youth, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection"[9] and also as "the relationship between a man and a pubescent or postpubertal boy, generally under the age of eighteen" further indicating that that "modern industrial societies have by and large rejected traditional pederastic relationships. " glbtq glossary While relationships in ancient Greece involved boys from 12 to about 17 or 18 (Cantarella, 1992; Percy, 1996), in Japan the younger member ranged in age from 11 to about 19 (Saikaku, 1990; Schalow, 1989). [10]
Historical synopsis
In antiquity, pederasty as an educational institution for the inculcation of moral and cultural values, as well as a form of sexual expression, entered history from the Archaic period onwards in Ancient Greece, though Cretan ritual objects reflecting an already formalized practice date to the late Minoan civilization, around 1650 BCE. Types of educational institution include Higher education College Career college Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside The Cretans a Dorian people described by Plutarch as renowned for their moderation and conservative ways practiced an archaic form of pederasty in which an The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. [11] As idealized by the Greeks,[12] pederasty was a relationship and bond – whether sexual or chaste – between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside of his immediate family. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca An intimate relationship is a particularly close Interpersonal relationship. BOY is a Canadian Indie pop band The band consists of vocalist and general instrumentalist Stephen Kozmeniuk, drummer Maurie Kaufmann, For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural While most Greek men engaged in relations with both women and boys,[13] exceptions to the rule were known, some avoiding relations with women, and others rejecting relations with boys. In Rome, relations with boys took a more informal and less civic path, men either taking advantage of dominant social status to extract sexual favors from their social inferiors, or carrying on illicit relationships with freeborn boys. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC [14]
Analogous relations were documented among other ancient peoples, such as the Thracians,[15] the Celts and various Germanic peoples such as the Heruli and the Taifali. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths Huns and The Taifals, Taifali, Taifalae, Tayfals, or Theifali were a Barbarian people settled by the late Roman Empire in Poitou [16] According to Plutarch, the ancient Persians, too, had long practiced it, an opinion seconded by Sextus Empiricus who asserted that the laws of the Persians "recommended" the practice. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Sextus Empiricus (c 160-210 AD was a Physician and Philosopher, and has been variously reported to have lived in Alexandria, Rome, or [17] Herodotus, however, asserts they learned copulation with boys (παισὶ μίσγονται) from the Greeks,[18] by the use of that term reducing their practice to what John Addington Symonds describes as the "vicious form" of pederasty,[19] as opposed to the more restrained and cultured one valued by the Greeks. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash John Addington Symonds ( October 5 1840 - April 19, 1893) was an English poet and literary critic
Opposition to the carnal aspects of pederasty existed concurrently with the practice, both within and outside of the cultures in which it was found. Among the Greeks, a few cities prohibited it, and in others, such as Sparta, only the chaste form of pederasty was permitted, according to some ancient commentators. Spartan pederasty, the traditional intimate and pedagogic friendship between a man and a boy a custom held in common with other Dorian tribes is thought to have either Likewise, Plato's writings devalue and finally condemn sexual intercourse with the boys one loved, while valuing the self-disciplined lover who abstained from consummating the relationship. [20]
The Judaeo-Christian faiths also condemned sodomy (while defining that term variously), a theme later promulgated by Islam and, later still, by the Baha'i Faith. Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse The Bahá'í Faith teaches that the only acceptable form of sexual expression is within Marriage, and Bahá'í marriage is defined in the religion's texts as exclusively Within the Baha'i faith, pederasty is the only mention of any type of homosexuality by Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri "We shrink, for very shame, from treating of the subject of boys. Fear ye the Merciful, O peoples of the world! Commit not that which is forbidden you in Our Holy Tablet, and be not of those who rove distractedly in the wilderness of their desires. "[21]
Within this blanket condemnation of sodomy, pederasty in particular was a target. The second century preacher Clement of Alexandria used divine pederasty as an indictment of Greek religion: "For your gods did not abstain even from boys. Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most One loved Hylas, another Hyacinthus, another Pelops, another Chrysippus, another Ganymedes. These are the gods your wives are to worship!"[22] The early Christian Roman emperors quashed pederasty, together with the other overtly sexual manifestations of Greco-Roman religion and culture, as part of the imposition of Christianity as a state religion[4]. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Early legal codes prescribed harsh penalties for violators. The law code of the Visigothic king Chindasuinth called for both partners to be "emasculated without delay, and be delivered up to the bishop of the diocese where the deed was committed to be placed in solitary confinement in a prison. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Chindasuinth (c 563 &ndash 653 was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) from 642 until his death Emasculation is the removal of the Genitalia of a male notably the Penis and/or the Testicles By extension the word has also come to mean “to socially A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. " [23] These punishments were often linked to the penance given after the Sacrament of Confession. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e At Rome, the punishment was burning at the stake since the time of Theodosius I (390). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ Nonetheless the practice continued to surface, giving rise to proverbs such as With wine and boys around, the monks have no need of the Devil to tempt them, an early Christian saying from the Middle East. [24]
Pederasty was notable to historians in Moorish Spain,[25] and Tuscany and northern Italy during the Renaissance. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [26][27]
Elsewhere, it was practiced in pre-Modern Japan until the Meiji restoration,[28] in Mughal India until the British colonization, amongst the Aztecs and Maya prior to the Spanish conquest of Mexico and in China and Central Asia until the early 20th century . is the Japanese tradition of age-structured Homosexuality prevalent in Samurai society from the Medieval period until the end of the 19th century The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The Maya peoples constitute a diverse range of the Native American peoples of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In the Islamic world spiritual pederasty was incorporated into many mystic Sufi teachings. For a generalized discussion of relations between men and boys see main article Pederasty The practice of pederasty in the Middle East As a Sufi practice of spiritual realization and union with the godhead the meditation known in Arabic as Naẓar ila'l-murd (النظر إلى المرد "contemplation The tradition of pederasty persists to the present day in certain areas of Afghanistan, the Middle East, and North Africa. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset
Sexual expression between adults and adolescents is not well studied and since the 1990s has been often conflated with pedophilia. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular Such relationships have raised issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth, and parental authority. Today, psychology and medicine consider that they have a negative effect on the psychological development of the youth. A study countering this position, authored by Bruce Rind and others, was published by the American Psychological Association in 1998. The Rind et al controversy refers to a unique historical debate in scientific literature public media and the US government regarding a 1998 paper on Child sexual abuse published See Historical pederastic relationships. Over the course of history there have been a number of pederastic relationships between adult men and adolescent boys which have become part of the historical record
Etymology and usage
“Pederasty” derives from the combination of “παίδ-” (the Greek stem for boy[29] or child[30]) with “ἐραστής” (Greek for lover; cf. “eros”). Late Latin “pæderasta” was borrowed in the sixteenth century directly from Plato’s classical Greek in The Symposium. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. (Latin transliterates “αί” as “ae”. ) The word first appeared in the English language during the Renaissance, as “pæderastie” (e. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere g. in Samuel Purchas' Pilgrimage. Samuel Purchas (1575? - 1626 was an English travel writer a near-contemporary of Richard Hakluyt. ), in the sense of sexual relations between men and boys. Beside its use in the classical sense, the term has also been used as a synonym for anal sex, irrespective of the nature of the partner. A nineteenth century sexological treatise discusses men practicing the "insertion of the penis into the anus of women," as "pederasty with their wives. "[31]
In modern academic parlance, however, “pederasty” is used as a generic term which includes the cultural phenomenon of erotic relationships between men and adolescent boys, wherever encountered. (See “Reference” section below, esp. Hubbard, El-Rouayheb, Sergent, Percy, Dover, Leupp, and many others. )
Social class factors
Pederastic relationships in a number of different societies were identified with the upper classes, or with class difference between the partners. This class difference at times was seen as facilitating the relationship by providing upward mobility when the man was from the upper class and the boy from a poor family. In other cases it became a symbol of the power of love to transcend class distinctions, as in pre-modern Japan where the fact that high-born lovers entered into devoted relationships with boys from the lower classes was held up to admiration.
In ancient Sparta pederasty was practiced by the aristocracy as an educational device. In Athens the slaves were expressly forbidden from entering into pederastic relations with the free-born boys. In mediaeval Islamic civilization, pederastic relations "were so readily accepted in upper-class circles that there was often little or no effort to conceal their existence. "[32]
The ancient world
Attic red-figure crater, 500-490 BCE; Painter of Berlin; Louvre, Paris)
The Greeks
- Main articles: Pederasty in Ancient Greece and Philosophy of Greek pederasty
The ancient Greeks, in the context of the pederastic city-states, were the first to describe, study, systematize, and establish pederasty as an institution. Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside The topic of Pederasty, one that took pride of place over the love of women in the erotic lives of Greek aristocrats in general and 5th century BC Athenians in particular As keystone of the Greek paideia, the relationship between lover and beloved (erastes and eromenos) was valued for fostering excellence in the youth as well as in the man who loved him. In Ancient Greek, the word Paideia (παιδεία means "education" or "instruction In Ancient Greece, the erastes ( "lover" (pl erastae was an adult male involved in a pederastic relationship with an adolescent In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl
Plato was an early critic of sexual intercourse in pederastic relationships, proposing that men's love of boys avoid all sexual expression and instead progress from admiration of the lover's specific virtues to love of virtue itself in abstract form. While copulation with boys was often criticized and seen as shameful and brutish,[33] other aspects of the relationship were considered beneficial, as indicated in proverbs such as A lover is the best friend a boy will ever have. [34]
Pederastic relationships were dyadic mentorships. These mentorships were sanctioned by the state, and consecrated by the religious establishment. See Mythology of same-sex love. Religious narrative has included stories interpreted by many as accounts of same-sex love and sexuality The pederastic relationship also had to be approved by the boy's father. Boys entered into such relationships in their teens, around the same age that Greek girls were given in marriage. The mentor was expected to teach the young man or to see to his education, and to give him certain appropriate ceremonial gifts. Often such relationships took place in a military context. See Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece. When the topic of homosexuality in the militaries of Ancient Greece is discussed the Sacred Band of Thebes is usually considered as the prime example of how the Ancient
Pederasty was the idealized form of an age-structured homoeroticism that, like all social institutions, had other, less idyllic, manifestations, such as prostitution or the use of one’s slave boys.
Youth, holding a net shopping bag filled with walnuts, a love gift, draws close to a man who reaches out to fondle him; Attic red-figure plate 530-430 BCE; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. For the sports arena in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania see Palestra. For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Events By Place Asia Feng Ba abdicates as emperor of the Northern Yan, one of the states vying for control of China The Ashmolean Museum (in full the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology) on Beaumont Street, Oxford, England, is the world's first Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire,
The physical dimension ranged from fully chaste to sexual intercourse. Pederastic art usually shows the man standing, grasping the boy's chin with one hand and reaching to fondle his genitals with the other. While historians such as Dover and Halperin hold that only the man experienced pleasure, art and poetry indicate reciprocation of desire, and other historians assert that it is "a modern fairy tale that the younger eromenos was never aroused. "[35]
Pederastic relationships were known throughout most of ancient Greece. The state was said to benefit from the fact that the friendship functioned as a restraint on the youth. In Sparta, for example, if he committed a crime it was not the boy but his trainer who was punished. The army was potentiated by the practice, as the two fought side by side, with each vying to shine before the other.
Pederastic couples were also said to be feared by tyrants, because the bond between the friends was stronger than that of obedience to a tyrannical ruler. Plutarch gives as examples the Athenians Harmodius and Aristogeiton. Harmodius (Ἁρμόδιος / Harmódios) and Aristogeiton (Ἀριστογείτων / Aristogeítôn) both d Others, such as Aristotle, claimed that some states encouraged pederasty as a means of population control, by directing love and sexual desire into non-procreative channels, a feature of pederasty later employed by other cultures, such as the Siwan, and perhaps the Melanesian. Population control is the practice of limiting population increase usually by reducing the Birth rate. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people"
The Romans
From the early Rebublican times of Ancient Rome, it was perfectly normal for a man to desire and pursue boys. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC [36] However, penetration was illegal for free born youths; the only boys who were legally allowed to perform as a passive sexual partner were slaves or former slaves known as "freedmen", and then only with regard to their former masters. For slaves there was no protection under the law even against rape. [37]
Conservative thinkers condemned it — along with other forms of indulgence. Tacitus attacks the Greek customs of "gymnasia et otia et turpes amores" (palaestrae, idleness, and shameful loves). Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. For the sports arena in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania see Palestra. [38]
By 195 AD, there were the beginnings of legal prosecution of boy lovers, increasing over the next hundred years to include boy prostitution and by approximately 400 AD, institution of penalities for all passive homosexuals under the reign of Theodosius. [37]
The literature of the time includes examples of poetry by men praising the joys of sexual relations or romance with boys as equal to that with women. The practice remained common with slave boys, and was generally condemned with free born boys who were protected by laws and customs from it. The Roman educator Quintilian issued warnings about avoiding the sexual abuse of free born boys in the schools of the time. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and [37]
Christianity
The rise of Christianity led to the suppression of pederasty by the Byzantine emperors, as it was one of the mainstays of a classical pagan culture which the church fathers identified as in conflict with Biblical teaching. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church Such teaching includes references to the Old Testament, in which Leviticus decrees death as the punishment for a number of sexual improprieties including carnal relations between men. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Leviticus (from Greek Λευιτικός, "relating to the Levites "
Furthermore within some early second century Christian communities even speech about pederasty was suppressed: "Conversation about deeds of wickedness is appropriately termed filthy [shameful] speaking, as talk about adultery and pederasty and the like," and was to be "put to silence. "[39]
There are two pericopes found in two of the synoptic gospels (Matthew 8:5-13 and Luke 7:1-10) which recount the same story in more or less slightly different terms. A pericope (pəˈrɪkəpi ( Greek, "a cutting-out" in Rhetoric is a set of verses which form one coherent unit or thought thus forming a short passage The synoptic gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. The same basic the story is found in each book, which recounts the healing of a "beloved slave," (it is this translation that leads to the argument below, alternatives are "dear" or "valuable") has been interpreted by some as supportive of male love. The centurion's servant healed by Jesus is construed to have been his beloved, and this narrative "as Jesus' acceptance of, and even collaboration in a pederastic relationship," according to T. W. Jennings, professor of biblical and constructive theology at Chicago Theological Seminary. The Chicago Theological Seminary is an ecumenical Seminary of the United Church of Christ. [40] In contrast, other Biblical scholars do not view Jesus' healing of the centurion's servant as implicit approval for the Roman's treatment of his servant or any of his actions, especially his leadership of a force occupying Judea. The story was used to illustrate the soldier's faith and cannot be taken to mean that Jesus condoned the lifestyle of a pagan military officer.
Other venues
Pederasty in ancient times was not the exclusive domain of the Greeks and Romans. Athenaeus in the Deipnosophists states that the Celts also partook and despite the beauty of their women, preferred the love of boys. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Some would regularly bed down on their animal skins with a lover on each side. Other writers also attest to Celtic pederasty: Aristotle (Politics, II 6. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. 6. Athen. XIII 603a. ), Strabo (iv. 199), and Diodorus Siculus (v. 32)). Some moderns have interpreted Athenaeus as meaning that the Celts had a boy on each side, but that interpretation is questioned by Hubbard, who reads it as meaning that they had a boy one side and a woman on the other. (Hubbard, 2003; p. 79)
Persian pederasty and its origins was debated even in ancient times. Herodotus claimed they had learned it from the Greeks: ". Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash . . and [the Persians'] luxurious practices are of all kinds, and all borrowed: the Greeks taught them pederasty. "[41] However, Plutarch asserts that the Persians used eunuch boys to that end long before contact between the cultures. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c [42] In either case, Plato claimed they saw fit to forbid it to the inhabitants of the lands they occupied, since "It does not suit the rulers that their subjects should think noble thoughts, nor that they should form the strong friendships and attachments which these activities, and in particular love, tend to produce. "[43]
Post-classical and modern forms
The record of pederastic practices, whether as a continuation of the Mediterranean traditions or as independent native traditions, as in China and Japan, expands greatly, due to the better preservation of more recent literary and historical materials. Before the 20th century, relationships with a more or less pederastic element were the usual pattern of male same-sex love. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
The Middle East and Central Asia
Traditionally, dancers and sex workers in Central Asia. In the settled oasis region of Central Asia ( Turkestan) entertainers known as bacchá (a Turkic term borrowed from Persian bacche بچه Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of (photo ca. 1905 - 1915)
For a period starting in the 800s and ending in the mid 1800s, pederastic relationships, poetry, art and spirituality were a prominent and pervasive feature of Islamic culture from Moorish Spain to Northern India. For a generalized discussion of relations between men and boys see main article Pederasty The practice of pederasty in the Middle East The forms of this pederasty ranged from the chaste and spiritual adoration of beautiful youths at one extreme, to the violent and forcible use of unwilling boys at the other. While sodomy was considered a major sin, other aspects of same-sex relations were not, though they were made problematic to various degrees at various times and places.
Literature and art reflected the fascination with love in general and beautiful boys in particular. The lover was conceived as martyr and hero. His desire, known as ishq, was glorified as mad, unreasonable, ecstatic, impossible to satisfy and leading even to death. (in Arabic alphabet: عشق) in Modern Persian word eshq (عشق in Turkish aşk is meaning "love" An Arab proverb claims that "Ishq is a fire that burns down everything but the object of desire". [44]
The Mughal period saw strong pederastic influences in government, arts and literature. Poetry in ghazal form was a favorite means of such expression, produced by poets such as Mir Taqi Mir. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( Urdu: میر تقی میر) (b 1723 - d
In central Asia the practice is reputed to have long been widespread, and remains a part of the culture, as exemplified by the proverb, Women for breeding, boys for pleasure, but melons for sheer delight. [45] Though no longer widely practiced, boy marriages nevertheless still occur. In the aftermath of the US-Afghan war, western mainstream media have reported derisively on patterns of adult/adolescent male relationships, documented in Kandahar in Afghanistan. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, These reports however have been characterized as "privileging a political spin over more precise and informative writing", and as suffering from ethnocentric bias (Stephanie Skier, in queer.).
Besides relationships following the pederastic model, cases of sexual brutality by men against youths — in this instance as one aspect of the military use of children — have also been documented. The military use of Children takes three distinct forms children can take direct part in hostilities (child soldiers or they can be used in support roles such as porters spies messengers In the northern, Turkic-speaking areas, one manifestation of the pederastic tradition was the entertainers known as bacchá (a Turkik Uzbeki term etymologically related to the Persian bachcheh, "boy" or "child", sometimes with the connotation of "catamite"). In the settled oasis region of Central Asia ( Turkestan) entertainers known as bacchá (a Turkic term borrowed from Persian bacche بچه Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Boy prostitution was also widely reported in Karachi, leading General Sir Charles Napier to attempt in 1845 to have them closed down, worried about the "corrupting" effect on his troops. For the naval officer of the same name see Charles Napier General Sir Charles James Napier GCB ( August 10 His attempt was foiled by the local amirs, who had a vested interest in keeping the institutions open. The practice was noted as late as 1932, when League of Nations investigators reported that a number of young Indian boys were engaged in homosexual prostitution, many of them suffering from venereal disease. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 [46]
In pre-modern Islam there was a "widespread conviction that beardless youths possessed a temptation to adult men as a whole, and not merely to a small minority of deviants. "[47] With the advent of Islam, homosexuality and its practices were condemned as an immoral act and a sin against God. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
Islamic jurisprudence generally considers that attraction towards beautiful youths is normal and natural. In order for any sexual act to be a punishable offense four witnesses were required.
Miniature illustration from the Haft Awrang of Jami, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love. Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی ( August 18, 1414 &ndash November 19, 1492) was one of the greatest Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of
The manifestations of pederastic attraction vary. At one extreme they are indeed of a chaste nature, incorporated into Islamic mysticism. (see Sufism) Conservative Islamic theologians condemned the custom of contemplating the beauty of young boys. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Their suspicions may have been justified, as some dervishes boasted of enjoying far more than "glances", or even kisses. Darvesh or Dervish ( Arabic and Persian: درویش) as it is known in European languages refers to members of Sufi Despite opposition from the clerics, the practice has survived in Islamic countries until only recent years, according to Murray and Roscoe. See References section below
In post-Islamic Persia, where, as Louis Crompton claims, "boy love flourished spectacularly", art and literature also made frequent use of the pederastic topos. Pederasty or paederasty refers to an erotic relationship sexually expressed or not between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family These celebrate the love of the wine boy, as do the paintings and drawings of artists such as Reza Abbasi (1565 – 1635). Agha Reza Reza-e Abbasi (also Reza Abbasi) (1565 - 1635 was the most renowned Persian miniaturist, painter and Calligrapher of the Isfahan Western travelers reported that at Abbas' court (some time between 1627 and 1629) they saw evidence of homoerotic practices. Male houses of prostitution amrad khaneh, "houses of the beardless", were legally recognized and paid taxes. [48]
In the Ottoman empire, same-sex relations between men and youths were often of a mercantile nature. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. The sex workers involved were either entertainers such as the köçeks or masseurs in the hammams known as tellak. The köçek phenomenon (plural köçekler in Turkish is one of the significant features of Ottoman Empire culture. The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the Although zamparas (men drawn to women) outnumbered kulamparas (men drawn to boys) in society, Ottoman military culture (especially that of Janissary culture) had pederasty as a noteworthy aspect. The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed Osman Agha of Temeşvar who fell captive to the Austrians in 1688 wrote in his memoirs that one night an Austrian boy approached him for sex, telling him "for I know all Turks are pederasts". Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Austrians (Österreicher are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states ( March of Austria, [49]
At times soldiers from the Janissary regiments (named orta) skirmished for rights over a young and beautiful novice (civelek). In 1770s, Âşık Sadık the poet wrote, in an address to the Sultan: Lût kavmi döğüşür, put kavmi bozar. Events and trends For more events see 18th century United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress Askerin lûtîdir, bil Padişahım ("The people of Lot fight, the people of idolatry spoil. Know, my Sultan, that your soldiers are sodomites"). [50] Studies of Ottoman criminal law, which is based on the Sharia, reveal that persistent sodomy with non-consenting boys was a serious offense and those convicted faced capital punishment. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment.
- See also Homosexuality and Islam, Köçek, Tellak and Hammam
China
From Hua Ying Chin Chen (Variegated Positions of the Flower Battle) China, Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
In tenth-century China courting male couples consisted of the older qi xiong (契兄) and the younger qi di. Islamic views on homosexuality have always been influenced by the rulings prescribed by the Qur'an and the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammed. The köçek phenomenon (plural köçekler in Turkish is one of the significant features of Ottoman Empire culture. The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led (契弟) (The terms mean, literally, sworn elder brother and younger brother. It is very common in the Chinese culture to conceptualize many kinds of alliances as fictive kinship relationships). Boy marriages, which lasted for a set period after which the younger partner would find a wife (often with the help of the older one) appear to have been part of the culture in the province of Fujian in pre-modern times. This article is about the People's Republic of China province The marriages were said to have been celebrated by the two families in traditional fashion, including the ritual "nine cups of tea". The popularity of these pederastic relationships in Fujian, where they even had a patron god, Tu Er Shen, gave rise to one of the euphemistic expressions for same-sex love in China, "the southern custom". Tu Er Shen (兔兒神 is a Chinese Deity who manages the love and sex between Homosexual men.
Men's sexual interest in youths was also reflected in prostitution, with young male sex workers fetching higher prices than their female counterparts as recently as the beginning of the twentieth century. In Tianjin there were thirty five male brothels, housing 800 boys, and men from the area were assumed to be expert in anal relations. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Though the superintendent of trade at Guangzhou issued an annual warning to the population against permitting westerners access to boy prostitutes ("do not indulge the Western barbarian with all our best favors"), Europeans were increasingly welcomed in the boy brothels. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city [51]
Japan
Miyagawa Isshō, ca. is the Japanese tradition of age-structured Homosexuality prevalent in Samurai society from the Medieval period until the end of the 19th century Miyagawa Isshō (Jp宮川一笑 was a Japanese painter in the Ukiyo-e style primarily depicting kabuki actors geisha sumo wrestlers and other elements of 1750; Panel from a series of ten on a shunga-style painted hand scroll (kakemono-e); sumi, color and gofun on silk. is a Japanese term for Erotic Pictures Most shunga are a type of Ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock print format Private collection.
In Japan, the practice of shudo, "the Way of the Young", paralleled closely the course of European pederasty. It was prevalent in the religious community and samurai society from the mediaeval period on, and eventually grew to permeate all of society. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. It fell out of favor around the end of the 19th century, concurrently with the growing European influence. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
Its legendary founder is Kūkai, also known as Kōbō Daishi, the founder of the Shingon school of Buddhism, who is said to have brought the teachings of male love over from China, together with the teachings of the Buddha. Kūkai (ja 空海 or also known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi (ja 弘法大師 774&ndash835 CE was a Japanese monk, Scholar Shingon Buddhism (眞言 真言 " true words " is a major school of Japanese Buddhism, and is the other branch of Vajrayana Buddhism Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Monks often entered into love relationships with beautiful youths known as " chigo", which were recorded in literary works known as "chigo monogatari". [52]
Early European visitors were struck by the openness and ubiquity of such relationships. The Portuguese Jesuit Alessandro Valegnani, in 1591 observed that "the youths and their partners, not seeing the matter as grave, do not hide it. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Indeed they find honor in it and speak of it openly. To wit, not only does the doctrine of the bonzes not view it as evil, but they themselves engage in this custom, seeing it as completely natural and even virtuous. "
Korea
One of the earliest mentions of male attraction to boys is that of Gongmin of Goryeo (r. King Gongmin (1330 &ndash 1374 ruled Goryeo ( Korea) from 1351 until 1374 1351–1374), the 31st king of the Goryeo dynasty, who was famous for his predilection for falling in love with young boys. After the death of his wife in 1365 he is reputed to have spent his time in the practice of Buddhism and relations with boys, establishing an organization for their recruitment. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [53]
Paul Michaut, a French physician writing in 1893, described Korea as a country where "[p]ederasty is general, it is part of the mores; it is practiced publicly, in the street, without the least reprobation. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common " He associated its prevalence with that of syphilis which was likewise general. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. [54]
Australasia
In Melanesia, many native cultures employed boy insemination rites integral to coming-of-age rituals lasting from mid- to late childhood, as documented in the writings of Gilbert Herdt. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" Gilbert Herdt (born February 24, 1949) is an American cultural anthropologist who specializes in Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures In Papua-New Guinea and nearby islands, some native tribes (about 20% at the end of the twentieth century, a proportion that is decreasing as contacts with foreigners cause western morals to become prevalent) consider sperm to be the essence of masculinity and a source of strength, and a substance that does not form spontaneously but must be introduced. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania As a result, a mentor, chosen by the father and ideally the mother's young adult brother, has the duty of planting it in the body of their prepubescent son as part of extended initiation rites. A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status
The mentor also has the duty of educating the boy and seeing to his proper entry into manhood. They sleep and work together until the boy is mature. Men who have had their first or second child are expected to relinquish the mentoring function to younger adults. Casual encounters between boys and men are also accepted, but the boy must be the recipient, to avoid damaging his growth. Thus the Melanesian male would go through a sexual cycle beginning with homosexuality, passing through bisexuality and ending with heterosexuality.
North America
"Of the Koniagas of Kodiak Island and the Thinkleets we read, 'The most repugnant of all their practices is that of male concubinage. Kodiak Island is a large island on the south coast of the US state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status A Kodiak mother will select her handsomest and most promising boy, and dress and rear him as a girl, teaching him only domestic duties, keeping him at women's work, associating him with women and girls, in order to render his effeminacy complete. Arriving at the age of ten or fifteen years, he is married to some wealthy man who regards such a companion as a great acquisition. These male concubines are called Achnutschik or Schopans' (the authorities quoted being Holmberg, Langsdorff, Billing, Choris, Lisiansky and Marchand). The same is the case in Nutka Sound and the Aleutian Islands, where 'male concubinage obtains throughout, but not to the same extent as amongst the Koniagas. The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, " Island " are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a Volcanic ' The objects of 'unnatural' affection have their beards carefully plucked out as soon as the face-hair begins to grow, and their chins are tattooed like those of the women. In California the first missionaries found the same practice, the youths being called Joya. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. " [55]
Pederasty is controlled, restricted to older teenagers, and can be considered a form of child abuse in the United States. It remains widely censured, whether legally or illegally expressed. In late 2006, Mark Foley-R, former co-chair of the House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children, resigned in disgrace after it became public that he had sent sexually explicit e-mails and instant messages to former Congressional pages. Mark Adam Foley (born September 8 1954 is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from (A few years earlier, a sex scandal had occurred among American Catholics when many clergy were discovered to have sexual relations with young altar boys. Allegations of sexual abuse of children have been made against a variety of religious groups including but not exclusively Roman Catholic priests monks and nuns )
Central America
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, in his The Conquest of New Spain, reported that the Mexica
peoples regularly practiced pederastic relationships, and male adolescent sacred prostitutes would congregate in temples. Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1496 &ndash 1584 was a Conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards under Hernán Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (The Truthful History of the Conquest of New Spain is the first-person narrative of Bernal Díaz del Castillo The Mexica ( Nahuatl: Mēxihcah, meːˈʃiʔkaʔ or Mexicans ( Spanish: Mexicanos) were an indigenous people of the Religious prostitution, sacred prostitution or temple prostitution is the practice of having Sexual intercourse (with a person other than one's spouse The conquistadores, like most Europeans of the 16th century, were horrified by the widespread acceptance of sex between men and youths in Aztec society, and used it as one justification for the extirpation of native society, religion and culture, and the taking of the lands and wealth; of all customs of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples, only human sacrifice produced a greater disapproval amongst the Spaniards in Mexico. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The custom died out with the collapse of the Aztec civilization.
Though early Mayans are thought to have been strongly antagonistic to same-sex relationships, later Mayan states employed pederastic practices. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas Their introduction was ascribed to the god Chin. Chin is one of the names mentioned by Las Casas for a deity said to have introduced Homoerotic relationships to the Maya peoples living in the 16th-century One aspect was that of the father procuring a younger lover for his son. Juan de Torquemada mentions that if the (younger) boy was seduced by a stranger, the penalty was equivalent to that for adultery. Fray (or Brother Juan de Torquemada (c 1562 Torquemada Old Castile, Spain - 1624 Mexico City) was a Franciscan Friar, missionary Bernal Diaz reported statues of male pairs making love in the temples at Cape Catoche, Yucatan. Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1496 &ndash 1584 was a Conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards under Hernán Cabo Catoche or Cape Catoche, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, is the northernmost point on the Yucatán Peninsula. Yucatán is one of the 31 states of Mexico, located on the north of the Yucatán Peninsula.
Europe
Pederastic eros in the West, while remaining mostly hidden, has nevertheless revealed itself in a variety of settings. Legal records are one of the more important windows into this secret world, since for much of the time pederastic relations, like other forms of homosexual relations, were illegal. The expression of desire through literature and art, albeit in coded fashion, can also afford a view of the pederastic interests of the author.
Reflecting the conflicted outlook on male loves, some northern European writers ascribed pederastic tendencies to populations in southern latitudes. Richard Francis Burton evolved his theory of the Sotadic zone, an area bounded roughly by N. Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (19 March 1821 &ndash 20 October 1890 was an English Explorer, Translator, writer The existence of a Sotadic zone was a Hypothesis of Richard Francis Burton; it asserted that there existed a geographic zone in which Pederasty was particularly Lat. 43° N. Lat. 30°, stretching from the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Likewise, Wilhelm Kroll, writing in the Pauly-Wissowa encyclopaedia in 1906, asserted that "The roots of pederasty are found first of all in the existence of a contrary sexual feeling that is probably more frequent in southern regions than in countries with moderate climates. "Wilhelm Kroll" redirects here For the metallurgist see Wilhelm J The Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, commonly called the "Pauly-Wissowa", is a German Encyclopedia of "
The Renaissance
The Renaissance, inspired by the rediscovery of the philosophy and art of the ancient world, was a fertile time for such relations. The Renaissance was a period that saw a rediscovery or renewed interest in the philosophy and art of the Classical period The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Among the luminaries of the time who praised or depicted romantic liaisons with youths were Marsilio Ficino, Benvenuto Cellini, and, it is speculated, Leonardo da Vinci . Marsilio Ficino ( Latin name Marsilius Ficinus; October 19 1433 - October 1 1499) was one of the most influential humanist Benvenuto Cellini Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer
According to one art historian, "The most conventional object of homoerotic desire was the adolescent youth, usually imagined as beardless. " [56] Consequently, pederastic aesthetics influenced art and literature throughout Europe. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Concurrent with the resurgence of pederasty was a strong effort by the ecclesiastical and civil authorities to keep in check male homoerotic practices. Among these, the Ufficiali di Notte in Florence, as well as the moralizing monk Savonarola were more notable. The Officers of the Night ( Ufficiali di notte e conservatori dell'onestà dei monasteri) were a Florentine court that focused particularly on Sodomy, and Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21, 1452 &ndash May 23, 1498) was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from
Albania
In his travel journal (October 20th, 1809), Cam Hobhouse reports that pederasty was openly practiced among the Albanians, and Lord Byron includes in his Childe Harold an Albanian song with pederastic themes, suppressed at publication. Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by Western travelers in the 19th century John Cam Hobhouse 1st Baron Broughton, PC ( 27 June 1786 &ndash 3 June 1869) known as Sir John Cam Hobhouse Bt from 1831 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a lengthy Narrative poem written by the poet George Gordon Lord Byron when at Kinsham. [57]
As late as the mid-1800s, Albanian young men between 16 and 24 seduced boys from about 12 to 17. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. [58] In the literature, the lover is called ashik and the beloved, dyllber. [59] A Geg married at the age of 24 or 25, and then he usually, but not always, gave up boy-love. Gheg (or Geg) is one of the two major dialects of the Albanian language. [60]
Uranian poets
By the 19th century, the gradual re-discovery of the sites of antiquity in Italy and Greece fueled a new interest in these old civilizations, particularly in Britain and Germany. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Accordingly, pederastic relationships again became en vogue in the life and work of artists, for example in poetry (Lord Byron, Walt Whitman,[61] Paul Verlaine), literature (Oscar Wilde), paintings (Henry Scott Tuke), and photography (Wilhelm von Gloeden). Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Paul-Marie Verlaine (vɛʁˈlɛn March 30, 1844 &ndash January 8, 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of Henry Scott Tuke, RA ( 12 June 1858 &ndash 13 March 1929) a British painter and photographer is best remembered Wilhelm von Gloeden ( September 16, 1856 &ndash February 16, 1931) was a German Photographer who worked mainly in
The combination of the homosocial environment of the English public schools and colleges, coupled with the close study of the classics gave rise to the resurgence of a discreet homoerotic culture which was at least in part constructed along the lines of classical pederasty. Elite schools such as Eton played a key role. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. There, William Johnson Cory, a renowned master from 1845 until his forced resignation in 1872, evolved a style of pedagogic pederasty which influenced a number of his pupils – many of whom went on to take their place among the most renowned statesmen of the time. William Johnson Cory (1823 - 1892 born William Johnson was a talented educator and Poet, born at Torrington, and educated at Eton, where he was afterwards His Ionica, a work of poetry reflecting his pederastic sensibilities, was read in intellectual circles and “made a stir” at Oxford in 1859. [62]
The work of the Uranian poets was characterized by an idealised appeal to the history of Ancient Greece and a sentimental infatuation for adolescent boys, as well as by a use of conservative verse forms. A verse is generally considered to be a single line in a metrical composition e
The chief poets of this clique were William Johnson Cory, Lord Alfred Douglas, John Francis Bloxam, Charles Kains Jackson, John Gambril Nicholson, Rev. E. E. Bradford, John Addington Symonds, Edmund John, John Moray Stuart-Young, Charles Edward Sayle, Fabian S. Woodley, and several other pseudonymous authors such as "Philebus" (John Leslie Barford) and "A. Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas ( 22 October 1870 &ndash 20 March 1945) was a Poet, a Translator and a Prose John Francis Bloxam (1873-1928 was an English Uranian author and churchman Charles Philip Castle Kains Jackson (1857-1933 was an English poet closely associated with the Uranian school. John Gambril Francis Nicholson ( 6 October 1866 - 1 July 1931) was an English school teacher and Uranian poet The Reverend Edwin Emmanuel Bradford (1860-1944 was an English clergyman and Uranian poet and novelist John Addington Symonds ( October 5 1840 - April 19, 1893) was an English poet and literary critic Edmund John ( 27 November 1883 - 28 February 1917) was a British poet of the Uranian school whose verses were modelled on John Moray Stuart-Young (1881-1939 was an English Uranian poet, memoirist novelist and merchant trader Charles Edward Sayle ( December 6, 1864 - July 4, 1924) was an English Uranian poet. Fabian Strachan Woodley MC ( 19 July, 1888 – 8 August, 1957) was a British poet of the Uranian school John Leslie Barford (1886-1937 was an English Uranian poet who wrote under the pseudonym of Philebus. Newman" (Francis Edwin Murray). Francis Edwin Murray (1854-1932 was a Uranian poet and publisher of the late 19th and early 20th century The flamboyantly eccentric novelist Frederick Rolfe (also known as "Baron Corvo") was a unifying presence in their social network, both within and without Venice. Frederick William Rolfe, better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself 'Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe' ( July 22, 1860 Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the
The fame of their work was limited by late Victorian and Edwardian taboos, by the extremely small editions (often privately printed) in which their verse was promulgated, and by the generally saccharine and occasionally misogynistic nature of their poetry. Victorian morality is a distillation of the moral views of people living at the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901 in particular and to the moral climate Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture However, historian Neil McKenna has argued that Uranian poetry had a central role in the upper-class homosexual subcultures of the Victorian period, insisting that poetry was the main medium through which writers like Oscar Wilde, George Ives and Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell sought to challenge the prejudices of the age. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of George (Cecil Ives (born in Germany on October 1 1867 - died June 4 1950 was a German-British poet writer penal reformer and early Gay rights campaigner James Rennell Rodd 1st Baron Rennell, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, PC ( 9 November 1858 &ndash 26 July 1941)
Marginally associated with their world were more famous writers such as Edward Carpenter, as well as the obscure but prophetic poet-printer Ralph Chubb, with his majestic lithographic volumes celebrating the boy as an Ideal. Also see Ed Carpenter. Edward Carpenter ( 29 August 1844 – 28 June 1929) was an English Ralph Nicholas Chubb ( 8 February 1892 - 14 January 1960) was an English Poet, printer, and Artist The Uranian quest to revive the Greek notion of paiderastia was not successful; later gay poets would look instead to the androphilic inspiration of Walt Whitman and A. E. Housman. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Alfred Edward Housman (ˈhaʊsmən 26 March 1859 – 30 April 1936 usually known as A
Reaction and retrenchment
The end of the 19th century, marked by Oscar Wilde's trial, saw increasing conflict over the issue of social acceptance of pederasty. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of A number of other pederastic scandals erupted around this time, such as the one involving the German industrialist Friedrich Alfred Krupp, which drove him to suicide. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their Steel production and for their manufacture of In the same vein, in a work that was to influence the evolution of communism's attitude towards same-sex love, the German political philosopher Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx's collaborator, denounced the ancient Greeks for "the abominable practice of sodomy" and for degrading "their gods and themselves with the myth of Ganymede". Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who [63]
This strife also involved the Wandervogel movement, a youth organization emphasizing a romantic view of nature. Wandervogel is the name adopted by a popular movement of German Youth groups from 1896 onward Wandervogel took flight in 1896, the same year that the journal Der Eigene went to press. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Der Eigene was the first LGBT periodical Magazine in the world published from 1896 to 1932 by Adolf Brand in Berlin. It was published by a twenty-two-year-old German (Adolf Brand), and it advocated classical pederasty as a cure for the moral flabbiness of German youth. Adolf Brand (1874-1945 was a German Writer, anarchist and pioneering Campaigner for the acceptance of male Homosexuality. Influenced by the ideas of Gustav Wyneken, the Wandervogel movement was quite open about its homoerotic tendencies, although this kind of affection was supposed to be expressed in a nonsexual way. Gustav Wyneken ( March 19, 1875 &ndash December 8, 1964) German Educational reformer free thinker and charismatic The founding of Young Wandervogel happened largely as a reaction to the public scandal about these erotic tendencies, which were said to alienate young men from women.
The English schools, however, continued to be “hotbeds of pederasty” into the twentieth century. [64] C. S. Lewis when talking about his life at Malvern College, an English public school, acknowledged that pederasty "was the only counterpoise to the social struggle; the one oasis (though green only with weeds and moist only with foetid water) in the burning desert of competitive ambition. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Malvern College is a Coeducational British Public School, founded in 1865 The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and "[65]
Modern constructs
_-_1902_-_Ragazzo_nel_cortile_S._Domenico_-_Puig_p._37.jpg/200px-Gloeden,_Wilhem_von_(1856-1931)_-_1902_-_Ragazzo_nel_cortile_S._Domenico_-_Puig_p._37.jpg)
The literary pederastic tradition was continued by writers such as André Gide, Thomas Mann, Henry de Montherlant, Roger Peyrefitte, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Fernando Vallejo, William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. Paul Thomas Mann ( June Henry Millon de Montherlant ( 20 April, 1896 – September 21, 1972) was a French Essayist, Novelist and Roger Peyrefitte ( August 17, 1907 &ndash November 5, 2000) was a French Diplomat, Writer of Bestseller Pier Paolo Pasolini ( March 5, 1922 – November 2, 1975) was an Italian Poet, Intellectual, Film director Fernando Vallejo Rendón (born 1942 in Medellín, Colombia) is a biologist filmmaker and writer born in Colombia William Seward Burroughs II ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an American Novelist, Essayist, Social critic, painter and Spoken word Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Legislative and philosophical arguments were pursued by activists such as Edward Brongersma and Paul Goodman. Edward Brongersma (born in Haarlem the Netherlands on August 31, 1911 and died in Bloemendaal/Overveen the Netherlands on April 22, 1998 There have been multiple well-known individuals named Paul Goodman: Paul Alexander Cyril Goodman (born 1959 UK Conservative Politician André Gide wrote: "I think pederasty is a good thing, that such affection can spring up between man and boy to stir affectionate friendship where in each can find exaltation, protection, and challenge. "
However, after the middle of the century, the underage pederastic element of the gay liberation movement was increasingly repudiated by the movement as a whole. The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA is a New York City and San Francisco -based unincorporated organization in the United States that This has been criticized by Camille Paglia and others as counterproductive and conducive to a ghettoization of homosexuality. Camille Anna Paglia (born 2 April 1947 in Endicott New York) is an American Author, Teacher, Feminist and Social critic In the decades since embracing an egalitarian model of relationships, the western gay-rights movement has made rapid progress toward marriage equality, legal protection, and other goals. A timeline of significant events regarding same-sex marriage and legal recognition of same-sex couples worldwide in modern history followed by a timeline of notable same-sex marriages and unions The countries of the world have a wide variety of laws relating to sexual relations between people of the same sex - everything from full legal recognition of Same-sex marriage Instead of using Greek pederasty as a model, it is those rarer Hellenic instances of homosexuality which are more egalitarian (such as between Alexander the Great and his friend Hephaestion) that gay love looked to for a model of present-day relationships. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Hephaestion ( Greek:, alternative spelling "Hephaistion" c
In general usage and the news media, the term tends to be used as a synonym for pedophilia. The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), was the most prominent public advocate for pedophilia and pederasty, which is why both terms are associated with pro-pedophile activism in the public mind, whatever their theoretical differences. The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA is a New York City and San Francisco -based unincorporated organization in the United States that Pro-pedophile activism, also spelled pro-paedophile activism, is a fringe movement that was most active from the 1950s to the early 1990s and is now maintained mostly through
Rejection by the gay liberation movement
The gay liberation movement was in part inspired by, and included, prominent pederasts such as Oscar Wilde, André Gide, Paul Goodman and Allen Ginsberg. Gay Liberation is the name used to describe the radical Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of There have been multiple well-known individuals named Paul Goodman: Paul Alexander Cyril Goodman (born 1959 UK Conservative Politician Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Likewise, prominent homosexuals defended consensual relationships between adults and adolescents. For example, Larry Kramer, an AIDS activist and homosexual author wrote that he believes that some children desire to "have sex with their homosexual elders, be they teachers or anyone else," that "This is far from 'recruitment. Larry Kramer (born June 25 1935) is an American Playwright, author, public health advocate and gay rights activist '"; and that he believes most homosexuals who had such early experiences recall them positively. [66]
However, in several countries the abolition of laws against sodomy coincided with a separation between the ephebephile and androphile camps of the gay liberation movement (though, as part of the sexual revolution, the legal age of consent was lowered somewhat and usually set as equal to that for heterosexual sex). Gynephilia (or gynophilia) (From Greek gunē, "women" + -philia, "love" is the romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult Gay Liberation is the name used to describe the radical Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation
In the late 1970's the defense of pederasty was picked up by NAMBLA, an organization that presses for the abolition of age of consent laws, and that may be associated with the introduction of the euphemistic man-boy love as an alternative to pederasty, a term viewed by some as compromised by prejudice. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA is a New York City and San Francisco -based unincorporated organization in the United States that A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak The expulsion of this organization from the International Lesbian and Gay Association in 1994 seemed to create a definitive break between the ephebephile and adult-homosexual camps. The International Lesbian and Gay Association ( ILGA) is an international organization bringing together more than 400 lesbian and gay groups from around the world Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
David Thorstad, of NAMBLA, who asserts that pederasty is "love between a man and a youth of 12 to 18 years of age, claims that "middle-class homosexuals, lesbians, and feminists" say pederasty "has nothing to do with gay liberation. The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA is a New York City and San Francisco -based unincorporated organization in the United States that " While he admits that others define it as sexual abuse, he does not share this view. [67]
Homosexuals today, while distancing themselves from the practice of modern-day pederasty, often discuss the history of pederasty interchangeably with the history of homosexuality. If they did not do so, they would have to disavow any link between homosexuality and most of the historical figures who practiced – and the artistic works which were inspired by – same-sex love. That is not the case, however: modern-day androphilic men have consistently cited as their forebears Western artists with pederastic leanings.
Liminal same-sex love — relations with young people on the threshold of becoming adults — whether for pleasure or to further social goals is no longer widely practiced, despite the lawful status of such relations in countries granting erotic emancipation to adolescents in their mid-teens. Liminality (from the Latin Even when legal, some in the west perceive such relationships in the light of feminist and postmodern theory as an abuse of power when the older partner is in a position of educational, religious, economic, or other form of institutional authority over the younger partner. Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Postmodern philosophy' is a philosophical direction which is critical of the foundational assumptions and structures of philosophy Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Sexual harassment in education is unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that interferes with a student’s ability to learn study work or participate in school activities The term Spiritual abuse was coined in the late Twentieth century to refer to alleged misuse of authority by church leaders Other observers criticize this as repressive, and point out that appropriate and acceptable forms of sexuality for adolescents have yet to be evolved. [68]
Currently both illegal and legal forms of pederasty are strongly condemned. In the United States, a major political scandal known as the Mark Foley scandal, or "Pagegate"[69] broke out in autumn of 2006, threatening the Republican leadership of the house and contributing to the Democratic capture of the House and Senate in the fall elections. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Mark Foley scandal, which broke in late September 2006 centers on soliciting E-mails and sexually explicit instant messages sent by Mark The scandal was triggered by revelations that congressman Foley was exchanging pederastic communications[70] with a number of teenage pages, over the course of several years, despite longstanding warnings to the Republican leadership about his excessive familiarity with teenage boys. Twenty-three years earlier, in 1983, Democratic Congressman Gerry Studds admitted having had an affair with a 17-year-old page a decade earlier and was censured by the United States House of Representatives but continued his career in Congress. Gerry Eastman Studds ( May 12 1937 – October 14 2006) (ˈɡɛri was an American Democratic Congressman The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate.
The British serial Queer as Folk which depicted a gay household including a fifteen year old boy exploring his sexuality. Queer as Folk is a 1999 British Television series that chronicles the lives of three Gay men let loose in Manchester 's Gay village The theater also has addressed the topic, most recently in the play The History Boys, which blends both comedy and tragedy, with multiple layers and themes, including growing up, the wider purpose of education in adult life, pederasty, teaching methods, homosexuality, and the English education system. The History Boys is a play by English playwright Alan Bennett.
A number of ads for Calvin Klein jeans in 1995 depicting partially clad teenage boys were accused of having a pederastic subtext. Calvin Klein Inc is an American fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Critics targeted the novelty of tapping the sexuality of teenage boys, rather than teenage girls. Also, they pointed out a perceived "obvious man-boy sexual subtext. " [71] The ads were pulled after only a short run in the face of public disapproval.
Criticisms of pederasty
Pederasty is a controversial practice, and a number of different accusations are leveled against it. Religious sources continue to group it in the same moral category as homosexuality in general, labeling both practices "unnatural" and "perverse". Self-described child abuse prevention organizations assert that it is impossible for non-adults to offer "informed consent" to sexual activity - arguing that "consent" assumes certain knowledge and life experiences that a child or teenager is unlikely to have. [7] Many in the psychological community view adult-minor sexual relations as dangerous to the mental health of the minor. Finally, abusive illegal pederastic relationships often are reported in the media, validating certain aspects of such accusations. Such relationships may raise issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth and parental authority. [8]
Religious opposition
Religious opposition to pederasty makes no distinction between legal and illegal practices, but opposes all such relationships basing itself on scriptural arguments.
Some "gay-positive" writers, in their work of interpreting Christian teachings, have concluded that Paul's criticism of same-sex love do not target those for whom such affections come naturally, but rather those who indulge such pleasures by choice, with the example given being "the Hellenistic practice of erotic behavior with young males. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and " Their work suggests that religious opposition to same sex relations should restrict itself to pederastic relationships, with their presumed abuse of power. But a position paper of the Anglican Church rejects that contention, claiming that,
The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) males, of the same age that young woman would be given in marriage. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner. Had Paul intended to proscribe pederasty by using these terms (such as we understand pederasty today), he had recourse to many other more precise terms. In fact, the discussion in Romans, with its inclusion of female homoerotic behaviour, indicates that exploitation and victimisation were not the issue. (Paul has a lot to say about the abuse of power elsewhere). Position paper: How Is Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology
The Catholic Church, while itself implicated in scandals over pederasts in its clergy, is at the same time one of the main groups working to prohibit the practice of pederasty. On Feb. 2, 1961 the Vatican issued a document, “Instruction on the Careful Selection and Training of Candidates for the States of Perfection and Sacred Orders,” barring from the priesthood anyone who has "perverse inclinations to homosexuality or pederasty. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic "[9] Then, in 1992, the Church organized an international congress in Bangkok on "The Abuse of Children in Prostitution and Pornography," using the occasion to call for pederasty to be declared a "crime against humanity. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest "
Secular opposition
Secular opposition, unlike religious opposition, does not target pederasty per se, but distinguishes between practices which are legal and those that are illegal. Thus, same-sex relations with male as well as female youths, when against the law, are opposed by many groups, from law enforcement to NGO's such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) [10] - a non-religious group working to combat the commercial exploitation of children, such as child prostitution and trafficking in children. Where the relations are permitted by law, as in the case of non-commercial relations with youths above the age of consent, considered legally to fall under the category of legitimate homosexual relationships, secular groups have not expressed an opinion.
Accusation of abuse
Men in such relationships are accused of being necessarily materialistic and manipulative. The claim is that the older partner's interest in the younger is always purely for sexual gratification, and that beneath a guise of caring or loving, and a veneer of acceptability of endowing the younger partner with "choice", these relationships are universally damaging to the youth because they are based on mutual deception. The attention given by the older to the younger is assailed as fundamentally self-interested, and the claim is made that the youths are discarded once past the age of attraction.
Criminality
While sexually expressed relationships between men and boys can be lawful within certain legal boundaries in many jurisdictions, several types of laws are usually brought to bear on such relationships. Age of consent laws set a lower limit on the age at which youths are enfranchised to enter into a sexual relationship with another person. While the phrase age of consent typically does not appear in legal Statutes when used with in relation to sexual activity, the age of consent is the minimum age at This limit varies from one jurisdiction to another, ranging from the early teens to the early twenties.
Other laws restrict adults who are in positions of authority over a youth from entering into a sexual relationship with that youth. However, no laws criminalize love relationships which are not sexually expressed. Relations between adults and youth are also subject to generally applicable laws against rape and kidnapping. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment
Academic controversy
The history and scope of pederasty has been the subject of extensive censorship. In the West, the topic was suppressed in academic circles for much of modern history. The unspoken ban was broken only in 1905 by the German historian Erich Bethe with his study Dorian Boy-Love: its Ethic, its Idea. [72] In the USA, as late as 2005, Haworth Press withdrew from publication a volume on homosexuality in classical antiquity titled Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This was in response to criticism from American right-wing groups that objected to book's depiction of classical pederasty, as well as to the substance of a chapter by the American academic Bruce Rind which integrated observations from history, anthropology, and zoology, and which was interpreted by some readers as advocating pedophilia.
The publisher, in a letter to the editors, attempted to exonerate Rind from the accusation and conceded that the article was sound, but stood by his decision to withdraw it "to avoid negative press" and "economic repercussions. "[73][74] Later Haworth reversed course and announced that the book and journal would be published, but without Rind's controversial essay. Mr. Rind's essay is to be published in a future "supplementary volume" of The Journal of Homosexuality, together with counterarguments advanced by his critics. [11]
Historical pederastic relationships
Over the course of history there have been a number of recorded erotic relationships between older men and adolescent boys. Over the course of history there have been a number of pederastic relationships between adult men and adolescent boys which have become part of the historical record All of these followed at least some aspects of classical pederasty. In some of these cases both members eventually became well known historical figures, in others only one of the two achieved that distinction.
Filmography
Beginning with the 1960s, films documented the stories of relationships between men and boys. See also Pederasty This list includes movies depicting pederastic relationships or sentiment
See also
- Age disparity in sexual relationships
- Ephebophilia
- Friendship
- Historical pederastic couples
- Homosexuality
- Mentoring
- Mythology of same-sex love
- Pederastic proverbs and ditties (Wikiquote)
- Pedophilia
- Age disparity in sexual relationships
- Chickenhawk
- Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in films
- Pederasty in ancient Greece
- Roman Catholic sex abuse cases
- Sex in advertising
- Sodomy
- Twink (gay slang)
Notes
- ^ [1]
- ^ David F. Significant age disparity in sexual relationships has been and remains a feature of couples in many Cultures and societies. The term ephebophilia is the sexual preference for adolescents around 15-19 years of age Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more beings Over the course of history there have been a number of pederastic relationships between adult men and adolescent boys which have become part of the historical record Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Religious narrative has included stories interpreted by many as accounts of same-sex love and sexuality The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular Amor Platonicus The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th century by the Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse Horatio Alger Jr ( January 13, 1832 &ndash July 18, 1899) was a 19th-century American Author who wrote approximately Significant age disparity in sexual relationships has been and remains a feature of couples in many Cultures and societies. This article presents a list of films portraying pedophilia or sexual abuse of minors. Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside Allegations of sexual abuse of children have been made against a variety of religious groups including but not exclusively Roman Catholic priests monks and nuns Sex in advertising is the use of Sexual attraction as a tool of Persuasion to draw interest to a particular product, for purpose of Sale Sodomy (ˈsɒdəmi is a term used today predominantly in Law (derived from traditional Christian usage to describe the act of Anal intercourse, Oral intercourse Twink or twinkie is a Gay Greenberg, Joel Peter Johnson, The Construction of Homosexuality p. 25
- ^ Keuls EC (1995). "The Greek medical texts and the sexual ethos of ancient Athens". Clio Med. (27). PMID: 7705046.
- ^ a b Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, pp32-48, pp136-149, & passim
- ^ Bruce Rind, Journal of Sex Research, Nov, 1998: Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks
- ^ Wayne R. Dynes (Editor), Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 960
- ^ Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan (1997). We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. Routledge, 468-469. ISBN 0415908582.
- ^ National Organization for Women; "DELINEATION OF LESBIAN RIGHTS ISSUES 1980"
- ^ glbtq "Pederasty"[2]
- ^ Bruce Rind, Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks in Journal of Sex Research, Nov, 1998[3]
- ^ Bruce L. Gerig, "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt", in HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE BIBLE, Supplement 11A, 2005
- ^ Plato, Phaedrus; passim
- ^ J. K. Dover, Greek Homosexuality; passim
- ^ Crompton, op. cit. , pp. 79-82
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, 10. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including 67-85
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum, XXXI 9. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. 5
- ^ Jeremy Bentham, Offences Against One's Self Journal of Homosexuality, v.3:4(1978), p.389-405; continued in v.4:1(1978)
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, I. 135
- ^ J. A. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics; V.
- ^ Plato, Phaedrus, passim
- ^ Bahá'u'lláh, The Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 58
- ^ Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks 2. 28P
- ^ The Library of Iberian Resources, The Visigothic Code: (Forum judicum) ed. S. P. Scott, Book III: Concerning Marriage, Title V: Concerning Incest, Apostasy, and Pederasty
- ^ Abbott, E. , A History of Celibacy, New York, 2000; p. 101
- ^ Arié, Rachel. España musulmana (Siglos VIII-XV) in Historia de España, ed. Manuel Tuñón de Lara, III. Barcelona: Labor, 1984.
- ^ Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence, Oxford, 1996
- ^ Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice, Oxford, 1985
- ^ T. Watanabe & J. Iwata, The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, London: GMP Publishers, 1987
- ^ Marguerite Johnson, Terry RyanSexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook p. 110
- ^ Liddell and Scott, 1968 p. 585
- ^ Richard Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. p. 397; Arcade, 1998
- ^ Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Chicago and London, 1974; 2:146
- ^ Aeschines, "Against Timarchos" 127
- ^ Plato, Phaedrus, 231
- ^ Greek homosexuality, Hein van Dolen
- ^ Craig A. The Phaedrus ( Greek: Φαίδρος written by Plato, is a dialogue between Plato's main Protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus an Williams, Roman Homosexuality p. 23
- ^ a b c {[cite book|title=A History of Medicine |first=Plinio |last=Prioreschi |year=1996 |publisher=Horatius Press |pages=p21-23, p29 |isbn=1888456035}}
- ^ Tacitus, Annales, 14. 20
- ^ Clement of Alexandria, The Paedagogos, II. 6
- ^ Theodore W. Jennings, Jr. , Man Jesus Loved: Homoerotic Narratives from the New Testament, Pilgrim Press, 2003
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, I. 135, tr. A. D. Godley
- ^ Plutarch, De Malig. Herod. xiii. ll
- ^ Plato, Symposium, 182c, trans. Tom Griffith
- ^ Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, Conventions of Love, Love of Conventions: Urdu Love Poetry in the Eighteenth Century, unpublished paper, 2001
- ^ Sir Richard Burton, Kama Sutra: the Hindu art of lovemaking, intro. Pathan proverb, also reported in similar forms from the Arab countries, Iran and North Africa. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
- ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p. 149
- ^ El-Rouayheb, 2005. Op. cit. p. 115
- ^ Janet Afary & Kevin Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism, (University of Chicago Press, 2005
- ^ Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa, Gâvurların Esiri, Istanbul, 1971
- ^ Hulki Aktunç, Erotologya, Istanbul, 2000
- ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p. 141
- ^ T. Watanabe & J. Iwata, The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, pp. 31-2
- ^ Homosexuality in the Korean Social Context
- ^ "[T]he non-contaminated subjects are the exception. " (Proschan, Frank "Syphilis, Opiomania, and Pederasty": Colonial Constructions of Vietnamese (and French) Social Diseases" Journal of the History of Sexuality — Volume 11, Number 4, October 2002, pp. 610–636)
- ^ (Bancroft, i. 415 and authorities Palon, Crespi, Boscana, Motras, Torquemada, Duflot and Fages). (R. F. Burton, Terminal Essay)
- ^ An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture, European Art: Renaissance, Patricia Simmons
- ^ The International Byron Society: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Cantos I and II, uncensored version, including notes
- ^ J. G. von Hahn, Albanische Studien, 1854, p. 166
- ^ On Being Orthodox and Gay, Nicholas Zymaris, May 1997
- ^ Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, Islamic Homosexualities, p. 188-191
- ^ From Whitman's list of sexual encounters in his daybooks: "Robt Wolf, boy of 10 or 12 rough at the ferry lives cor 4th & Market . . . Wm Clayton boy 13 or 14 on the cars nights . . . "
- ^ Brian Reade, Sexual Heretics; p. )
- ^ Karl Marx, Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
- ^ H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared Not Speak Its Name, pp. 110-112; Boston: Little, Brown, 1970
- ^ C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life Harvest Books (1966) p. 106
- ^ Kramer, L (1981) Reports from the Holocaust. NY: St. Martin's Press p. 234
- ^ David Thorstad (1998). Speech to the Semana Cultural Lesbica-Gay. NAMBLA.
- ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p. 152
- ^ John Fortier, "Pagegate to cost GOP a seat" in The Hill, October 4, 2006
- ^ "Warning Signs;" New York Sun Editorial, October 4, 2006
- ^ Pedophilia Chic Weekly Standard, June 17, 1996
- ^ Georges Dumézil, Preface in Homosexuality in Greek Myth by Bernard Sergent, Boston, 1984
- ^ "Kathryn Rutz, vice president for editorial development at Haworth, said in an e-mail message that the press had received about 20 e-mail messages in the 24-36 hours after the WorldNetDaily article appeared, and that the flurry of messages prompted a “vigorous” discussion among the press’s top officials. “Issues on the table,” she said, “included freedom of speech, consequences of negative publicity, personal objections to the subject matter, and resistance to what might appear to be caving in to a particular group with its own right-wing agenda. ” Ultimately, Rutz said, the decision to cancel the book was based on the fact that “the final article by Bruce Rind is construed by some as being sympathetic to pederasty,” which she emphasized that the press does not “in any way support or endorse. ” Rutz said the decision “can on one level be considered a business decision. Our customer base is large and the number of disciplines we cover is large. Because 95 percent of our customers would likely be opposed to anything even remotely construed as sexual abuse apologetics, publishing this paper would be a bad business decision. ”"Doug Lederman, "Pressure Prompts Publisher to Punt," in Inside Higher Ed Sept. 27, 2005 [4]
- ^ Article in the Halifax The Chronicle Herald[5]
References
- General
- Crosson-TowerCynthia, C. PhD. 2007 UnderstandingChild Abuse and Neglect. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN-10: 0205503268
- LASCARATOS. J. , POULAKOU-REBELAKOU. E. (2000) Child Sexual Abuse: Historical Cases in the Byzantine Empire(324–1453 A. D. )Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 1085–1090, 2000
- Goode, E. , Vail D. E. 2007 Extreme Deviance. PP 144. ISBN 1412937221
- Homosexuality and Civilization, by Louis Crompton; Belknap, Harvard, 2003. ISBN -X
- Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas
- Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. 2: Sexual Inversion, by Havelock Ellis
- Pederasty among primitives: institutionalized initiation and cultic prostitution, by G. Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg
- Ancient Greece
- Greek Homosexuality, by Kenneth J. Dover; New York; Vintage Books, 1978. Sir Kenneth James Dover, FRSE, FBA (born March 11, 1920) is a distinguished British ISBN
- Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece by William A. Percy; University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN
- Die Griechische Knabenliebe [Greek Pederasty], by Herald Patzer; Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1.
- Homosexuality in Greek Myth, by Bernard Sergent; Beacon Press, 1986. Bernard Sergent (born in 1946 is a French ancient historian and comparative mythologist. ISBN
- Homosexualité et initiation chez les peuples indo-européens, by Bernard Sergent, Payot & Rivages, 1996, ISBN
- Lovers' Legends: The Gay Greek Myths, by Andrew Calimach; Haiduk Press, 2001. Andrew Calimach (1953—) is a Romanian-American author He is a matrilineal descendant of the Callimachi noble family of Moldavia and is known for his ISBN
- Lovers' Legends Unbound, by Andrew Calimach et al. ; Haiduk Press, 2004. ISBN
- Hubbard, Thomas K. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome. University of California Press, 2003. [12] ISBN
- Europe
- Bremmer, J. "An Enigmatic Indo-European Rite: Pederasty. " Arethusa 13: 279-98, 1980
- "Creating the Sensual Child: Paterian Aesthetics, Pederasty, and Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales" by Naomi Wood in Marvels & Tales, Volume 16, Number 2, 2002, pp. 156-170
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde (2006), a 500-page scholarly volume that considers the major Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and prose (the author has made this volume available in a free, open-access, PDF version).
- Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy by Sergio Rigoletto [13]
- Rigoletto, Sergio. "Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy".
- Japan
- The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, by T. Watanabe & J. Iwata; London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN
- Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, by Gary Leupp; Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN
- Cartographies of desire: male-sexuality in Japanese discourse, , by Gregory Pflugfelder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN
- Japanese pederasty and homosexuality, by K. A. Adams, in the Journal of Psychohistory, 2002 Summer;30(1):54-66
- The New World
- The Politicization of Pederasty Among the Colonial Yucatecan Maya, by John C. Fout in the Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 8, 1997
- Muslim Lands
- Abu 'Abdur-Rahman as-Sulami. Early Sufi Women, Dhikr an-niswa al-muta'abbidat as-sufiyyat. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 1999, pp. 78-79
- Philip F. Kennedy. The Wine Song in Classical Arabic Poetry: Abu Nuwas and the Literary Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. ISBN
- Khaled El-Rouayheb. The Love of Boys in Arabic Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500 - 1800. Middle Eastern Literatures; January 2005, vol. 8, no. 1.
- Khaled El-Rouayheb. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 Chicago, 2005
- Lacey, E. A. (Trans. ) The Delight of Hearts: Or, What You Will Not Find in Any Book. Gay Sunshine Press, 1988.
- Emilio Garcia Gomez. (Ed. ) In Praise of Boys: Moorish Poems from Al-Andalus Translated from the Spanish by Erskine Lane. Gay Sunshine Press, 1975.
- Mukhtar, M. H. Tarbiyat-e-Aulad aur Islam [The Upbringing of Children in Islam]. dar-ut-Tasneef, Jamiat ul-Uloom Il-Islamiyyah allama Banuri Town Karachi. English translation by Rafiq Abdur Rahman. Transl. esp. Chapter 11: Responsibility for Sexual Education.
- Murray, Stephen O. , and Will Roscoe, et al. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN
- Ritter, Hellmut. Das Meer der Seele, 1955 (English translation The Ocean of the Soul, 2003), Chapters 24–26.
- Peter Lambourn Wilson. Contemplation of the Unbearded - The Rubaiyyat of Awhadoddin Kermani. Paidika, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1995).
- Yoginder Sikand. A Martyr for Love - Hazrat Sayed Sarmad, a Sufi gay mystic. Perversions, Vol. 1, No. 4. Spring 1995.
- Maarten Schild. The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love. Paidika, Vol. 1, No. 3.
- Roth, Norman. "The Care and Feeding of Gazelles" - mediaeval Hebrew and Arabic Love Poetry. Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages, 1989.
- Roth, Norman. Fawn of My Delights - boy-love in Hebrew and Arabic Verse. Sex in the Middle Ages. 1991.
- Roth, Norman. Boy-love in Mediaeval Arabic Verse. " Paidika Vol. 3, No. 3, 1994.
- Williamson, Casey R. . Where did that boy go? - the missing boy-beloved in post-colonial Persian literature.
- Wright, J. , and Everett Rowson. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. 1998.
- 'Homosexuality' & other articles in the Encyclopædia Iranica
- Maarten Schild. The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love. Paidika, Vol. 1, No. 3.
- Academic
- ^ Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society, (p. 11)Duke University Press.
- ^ Bauserman, R. & Rind, B. 1997. "Psychological Correlates of Male Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences with Adults: A Review of the Nonclinical Literature," Archives of Sexual Behavior 26:105-141.
- ^ Beitchman, J. H. , Zucker, K. J. , Hood, J. E. , DaCosta, G. A. , and Akman, D. 1991. "A Review of the Short-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," Child Abuse & Neglect 15:537-556.
- ^ Beitchman, J. H. , Zucker, K. J. , Hood, J. E. , DaCosta, G. A. , Akman, D. and Cassavia, E. 1992. "A Review of the Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," Child Abuse & Neglect 16:101-118.
- ^ Browne, A. and Finkelhor, D. 1986. "Initial and Long-term Effects: A Review of the Research" in D. Finkelhor (Ed. ), A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 143-179). London: Sage.
- ^ Constantine, L. L. 1981. "The Effects of Early Sexual Experience: A Review and Synthesis of Research" In L. L. Constantine and F. M. Martinson (Eds. ), Children and Sex (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
- ^ Kilpatrick, A. 1987. "Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-range Effects," The Journal of Sex Research 23:173-196.
- ^ Rind, B. , Bauserman, R. , and Tromovitch, P. 1998. "A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," Psychological Bulletin 124(1):22-53.
External links
- The World History of Male Love
- Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models
- The Androphile Project – The World History of Male Love: Male Love in Greece
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde (2006) (This 500-page, scholarly volume is available as an open-access PDF)
- The Catholic Church and Sexuality
Dictionary
pederasty
-noun
- Erotic love, sexually expressed or chaste, between a man and an adolescent boy.
- (archaic) Anal intercourse in general, usually between a man and an adolescent boy.
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