| Pashtuns پښتون Paṣtun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Total population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ca. 42 million | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regions with significant populations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pashto Persian or Urdu also spoken widely as second languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Islam, predominantly Hanafi Sunni with a Twelver Shia minority |
Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn or پختون Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans[10] (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), ethnic Afghans,[11] or synonymously Afghans[12] (Persian: افغان Afğān), are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan and in the North-West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan provinces of western Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised A second language (L2 is any Language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1 For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Pashtuns are typically characterized by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional code of conduct and honor. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour [13]
Pashtun society consists of many tribes and clans which were rarely politically united,[14] until the rise of the Durrani Empire in 1747. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern [3] Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. For the film see The Great Game (film The Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya For over 250 years, they reigned as the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan. They gained world-wide attention after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and with the rise and fall of the Taliban, since they were the main ethnic contingent in the movement. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtuns are also an important community in Pakistan, where they are prominently represented in the military and are the second-largest ethnic group. [15]
The Pashtuns are the world's largest (patriarchal) segmentary lineage ethnic group. A segmentary lineage Society is characterized by the organization of the society into segments what is often referred to as a tribal society. [16] The total population of the group is estimated to be around 42 million, but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. [17] There are an estimated 60 major Pashtun tribes and more than 400 sub-clans. The Pashtun tribes are divided into four larger tribal confederacies Sarbani Tareen Yusafzai [18]
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Demographics
The vast majority of Pashtuns are found in an area stretching from southeastern Afghanistan to northwestern Pakistan. The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold Additional Pashtun communities are found in the Northern Areas of Pakistan and in Khorasan Province of eastern Iran. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. There is also a sizeable community in India, that is of largely putative ancestry. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [19][7] A large migrant-worker community resides in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and in smaller communities in Europe and North America. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Important metropolitan centers of Pashtun culture include Peshawar and Kandahar. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Quetta and Kabul are ethnically mixed cities with large Pashtun populations. ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with With 1. 5 million ethnic Pashtuns, Karachi hosts one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million [20]
Pashtuns comprise over 15. 42% of Pakistan's population or 25. Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold 6 million people. [1] In Afghanistan, they make up an estimated 39%[21] to 42% of the population or 12. The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed 4 to 13. 3 million people. The exact numbers remain uncertain, particularly in Afghanistan, and are affected by approximately 3 million Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan, of which 81. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the 5% or 2. 49 million are ethnic Pashtuns. [2] An unknown number of refugees continue to reside in Iran. [22] A cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 42 million across the region. [1][3][2]
History and origins
- See also: History of Afghanistan and History of Pakistan
The history of the Pashtuns is ancient, and much of it is not fully researched. This article is about the history of the area that has became known as Afghanistan, a territory whose current boundaries were mostly determined in the 19th Century The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although Since the 2nd millennium BC, regions now inhabited by Pashtuns have seen invasions and migrations, including by Aryan tribes (Iranian peoples, Indo-Aryans), Medes, Persians, Mauryas, Scythians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols. The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure The Gr(aeco-Bactrian Kingdom was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family There are many conflicting theories about the origins of the Pashtun people, some modern and others archaic, both among historians and the Pashtuns themselves.
Ancient references
- See also: Origins of the name Afghan
A variety of ancient groups with eponyms similar to either Pashtun or Pukhtun have been hypothesized as possible ancestors of modern Pashtuns. The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a people called Pactyans, living on the eastern frontier of the Persian Satrapy Arachosia as early as the 1st millennium BC,[23] but their connection to Pashtuns remains unclear. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Arachosia (ˌærəˈkoʊʒə, Arakhōsia) or Arachotae (əˈrækəˌtiː, Arakhōtai) is the latinized form of Greek name of an Achaemenid The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires Similarly, the Rig-Veda mentions a tribe called the Pakthas[24] (in the region of Pakhat) inhabiting eastern Afghanistan and some academics have proposed a connection with modern Pashtuns, but this too remains speculative. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Pakthas were one of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the Dasarajna battle [25]
In modern history, Pashtuns were also called Afghans until the advent of modern Afghanistan and the division of Pashtuns by a border called Durand Line drawn by the British in the late 19th century. Maynard Owen Williams ( September 12, 1888 -June 1963 was a National Geographic correspondent from 1919 The Durand Line is the term for the 2640 kilometer (1610 mile Border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. According to several scholars such as V. Minorsky, W. K. Frazier Tyler and M. C. Gillet, "The word Afghan first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam in 982 CE. "[26] It was used by the Pashtuns and refers to a common legendary ancestor known as Afghana.
Al-Biruni refers to Afghans as various tribes living along the frontier mountains between India and Persia, a possible reference to the Sulaiman Mountains, and further notes that they were neither Muslim or Hindu, indicative of an indigenous Pre-Islamic religion. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Sulaiman Mountains ( Persian, Urdu: سليمان are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Archaeological exploration of the Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan began in Afghanistan in earnest after World War II and proceeded until the [27] Thus, it is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around Kandahar and the Sulaiman Mountains, and expanded from there. Kandahar or Qandahar ( Pashto: کندھار, Persian: قندهار) is one of the largest of the thirty-four Provinces of The Sulaiman Mountains ( Persian, Urdu: سليمان are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian [11] In this geographic location they would have often been in close contact with the ancient Persians and Indians,[28] and were Zoroastrians, Shamanists, and later Buddhists before the arrival in the 7th century of Muslim Arabs who brought Islam. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [29][30]
Anthropology and linguistics
The origins of the Pashtuns are eastern Iranian. The Pashto language is classified under the Eastern Iranian sub-branch of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Thus, Pashtuns are classified as an Iranian people,[31][32] possibly as partial descendants of the Scythians, an ancient Iranian group. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic [33]
Early precursors to the Pashtuns were Old Iranian tribes that spread throughout the eastern Iranian plateau. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern [34][35] According to academic Yu. V. Gankovsky, the Pashtuns began as a "union of largely East-Iranian tribes which became the initial ethnic stratum of the Pashtun ethnogenesis, dates from the middle of the first millennium CE and is connected with the dissolution of the Epthalite (White Huns) confederacy. The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure "[36]
Pashtuns who speak a southern dialect of Pashto refer to themselves as Pashtuns, while those who speak a northern dialect as Pukhtuns. These Pashtuns compose the core of ethnic Pashtuns who are found in western Pakistan and southern-eastern Afghanistan. Like other Iranian peoples, many Pashtuns have mixed with various invaders, neighboring groups, and migrants. In terms of phenotype, Pashtuns are predominantly a Mediterranean people,[37] and light hair and eye colors are not uncommon, especially among remote mountain tribes. A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. [38]
Oral traditions
Some anthropologists lend credence to the mythical oral traditions of the Pashtun tribes themselves. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of See also Mythology Myth is derived from the Greek word μύθος mythos, which simply means 'story' Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges The Pashtun tribes are divided into four larger tribal confederacies Sarbani Tareen Yusafzai For example, according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is traced to Maghzan-e-Afghani who compiled a history for Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi in the reign of Mughal Emperor Jehangir in the 17th century. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. The theory that the Pashtun people originate from the exiled Lost Tribes of Israel was widely held as recently as the 19th century The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20
Another book that corresponds with Pashtun historical records, Taaqati-Nasiri, states that in the 7th century a people called the Bani Israel settled in Ghor, southeast of Herat, Afghanistan, and then migrated south and east. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. These references to Bani Israel agree with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of Israel were dispersed (see Israel and Judah and Ten Lost Tribes), the tribe of Joseph, among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the region. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known The phrase Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed The Tribe of Joseph was one of the Tribes of Israel, though since Ephraim and Manasseh together traditionally constituted the tribe of Joseph it was often [39] This oral tradition is widespread among the Pashtuns. There have been many legends over the centuries of descent from the Ten Lost Tribes after groups converted to Christianity and Islam. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Hence the tribal name 'Yusef Zai' in Pashto translates to the 'sons of Joseph'. A tribal name is a name of an Ethnic Tribe &mdashusually of ancient origin which represented its Self-identity. The Yūsufzai (also Youssofzay, Yousafzai, Esapzey, Yousufi, or Yūsufi) ( Urdu: یوسف زئی) are one of A similar story is told by Iranian historian Ferishta. Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was [40]
But the Bani-Israel theory has major historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The main one is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by Assyria, while Maghzan-e-Afghani says they were permitted by the ruler of Persia to go east to Afghanistan. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia [41] This inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the ancient Assyrian Empire when it conquered the Empire of the Medes and Chaldean Babylonia, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital But no ancient author mentions such a transfer of Israelites further east, or no ancient extra-Biblical texts refer to the Ten Lost Tribes at all. Also, the Rig Veda, believed to have been composed before 1200 BC, already mentions the Pashtuns as living in the area of Afghanistan. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" [42] No ancient author before the conversion of the Pashtuns to Islam mentions any Israelite or Jewish connection. [43] The oral tradition may be a myth which grew out of a political and cultural struggle with the Mughals. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most [41]
Other Pashtun tribes claim descent from Arabs, including some even claiming to be descendants of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad (popularly referred to as sayyids). The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title [44] Some groups from Peshawar and Kandahar (such as the Afridis , Khattaks and Sadozais) also claim to be descended from Alexander the Great's Greeks. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Khattak or Khatak ( Urdu: خٹک) is a Pashtun tribe Khattak tribe is concentrated in North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan Sadozai can refer to Sadozai (Pastun tribe Sadozai (Baloch tribe Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' [45]
Genetics
Research into human DNA is as a new way to explore historical movements of populations by studying their genetic make-up. A genealogical DNA test examines the Nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for Genetic genealogy purposes Some recent genetic genealogy studies show Pashto-speaking Pashtuns are mainly related to Iranian peoples and to the Burusho who speak a language isolate. Genetic genealogy is the application of Genetics to traditional genealogy. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is [46][45] There is evidence of a small Greek contribution to the Pashtun gene pool that will likely require further testing in order to ascertain its pervasiveness. [47]
Modern era
The Pashtuns are intimately tied to the history of modern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests from the 7th to 11th centuries, Pashtun ghazis (warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the Khilji dynasty (1290-1321), Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526) and Suri dynasty (1540-1556). Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally Khilji or Khalji ( Pashto: خلجی خاندان, Hindi: ख़िलजी ख़ानदान was an Indian ruling dynasty that was Lodhi Dynasty ( Pashto / Persian: سلطنت لودھی) was a Ghilzai (khilji Afghan ( ethnic Pashtun) dynasty The Suri Dynasty was founded by the powerful Afghan conqueror Sher Shah, an ethnic Pasthun who's family hailed from Peshawer ( Pakistan) The Pashtuns' modern past stretches back to the Hotaki dynasty (1709-1738) and later the Durrani Empire (1747-1823). The Hotaki dynasty (1709-1738 was founded in 1709 by Mirwais Khan Hotak, an ethnic Pashtun ( Afghan) from the Ghilzai clan of Kandahar province The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern [48] The Hotakis were Ghilzai tribesmen, who defeated the Safavid dynasty of Persia and seized control over much of the Persian Empire from 1722 to 1738. The Ghilzais (also known as Khiljis or Ghaljis) are a large Pashtun Tribe located mainly in southeastern Afghanistan, between The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This was followed by the conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani who was a former high-ranking military commander under the ruler Nadir Shah of Persia. Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c1723-1773 ( also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān Abdālī, Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November He founded the Durrani Empire that covered most of what is today Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Indian Punjab, and Khorasan province of Iran. The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. [49][50] After the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1818, the Barakzai clan took control of Afghanistan. Bārakzai (singular Bārakzay) is a common ethnic name among the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and western Pakistan and among the Baloch Specifically, the Mohamedzai subclan ruled Afghanistan from 1826 to the end of Mohammad Zahir Shah reign in 1973. Mohammadzai ( Pashto: محمد زئی) (meaning son of Muhammad in Pashto) is the name of several Pashtun Tribes found in Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning This legacy continues into modern times as Afghanistan is run by President Hamid Karzai, who is an ethnic Pashtun from Kandahar. Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and
The Pashtuns in Afghanistan resisted British designs upon their territory and kept the Russians at bay during the so-called Great Game. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya For the film see The Great Game (film The Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire By playing the two empires against each other, Afghanistan remained an independent state and maintained some autonomy (see the Siege of Malakand). A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Siege of Malakand was the 26 July – 2 August 1897 Siege of the British garrison in the Malakand region colonial India 's North West But during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), Pashtun regions were divided by the Durand Line, and what is today western Pakistan was ceded to British India in 1893. The Durand Line is the term for the 2640 kilometer (1610 mile Border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British [51] In the 20th century, some Pashtun leaders living under British Indian rule in the North-West Frontier Province supported Indian independence, including Khan Wali Khan and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (both members of the Khudai Khidmatgar, popularly referred to as the Surkh posh or "the Red shirts"), and were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent method of resistance. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Khan Abdul Wali Khan Pashto:(خان عبدالولي خان (b Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Khudai Khidmatgar (خدای خدمتگار literally translates as the servants of God. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. [52] Later, in the 1970s, Khan Wali Khan pressed for more autonomy for Pashtuns in Pakistan.
Pashtuns in Afghanistan attained complete independence from British intervention during the reign of King Amanullah Khan, following the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Amanullah Khan (June 1 1892 &ndash April 25 1960 was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929 first as Amir and after 1926 as Shah. The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political social and sometimes Imperialistic influence various European nations have had on this historical development of the The monarchy ended when Sardar Daoud Khan seized control of Afghanistan in 1973. Mohammed Daoud Khan ( July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978) was a politician in Afghanistan who overthrew the monarchy of Zahir Shah This opened the door to Soviet intervention and culminated in the Communist Saur Revolution in 1978. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. Starting in the late 1970s, many Pashtuns joined the Mujahideen opposition against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving They fought for control of Afghanistan against the Communist Khalq and the Parcham factions. Khalq ("Masses" was a fraction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Parcham (پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag" was the name of one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. More recently, the Pashtuns became known for being the primary ethnic group that comprised the Taliban, which was a religious movement that emerged from Kandahar, Afghanistan. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and [54] In late 2001, the Taliban government was removed from power as a result of the US-led invasion of Afghanistan. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U
Pashtuns have played an important role in the regions of South and Central Asia and the Middle East. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In neighboring Pakistan, ethnic Pashtun politicians, notably Ayub Khan Batezai Tareen and Ghulam Ishaq Khan, have also attained the Presidency, as well as high government posts such as Army Chief (Gul Hasan Khan) and Ministries. Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) ( Urdu / Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) ( January 20, 1915 – October 27 The Afghan royal family, now represented by Muhammad Zahir Shah, is also of ethnic Pashtun origin. A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Other prominent Pashtuns include the 17th-century warrior poet Khushal Khan Khattak, Afghan "Iron" Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, and in modern times U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (Zalmay Khalilzad) and former Afghan Astronaut (Abdul Ahad Mohmand) among many others. Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1689 (Pashto خوشحال خان خټک was a Pashtun warrior Poet and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe The United States Ambassador to the United Nations (full title Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad ( Pashto: زلمی خلیلزاد - Zalmay Khalīlzād) (born 22 March 1951 is the permanent United States Ambassador to the United An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Abdul Ahad Mohmand ( Pashto: عبدالاحد مومند, born January 1, 1959) became the first Astronaut (or Cosmonaut
Pashtuns defined
Among historians, anthropologists, and the Pashtuns themselves, there is some debate as to who exactly is a Pashtun. The most prominent views are:
- Pashtuns are predominantly an Eastern Iranian people who are speakers of the Pashto language and live in a contiguous geographic location across Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as This is the generally accepted academic view. [55]
- Pashtuns are Muslims who follow Pashtunwali, speak Pashto and meet other criteria. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour [56]
- In accordance with the legend of Qais Abdur Rashid, the figure traditionally regarded as progenitor of the Pashtun people, Pashtuns are those whose related patrilineal descent may be traced back to legendary times. Qais Abdur Rashid ( Pashto: قيس عبدر راشد) is a Legendary Progenitor of the Pashtun people, Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles
These three definitions may be described as the ethno-linguistic definition, the religious-cultural definition, and the patrilineal definition, respectively.
Ethnic definition
The ethno-linguistic definition is the most prominent and accepted view as to who is and is not a Pashtun. [57] Generally, this most common view holds that Pashtuns are defined within the parameters of having mainly eastern Iranian ethnic origins, sharing a common language, culture and history, living in relatively close geographic proximity to each other, and acknowledging each other as kinsmen. Thus, tribes that speak disparate yet mutually intelligible dialects of Pashto acknowledge each other as ethnic Pashtuns and even subscribe to certain dialects as "proper", such as the Pukhtu spoken by the Yousafzai and the Pashto spoken by the Durrani in Kandahar. The Yūsufzai (also Youssofzay, Yousafzai, Esapzey, Yousufi, or Yūsufi) ( Urdu: یوسف زئی) are one of Durrānī ( or Abdālī ( is the name of a chief Tribal Confederation in Afghanistan and Pakistan. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and [58] These criteria tend to be used by most Pashtuns in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Cultural definition
The religious and cultural definition is more stringent and requires Pashtuns to be Muslim and adhere to the Pashtunwali code. Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour [59] This is the most prevalent view among more orthodox and conservative tribesmen who do not recognize anyone of the Jewish faith as a Pashtun, even if they themselves claim to be of Hebrew ancestry as some tribes do. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Pashtun intellectuals and academics tend to be more flexible and sometimes define who is Pashtun based on other criteria.
Pashtun society is not homogenous by religion: most Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims, while some follow Shia Islam or other sects. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Pakistani Jews and Afghan Jews, once numbering in the thousands, have largely relocated to Israel. Jews ( Urdu: یہودی pronounced "Yehudi") are a very small religious group of Pakistan. Jews have lived in Afghanistan for at least 2000 years but the community has been reduced greatly because of emmigration For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Ancestral definition
The patrilineal definition is based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali which mainly requires that only those who have a Pashtun father are Pashtun. This law has maintained the tradition of exclusively patriarchal tribal lineage. This definition places less emphasis on what language one speaks, such as Pashto, Persian, Urdu or English. For example, the Pathans in India have lost both the language and presumably many of the ways of their putative ancestors, but trace their fathers' ethnic heritage to the Pashtun tribes. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Some believe that Pashtun tribes are descendants of the four grandsons of the legendary Qais Abdur Rashid. Qais Abdur Rashid ( Pashto: قيس عبدر راشد) is a Legendary Progenitor of the Pashtun people, [60] The legend says that after Qais heard of the new religion of Islam, he traveled to meet the Muslim Prophet Muhammad (S. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics A. W)in Medina and returned to Afghanistan-Pakistan area as a Muslim. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as He purportedly had many children, and his son Afghana produced up to four sons who traveled east towards Swat, Lahore, Multan and Quetta respectively. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort This legend is one of many traditional tales among the Pashtuns regarding their disparate origins that remain largely unverifiable.
Putative ancestry
There are various communities who claim Pashtun descent but are largely found among other groups in South and Central Asia who generally do not speak Pashto. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Those communities are often considered overlapping groups or are simply assigned to the ethno-linguistic group that corresponds to their geographic location and mother tongue. They include various non-Pashtun Afghans who often speak Persian rather than Pashto. [3]
Many claimants of Pashtun heritage in South Asia have mixed with local Muslim populations and refer to themselves (and to Pashto-speaking Pashtuns and often to Afghans in general) as Pathans, the Hindi-Urdu variant of Pashtun. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering [61] These populations are usually only part-Pashtun, to varying degrees, and often trace their Pashtun ancestry putatively through a paternal lineage, and are not universally viewed as ethnic Pashtuns (see section on Pashtuns Defined for further analysis).
Some groups claiming Pashtun descent live close to Pashtuns, such as the Hindkowans who are sometimes referred to as Punjabi Pathans in publications such as Encyclopedia Britannica. Hindkowans ( Perso-Arabic: ہِندکُون or Pathans (Perso-Arabic پنجاب پٹھان Devanagari: पंजाबी पठान Gurmukhi The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc [62] The Hindkowans speak the Hindko language and are considered to have mixed Pashtun and local origins. Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western [63] Culturally similar to Pashtuns, they often practice Pashtunwali in Pashtun-majority areas. They are a large minority in major cities such as Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, and Dera Ismail Khan and in mixed districts including Haripur and Abbottabad where they are often bilingual in Hindko and Pashto. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Kohat ( Urdu: کوہاٹ is a medium sized town in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Mardan ( Urdu: مردان) is a city and headquarters of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Dera Ismail Khan (ډیرہ اسماعیل خان is a City in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Haripur ( Urdu: ہری پور) is a district of Hazara in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the Abbottabad (ایبٹ آباد is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Many Indian Muslims claim descent from Pashtun soldiers who settled in India and married local Indians during the Muslim conquest of India. Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning [19] No specific population figures exist, as claimants of Pashtun descent are spread throughout the country. Notably, the Rohilla Pashtuns, after their defeat by the British, are known to have settled in parts of North India and intermarried with local Indians. Rohillas ( Urdu: روہِلا Hindi: रोहिला are Muslim highlanders ( Roh means mountains and Rohilla literally means Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula They are believed to have been bilingual in Pashto and Urdu until the mid-19th century. Also, the repression of Rohilla Pashtuns by the British in the late 19th century caused thousands to flee to the Dutch colony of Guyana and Suriname in South America. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The vast majority later re-settled in Pakistan and are referred to as Mohajirs. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [64]
Culture
Pashtun culture was formed over the course of many centuries. Pashtun culture is varied and is heavily influenced by that of South - Central Asia and other Afghan peoples Pre-Islamic traditions, probably dating back to as far as Alexander's conquest in 330 BC, survived in the form of traditional dances, while literary styles and music largely reflect strong influence from the Persian tradition and regional musical instruments fused with localized variants and interpretation. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' To best understand Iran and its people one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Pashtun culture is a unique blend of native customs and strong influences from Central, South and West Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.
Language
The Pashtuns speak Pashto, an Indo-European language. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as It belongs to the Iranian sub-group of the Indo-Iranian branch. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages [65] It can be further delineated within Eastern Iranian and Southeastern Iranian. The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca Pashto is written in the Perso-Arabic script and is divided into two main dialects, the northern "Pukhtu" and the southern "Pashto". The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet.
Pashto has ancient origins and bears similarities to extinct languages such as Avestan and Bactrian. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. The Bactrian language is an extinct Eastern Iranian language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria. [66] Its closest modern relatives include Pamir languages, such as Shughni and Wakhi, and Ossetic. The Pamir languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken by Pamiri people in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and Shughni is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group. Wakhi is an Indo-Iranian language in the sub-branch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages) Ossetic or Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг Iron ævzag or Иронау Ironau) also sometimes called Ossete, is an Iranian Pashto has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including Persian and Vedic Sanskrit. Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from Ancient Greek, Arabic and Turkic, sometimes due to invasions. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Modern borrowings come primarily from English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [67]
Fluency in Pashto is often the main determinant of group acceptance as to who is considered a Pashtun. Pashtun nationalism emerged following the rise of Pashto poetry that linked language and ethnic identity. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation This started with the work of Khushal Khan Khattak and continued with his grandson Afzal Khan (author of Tarikh-e Morassa, a history of the Pashtun people). Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1689 (Pashto خوشحال خان خټک was a Pashtun warrior Poet and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe Afzal Khan Khattak was a Pashtun poet and the grandson of Khushal Khan Khattak. [67]
Pashto has national status in Afghanistan and regional status in Pakistan. A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or In addition to their mother-tongue, many Pashtuns are fluent in Dari (Afghan Persian), Urdu and English. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised
Religion
Most Pashtuns follow Sunni Islam, almost completely the Hanafi school. Approximately 99 percent of Afghans are Muslims and out of them eighty percent are Sunni of the Hanafi School the rest are Shi'a, the majority of Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs A minority of Twelver Shi'a Pashtuns exist in Afghanistan and Pakistan. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam [68]
Studies conducted among the Ghilzai reveal strong links between tribal affiliation and membership in the larger ummah (Islamic community). The Ghilzais (also known as Khiljis or Ghaljis) are a large Pashtun Tribe located mainly in southeastern Afghanistan, between Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the Most Pashtuns believe that they are descendants of Qais Abdur Rashid who is purported to have been an early convert to Islam and thus bequeathed the faith to the Pashtun population. Qais Abdur Rashid ( Pashto: قيس عبدر راشد) is a Legendary Progenitor of the Pashtun people, [69] A legacy of Sufi activity remains common in Pashtun regions, as evident in song and dance. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Many Pashtuns are prominent Ulema, Islamic scholars, such as Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan who translated the Noble Quran and Sahih Al-Bukhari and many other books to English. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Sheikh Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan ( Arabic, Pashto, Urdū: محمد محسن خان; born 1345 Al-Hijri (1927 is a contemporary The Noble Qur'an, also informally known as the Hilali-Khan translation is a translation of the Qur'an by contemporary Afghan Pashtun Islamic [70] Lastly, non-Muslim Pashtuns are virtually non-existent as there is limited data regarding irreligious groups and minorities. Irreligion is a lack of religion indifference to religion or hostility to religion
Pashtunwali
The term "Pakhto" or "Pashto" from which the Pashtuns derive their name is not merely the name of their language, but is synonymous with a pre-Islamic honor code/religion formally known as Pashtunwali (or Pakhtunwali). Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour Pashtunwali ( پښتونوالی) or Pakhtunwali is a Concept of living or philosophy for the Pashtun people and is regarded as an Honour [71] Pashtunwali is believed to have originated millennia ago during pagan times and has, in many ways, fused with Islamic tradition. [72] Pashtunwali governs and regulates nearly all aspects of Pashtun life ranging from tribal affairs to individual "honor" (nang) and behavior.
Numerous intricate tenets of Pashtunwali influence Pashtun social behavior. One of the better known tenets is Melmastia, hospitality and asylum to all guests seeking help. Perceived injustice calls for Badal, swift revenge. Revenge (also vengeance, retribution, or vendetta amongst others consists primarily of retaliation against a person or group in response A popular Pashtun saying, "Revenge is a dish best served cold", was borrowed by the British and popularized in the West. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings [73] Men are expected to protect Zan, Zar, Zameen, which translates to women, treasure, and land. Some aspects promote peaceful co-existence, such as Nanawati, the humble admission of guilt for a wrong committed, which should result in automatic forgiveness from the wronged party. These and other basic precepts of Pashtunwali continue to be followed by many Pashtuns, especially in rural areas.
Pashto literature and media
Throughout Pashtun history, poets, prophets, kings and warriors have been among the most revered members of society. But for much of that history literature has not played a major role, because Persian was the literary lingua franca for neighboring peoples and was generally relied on for writing. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Early written records of Pashto began to appear by the 16th century. The earliest describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of Swat. Swat ( Urdu: ریاست سوات) was a Princely state which existed in the north of the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan [74] The advent of Pashto poetry and the revered works of Khushal Khan Khattak and Rahman Baba in the 17th century helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Khushal Khan Khattak (1613 - 1689 (Pashto خوشحال خان خټک was a Pashtun warrior Poet and tribal chief of the Khattak tribe Abdul Rahman Mohmand ( Pashto: عبدالرحمان مومند) popularly known as ( Pashto: رحمان بابا) was called the Nightingale of Pakhtoonkhwa [75] In the 20th century, Pashto literature gained significant prominence with poetry by Ameer Hamza Shinwari who developed Pashto Ghazals. Ameer Hamza Shinwari ( Pashto: حمزه شينواری) born in Landi Kotal in the year 1907 and died in February 1994 was a famous Pashtun [76] In 1919, Mahmud Tarzi published Seraj-al-Akhbar, which became the first newspaper in Afghanistan. Mahmūd Bēg Tarzī (1865 - 1933 ( Pashto: محمود طرزي,) was one of Afghanistan 's greatest Intellectuals He is known as the father of A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. His work was in Pashto and in Dari language, the country's other major language.
Recently, Pashto literature has received increased patronage, but many Pashtuns continue to rely on oral tradition due to relatively low literacy rates. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, Pashto media outlets also play a major role in everyday life. Pashto media comprises Pashto literature Pashto newspapers Pashto magazines Pashto television Pashto radio Pashto film and Pashto internet Several Pashto TV channels are available in Pashtun regions. The leading one is AVT Khyber, which keeps Pashtuns united and informed about everyday issues, and amused with entertainment programs. AVT Khyber or Khyber TV is a Satellite television station in Pakistan, which was launched in July 2004. [77]
Pashtun males continue to meet at chai khaanas, tea cafes, to listen and relate various oral tales of valor and history. Despite the general male dominance of Pashto oral story-telling, Pashtun society is also marked by some matriarchal tendencies. Storytelling is the ancient art of conveying events in Words Images and Sounds often by Improvisation or embellishment Matriarchy is a term which is applied to gynocentric form of Society, in which the leading role is by the Female and especially by the Mothers [78] Folktales involving reverence for Pashtun mothers and matriarchs are common and are passed down from parent to child, as is most Pashtun heritage, through a rich oral tradition that has survived the ravages of time. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges
Sports
Traditional sports include naiza bazi, which involves horsemen who compete in spear throwing. [79]
Polo is also an ancient traditional sport in the region and is a popular among many tribesmen such as the Yousafzai. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team The Yūsufzai (also Youssofzay, Yousafzai, Esapzey, Yousufi, or Yūsufi) ( Urdu: یوسف زئی) are one of Like other Afghans, many Pashtuns engage in wrestling (Pehlwani), which is often part of larger sporting events. Pehlwani ( Hindi: पहलवानी Urdu: پہلوانی or Kushti ( Hindi: कुश्ती Urdu: کشتی which come from [80] Cricket is largely a legacy of British rule in Pakistan, and many Pashtuns have become prominent participants, such as Shahid Afridi and Imran Khan. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi ( Pashto: صاحبزاده محمد شاهد خان اپرېدی Urdu:) born 1 March, 1980 in Imran Khan Niazi ( عمران خان نیازی) (born November 25 1952) is a Pakistani Cricketer and politician [81]
Football is a more recent sport that increasing numbers of Pashtuns have started to play. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Children engage in various games including a form of marbles called buzul-bazi which is played with the knuckle bones of sheep. A marble is a small spherical toy usually made from Glass, Clay, or Agate. Although traditionally less involved in sports than boys, young Pashtun girls often play volleyball and basketball, especially in urban areas. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m
The favourite game of Pushtoon in South-Western Pakistan - Pishin is yanda. Pishin is a placename which may refer to Pishin Iran, town in Sistan va Baluchestan Iran Cricket is also one of the Favourite games played in Khudaidadzai - Pishin. Mohammad Nawaz Khan Tareen was the first person who established cricked in Khudaidadzai.
The more recent sport of Pishin is Hunting. There is a beautiful lake called Band Khushdil Khan near Killi Torashah. The people of these villages playing hunting in that lake. The duck hunting is so popular in band khushdil khan. The best hunters of the Pishin are Malak Mohammad Ali, Khan Asad Khan Tareen, Malak Qurban Ali, Inayat Ullah Khan, Asmat Ullah Khan, Sana Mamo, Master Bore Mohammad Saab, Jaan etc. . .
Performing arts
Pashtun performers remain avid participants in various physical forms of expression including dance, sword fighting, and other physical feats. Perhaps the most common form of artistic expression can be seen in the various forms of Pashtun dances.
One of the most prominent dances is Attan, which has ancient pagan roots. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world It was later modified by Islamic mysticism in some regions and has become the national dance of Afghanistan and various districts in Pakistan. [82] A rigorous exercise, Attan is performed as musicians play various native instruments including the dhol (drums), tablas (percussions), rubab (a bowed string instrument), and toola (wooden flute). The dhol (ਢੋਲ ڈھول; ढोल ڈھول) dohol ( دهل) is a Drum (a percussion Musical instrument This article is about the Indian drum For the drum with the same name in Arabic, see Goblet drum. Rubab or Robab ( Rūbāb, Hindi: रुबाब is a Lute -like musical instrument from Afghanistan. In Music, a bow is moved across some part of a Musical instrument, causing Vibration which the instrument emits as Sound. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs With a rapid circular motion, dancers perform until no one is left dancing, similar to Sufi whirling dervishes. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف The Mevlevi Order or the Mevleviye are a Sufi order founded by the followers of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, a 13th century Persian Numerous other dances are affiliated with various tribes notably from Pakistan including the Khattak Wal Atanrh (eponymously named after the Khattak tribe), Mahsood Wal Atanrh (which, in modern times, involves the juggling of loaded rifles), and Waziro Atanrh among others. Khattak or Khatak ( Urdu: خٹک) is a Pashtun tribe Khattak tribe is concentrated in North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan A sub-type of the Khattak Wal Atanrh known as the Braghoni involves the use of up to three swords and requires great skill. Though most dances are dominated by males, some performances such as Spin Takray feature female dancers. [83] Young women and girls often entertain at weddings with the Tumbal (tambourine).
Traditional Pashtun music has ties to Klasik (traditional Afghan music heavily inspired by Hindustani classical music), Iranian musical traditions, and other various forms found in South Asia. The classical music of Afghanistan is called klasik, which includes both instrumental ( Rāgas Naghmehs and vocal forms ( Ghazals. Since the 1980s Afghanistan has been involved in near constant violence Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت The music of Iran or Persian music has thousands of years of history dating back to the Neolithic age as seen in the archeological Popular forms include the ghazal (sung poetry) and Sufi qawwali music. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi [84] Themes revolve around love and religious introspection. Modern Pashto music is centered around the city of Peshawar due to the wars in Afghanistan, and tends to combine indigenous techniques and instruments with Iranian-inspired Persian music and Indian Filmi music prominent in Bollywood. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music Filmi (or Filmy used as an adjective is a colloquial term which refers to anything relating to the Bollywood film industry Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India [85] Some well known Pashto singers include Nashenas, Sardar Ali Takkar, Obaidullah Kandaharai, Naghma, Rahim Shah, Farhad Darya, Nazia Iqbal, Ulus Yar Tareen and many others. Nashenas ( Pashto / Persian: ناشناس) born as Sadiq Fitrat, (Pashto/Persian صادق فطرت) is a famous Afghan Sardar Ali Takkar (born 15 July, 1956) a veteran of the Pashto singing scene is mostly famous for singing the revolutionary poetry of Ghani Khan Naghma ( Pashto: نغمه, born Jan 1, 1964) is a popular Afghan singer Rahim Shah ( Pashto / Urdu: رحیم شاہ) is a Pakistani Pop singer. Farhad 'Darya' Nashir (Pashto/Dari فرهاد دریا) (b September 22, 1962, in Afghanistan) is a Singer and Composer Nazia Iqbal is popular Pakistani Pashtu singer She has fan base stretching from NWFP Pashtun areas of balochistan Pakistan to southern parts of Afghanistan [86]
Other modern Pashtun media include an established Pashto-language film and television industry that is based in Pakistan. Producers based in Lahore have created Pashto-language films since the 1970s. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pashto films were once popular, but have declined both commercially and critically in recent years. [87] Past films such as Yusuf Khan Sherbano dealt with serious subject matter, traditional stories, and legends, but since the 1980s the Pashto film industry has been accused of churning out increasingly lewd exploitation-style films. Exploitation film is a type of film that eschews the expense of quality productions in favor of making films inexpensively attracting viewers by exciting their more prurient interests [88][89] Pashtun lifestyle and issues have been raised by Western and Pashtun expatriate film-makers in recent years. One such film is In This World by British film-maker Michael Winterbottom,[90] which chronicles the struggles of two Afghan youths who leave their refugee camps in Pakistan and try to move to the United Kingdom in search of a better life. In This World is a 2002 British Docudrama directed by Michael Winterbottom. Michael Winterbottom (b March 29 1961 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a prolific British Filmmaker who has directed fifteen A refugee camp is a temporary camp built by a government the United Nations, international organizations (such as the Red Cross) or NGOs to receive The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Another is the British mini-series Traffik, re-made as the American film Traffic, which featured a Pashtun man (played by Jamal Shah) struggling to survive in a world with few opportunities outside the drug trade. Traffik is a 1989 television serial about the illegal drug trade. Traffic is a 2000 Crime drama Film directed by Steven Soderbergh. Jamal Shah ( Pashto, Persian, Urdu: جمال شاہ) is an artist [91] Ethnic conflict between Pashtuns and other Afghans such as Hazaras was examined in the best-selling novel The Kite Runner, which was made into a major motion picture that was banned in Afghanistan due to fears that it would incite violence. The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Kite Runner is a Novel by the Author Khaled Hosseini. Published in 2003, it is Hosseini's first novel and was adapted into The Kite Runner ( - Kāğazparān Bāz or بادبادکباز Bādbādak-bāz is a 2007 Academy Award -nominated film directed by [92] Numerous actors of Pashtun descent work in India's Bollywood film industry, including Kader Khan and Feroz Khan. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Kader Khan (born Circa 1937 in Pishin, now Pakistan) is an Indian film actor comedian script and dialogue writer Feroz Khan ( Hindi: फ़ेरोज़ ख़ान Urdu: فیروز خان) born September 25, 1939, sometimes spelled as
Tribes
A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the intricate system of tribes. The Pashtuns remain a predominantly tribal people, but the world-wide trend of urbanization has begun to alter Pashtun society as cities such as Peshawar and Quetta have grown rapidly due to the influx of rural Pashtuns and Afghan refugees. [93] Despit this trend of urbanization, many people still identify themselves with various clans. A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor
The tribal system has several levels of organization: the tribe, tabar, is divided into kinship groups called khels, in turn divided into smaller groups (pllarina or plarganey), each consisting of several extended families called kahols. Tabar is Pashtun tribal organization More precisely there are several levels of organization the Tabar (tribe is subdivided into kinship groups each of which Pllarina or Plarganey is sub-tribal layer in Pashtun tribal organization Kahols is the smallest layer in Pashtun tribal organization More precisely there are several levels of organization the Tabar (tribe is subdivided [94] "A large tribe often has dozens of sub-tribes whose members may see themselves as belonging to each, some, or all of the sub-tribes in different social situations (co-operative, competitive, confrontational) and identify with each accordingly. "[94] Pashtun tribes are divided into four 'greater' tribal groups: Sarbans, Batians, Ghurghusht and Karlans. Qais Abdur Rashid ( Pashto: قيس عبدر راشد) is a Legendary Progenitor of the Pashtun people, Sarbans are a tribal group of Pashtuns in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ghourghushti refers to the Pashtun sub-tribes that are descended from Ghorghusht one of Qais Abdur Rashid 's sons
Another prominent Pashtun institution is the Jirga or 'Senate' of elected elder men. A jirga (occasionally jirgah) ( Pashto: جرګه) is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus particularly among the Pashtun The term Elder (or its equivalent in another language is used in several different countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the Jirga, which is the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body. [95]
Pashtun celebrations and special events are also often national holidays in Pakistan and Afghanistan. A common Turko-Iranian New Year called Nouruz is often observed by Pashtuns. The composite Turko-Persian tradition was a variant of Islamic culture. Nowrūz ( /noruz/ ↔, (English New Day various local pronunciations and spellings) is the traditional Iranian New year Holiday celebrated [96] Most prominent are Muslim holidays including Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr. Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Muslim holidays tend to be the most widely observed and commercial activity can come to a halt as large extended families gather in what is often both a religious duty and a festive celebration. Extended family (or Joint family) is a term with several distinct meanings
Women
The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in conservative rural areas, such as the tribal belt, to those found in relatively freer urban centers. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region [97] Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, others have become educated and gainfully employed. [97] The ravages of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the Afghan wars, leading to the rise and fall of the Taliban, caused considerable hardship among Pashtun women, as many of their rights were curtailed in favor of a rigid interpretation of Islamic law. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image of the so-called "Afghan Girl" (Sharbat Gula) depicted on the June 1985 cover of National Geographic magazine. Sharbat Gula ( Pashto: شربت ګله " Rose Sherbet " ( Sharbat is pronounced /ˈʃaɾ The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. [98] The male-dominated code of Pashtunwali often constrains women and forces them into designated traditional roles that separate the genders. [99] The pace of change and reform for women has been slow due to the wars in Afghanistan and the isolation and instability of tribal life in Pakistan.
Modern social reform for Pashtun women began in the 20th century. During the early 20th century, Queen Soraya Tarzi of Afghanistan was an early feminist leader whose advocacy of social reforms for women was so radical that it led to the fall of her and her husband King Amanullah's dynasty. Soraya Tarzi ( Pashto / Persian) ملکه ثريا) (b November 24 1899 d Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Amanullah Khan (June 1 1892 &ndash April 25 1960 was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929 first as Amir and after 1926 as Shah. [100] Abandoning the Wardrobe and Reclaiming Religion in the Discourse on Afghan Women's Islamic Rights], Leela Jacinto,[101] Civil rights remained an important issue during the tumultuous Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, as feminist leader Meena Keshwar Kamal campaigned for women's rights and founded the Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) in the 1980s. Meena Keshwar Kamal ( Pashto / Persian: مینا کشور کمال) commonly known as Meena, ( February 27, 1956 &ndash [102]
Today, Pashtun women vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men. [97] But due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate remains considerably lower for Pashtun females than for males. [103][104] Abuse against women is widespread and increasingly being challenged by women's rights organizations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to researcher Benedicte Grima's book Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women, "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits the ability of traditional Pashtun women to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives. "[105]
Pashtun women often have their legal rights curtailed in favor of their husbands or male relatives. For example, though women are officially allowed to vote in Afghanistan and Pakistan, many have been kept away from ballot boxes by males. A ballot box is a temporarily sealed container usually cuboid though sometimes a tamper resistant bag with a narrow slot in the top sufficient to accept a ballot paper [106] Traditionally, Pashtun women have few inheritance rights and are often charged with taking care of large extended families of their spouses. [107] Another tradition that persists is swara, the giving of a female relative to someone in order to rectify a dispute. It was declared illegal in Pakistan in 2000 but continues in tribal regions. [108]
Despite obstacles, many Pashtun women have begun a process of slow change. A rich oral tradition and resurgence of poetry has inspired many Pashtun women seeking to learn to read and write. [78] Further challenging the status quo, Vida Samadzai was selected as Miss Afghanistan in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. Vida Samadzai (b February 22, 1978 is Miss Afghanistan 2003. As the first Afghan woman to Many Pashtun women have attained high political office in Pakistan. In Afghanistan, following recent elections, the proportion of female political representatives is one of the highest in the world. [109] Pashtun women are now TV hosts, journalists, actors and singers on AVT Khyber and other Pashto TV outlets. A presenter, or host (sometimes hostess, in feminine form is a Person or Organization responsible for running an event A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends AVT Khyber or Khyber TV is a Satellite television station in Pakistan, which was launched in July 2004. [77] A Pashtun woman, Khatol Mohammadzai, recently became a paratrooper in the Afghan National Army and another became a fighter pilot in the Pakistan Air Force. Paratroopers are Soldiers trained in Parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. The Afghan National Army (ANA is a service branch of the Military of Afghanistan currently being trained by the coalition forces to ultimately take the lead in Pakistan Air Force ( Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Faza'ya) ( PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces [110]
Substantial work remains for Pashtun women to gain equal rights with men, who remain disproportionately dominant in most aspects of Pashtun society. Social equality is a social state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in a certain respect Human rights organizations continue to struggle for greater women's rights, such as the Afghan Women's Network and the Aurat Foundation in Pakistan which aims to protect women from domestic violence. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The Afghan Women's Network is a non-governmental organization which was created in 1996 by Afghan women following the World Conference on Women in Beijing Aurat Foundation is a women's rights organization based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate [111][112] Due to recent reforms in the higher education commission (HEC) of Pakistan, a number of competent Pashtun female scholars have been able to win Masters and PhD scholarships. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Most of them have proceeded to USA, UK and other developed countries with support from their families.
See also
- Qais Abdur Rashid
- Tareen
- Pashtun nationalism
- Pakhtunkhwa
- Pashtun diaspora
- Pashtunization
Notes and references
- Note: population statistics for Pashtuns (including those without a notation) in foreign countries were derived from various census counts, the UN, the CIA World Factbook and Ethnologue. Qais Abdur Rashid ( Pashto: قيس عبدر راشد) is a Legendary Progenitor of the Pashtun people, The Tareen ( Pashto: ترین are a prominent Pashtun tribe residing in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakhtunkhwa, Pashtoonkhwa, or Pashtunkhwa ( Pashto: پښتونخوا is a name used historically by Pashtun leaders for the Pashtun Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn or پختون Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns Pashtunization refers to the forced settling of Pashtun groups onto lands formerly belonging to other ethnic groups or more broadly the erosion of the customs traditions and The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian
- ^ a b c Population by Mother Tongue, Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan (retrieved 7 June 2006)
- ^ a b c Census of Afghans in Pakistan, UNHCR Statistical Summary Report (retrieved 10 October 2006)
- ^ a b c d Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook (retrieved 7 June 2006)
- ^ United Arab Emirates: Demography, Britannica. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. com (retrieved 15 March 2008)
- ^ The Other Languages of England, British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 34, No. 3 (Oct. , 1986), pp. 288-289 (retrieved 15 March 2008)
- ^ Iran: Demography, Britannica. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common com (retrieved 15 March 2008)
- ^ a b Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001, Census of India (retrieved 17 March 2008)
- ^ Language Spoken at Home US Census Bureau (retrieved 15 March 2008)
- ^ Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada
- ^ Afghans (1) An ethnic group: the Pushtun tribes inhabiting the area roughly lying between the Hindu Kush in the North and the Indus in the South; Pathans. Comes to mean Pathans residing in Afghanistan. Divided into two main groups, the Abdalis (qv) and the Ghilzais (qv). The predominant ethnic group in Afghanistan. (2) Any inhabitant of Afghanistan (modern meaning, probably not earlier than 19th century).
- ^ a b Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ). 1994. The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press. Syracuse University (SU is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (retrieved 7 June 2006). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Morgenstierne, G. (1999). "AFGHĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. 1. 0). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. Retrieved on January 2008.
- ^ Globalized Islam: The Search For A New Ummah By Olivier Roy, pg. 261
- ^ Khushal Khan Khattak.
- ^ Musharraf Contends with the Pashtun Element in the Pakistani Army, Global Terrorism Watch (retrieved 1 November 2007). Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Ethnic, Cultural and Linguistic Denominations in Pakhtunkhwa, Khyberwatch. com (retrieved 7 June 2006). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Afghanistan Census of Population and Housing: Phase one Household Listing, UNFPA Projects in Afghanistan (retrieved 18 February 2007). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pakistan's Volatile North-West Frontier
- ^ a b Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India, Khyber. org (retrieved 30 January 2008)
- ^ How the Taliban kept their coffers full. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Dupree, L. "Afghānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online Edition). Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. Ehsan Yarshater ( born April 3, 1920, Hamadan, Iran) is the director of The Center for Iranian Studies and Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus United States: Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Retrieved on 2008.
- ^ Iran-Pakistan: Refugees, IRIN Asia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (retrieved 7 June 2006). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chapter 7 of The History of Herodotus (trans. George Rawlinson; originally written 440 BC) (retrieved 10 January 2007). Canon George Rawlinson ( 23 November, 1812 &ndash 7 October, 1902) was a 19th century English Scholar and Historian Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rig Veda Book Seven, Political Gateway (retrieved 7 June 2006). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ History of the Pathans, Dr. Taizi Book Review (retrieved 21 February 2008). Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ The Khalaj West of the Oxus; excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Morgenstierne, G. (1999). "AFGHĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. 1. 0). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- ^ Afghan's Share in Indian Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev , Afghan Network (retrieved 63 May 2007)
- ^ Islamic Conquest of Afghanistan, Overview (retrieved 30 January 2008). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Islamic Conquest of Afghanistan, Overview (retrieved 15 March 2008). Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Pashtun, Encyclopædia Britannica(retrieved 10 January 2007). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Awde, Nicholas and Sarwan, Asmatullah: Pashto Dictionary & Phrasebook: Pashto-English, English-Pashto. Hippocrene Books, January 2003, ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Iranian-speaking peoples(retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Iranian plateau, Encyclopaedia Britannica (retrieved 10 February 2007). Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Old Iranian Online, University of Texas College of Liberal Arts (retrieved 10 February 2007). Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Gankovsky, Yu. V. , et al. A History of Afghanistan, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1982, p. Progress Publishers was a Moscow -based Soviet Publisher founded in 1931. 382 (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Afghanistan Ethnic Groups: Pashtun, US Library of Congress (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ 'Pakistan's Pashtuns Just Want to Protect Their Way of Life', Der Spiegel, February 15, 2008 (retrieved 21 February 2008). Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Afghanistan, The Virtual Jewish History Tour (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Introduction: Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, History Of The Mohamedan Power In India, The Packard Humanities Institute Persian Texts in Translation (retrieved 10 January 2007). Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was The Packard Humanities Institute is a non-profit foundation located in Los Altos California, which funds projects in a wide range of conservation concerns in the Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Bani-Israelite Theory of Paktoons Ethnic Origin Afghanology. com (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rig Veda, 4. 25. 7c.
- ^ Herodotus. {{{title}}}, IV, 44.
- ^ Caroe, Olaf. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B. C. -A. D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints). " Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan, Human Genetics, 2004 Apr;114(5):484-90. Epub 2004 February 25 (retrieved 10 January 2007). Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor"— University of Chicago, American Journal of Human Genetics (retrieved 4 June 2006)
- ^ Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan, European Journal of Human Genetics, 2007 Jan;15(1):121-6. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Epub 2006 October 18. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid (retrieved 29 November 2007). Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Afghanistan: History, U. S. Department of State (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Map of Durrani Empire, pbs. org (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Map of the Durrani Empire, Afghanland (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Durand Line, Encyclopaedia Britannica (retrieved 10 October 2006). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Khan Abdul-Ghaffar Khan, Bachakhan. com (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ International House at the University of Chicago - Alumni In The News, Ambassador Zalmay M. Khalilzad, PhD '79
- ^ Afghanistan: At the Crossroads of Ancient Civilisations, BBC (retrieved 10 October 2006). The International House at the University of Chicago is a dormitory on the campus of the University of Chicago for advanced undergraduates graduate and professional students The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Pashtun Britannica On-Line (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Understanding Pashto University of Pennsylvania Gazette (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pakistan: Pakhtuns US Library of Congress (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashto National Virtual Translation Center (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Pashtun Code. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers , The New Yorker (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pathans in retrospect, Afghanan dot Net (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs.... How Well Do You Know Them? Islamic Voice (magazine) (retrieved 18 January 2007). Islamic Voice is a monthly Islamic magazine published in Bangalore. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pakistan Ethnic Composition, Encyclopædia Britannica(retrieved 24 March 2007). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. 43, No. 3 (1980), pp. 482-510 (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Afghans of Guyana, Afghanland. com (retrieved 18 January 2007)
- ^ Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation, Omniglot (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Avestan language, Encyclopaedia Britannica (retrieved 18 February 2007). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook, New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. ISBN 0-7818-0972-X (retrieved 18 February 2007). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashtun US Library of Congress (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Meaning and Practice, Afghanistan Country Study: Religion, Illinois Institute of Technology (retrieved 18 January 2007). Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT is a private PhD-granting university located in the greater Chicago Illinois area with programs in Engineering, Science, Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Noble Quran (in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English, (ed. Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan) (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pakhtunwali, Afghanan dot net (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashtunwali: The Way of the Pashtuns, Afghanland. com (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Halliday, Tony (ed. ). 1998. Insight Guide Pakistan, Duncan, South Carolina: Langenscheidt Publishing Group. ISBN 0887297366 (retrieved 19 February 2007). Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ History of Pushto language, UCLA Language Materials Project (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rahman Baba: Poet of the Pashtuns. Archived from the original on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Pashto. org (retrieved 18 January 2007)
- ^ Amir Hamza Shinwari Baba, Khyber. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. org (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b AVT Khyber, Link
- ^ a b The tale of the Pashtun poetess, Leela Jacinto, The Boston Globe, May 22, 2005 (retrieved 18 January 2007). AVT Khyber or Khyber TV is a Satellite television station in Pakistan, which was launched in July 2004. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashtun Sports, World Cultures (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Afghanistan: Sports and Recreation, Afghanistan (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Observer - The path of Khan. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The . . Not long after his cricket career ended Imran visited those tribal homelands for the first time to write a book about the warrior race of which he is a distant cousin. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. . . "As I got to know the Pathans' character," he says, "I recognised in it the competitiveness I was born with and the determination not to show fear. "
- ^ Attan: Afghanistan's National Dance, Virtual Afghans. com (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Khyber.org: Traditional Dances of Pashtoons, Khyber. org (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Traditional Pashto Music, Afghanistan Online (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ PashtoMusic.net (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ RahimShah.net (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashto Movies & Video Clips, Khyber. org (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Pashto Cinema-Craziness, Khyber. org (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Sublime and Surreal World of Pushto Movies, The Hot Spot Online (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Michael Winterbottom Talks About His Tragic Road Movie, "In This World", Indiewire. com (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Traffik, IMDb (retrieved 18 January 2007). Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ ‘The Kite Runner’ Is Delayed to Protect Child Stars, New York Times (retrieved 30 January 2008). Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ How Ethno-Religious Identity Influences the Living Conditions of Hazara and Pashtun Refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan by Ali Wardak, un. org (2003), p. 7 (retrieved 10 October 2006)
- ^ Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process, Human Rights Watch (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Noruz, Encyclopaedia Britannica (retrieved 10 October 2006). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c I have a right to, BBC World Service, Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier, National Geographic, June 1985 (retrieved 10 October 2006)
- ^ Afghan teacher and public servant gunned down by the Taliban outside her home, The Guardian, Fri 16 January 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [1]
- ^ University of Chicago, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2006, vol. 32, no. 1 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Making Waves: Interview with RAWA, RAWA. org, Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Population by Level of Education and Gender, Pakistan Census, Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women, CBS News, Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Grima, Benedicte. 1992. Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women, University of Texas Press. The University of Texas Press (or UT Press) is a University press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin. ISBN 0292727569 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ I have a right to - Muhammad Dawood Azami: Pashto, BBC World Service (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Afghanistan Country Study: Family, Government Documents Depository Website, Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology (retrieved 10 October 2006). Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT is a private PhD-granting university located in the greater Chicago Illinois area with programs in Engineering, Science, Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Pakistani Girls Forced to Settle Men's Disputes, Khaleej Times, Fri April 16, 2004 (Alternatives. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " ca) (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Warlords and women in uneasy mix, Andrew North, BBC News, 14 November 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Pakistan's first women fighter pilots, Zaffar Abbas, BBC News, 11 May 2005 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ About AWN, Afghan Women's Network (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation, Aurat Foundation, Fri January 16, 2006 (retrieved 10 October 2006). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Further reading and external links
- Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier. " Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-86356-438-0.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. Akbar Salahuddin Ahmed ( Urdu: اکبر صلاح الدین احمد) SI, commonly referred to as Akbar S 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology. " London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society. " London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds. ). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East). " Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds. ). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East). " Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Caroe, Olaf. Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe ICS KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981 was an administrator in British India. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B. C. -A. D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints). " Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0
- Dani, Ahmad Hasan. Ahmad Hassan Dani ( Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (born 20 June 1920) is a Pakistani 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier. " Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). ISBN 969-35-0554-9.
- Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan. " Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577634-8.
- Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).
- Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History. " Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8.
- Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. " Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
- Wardak, Ali "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan", 2003, online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance). The United Nations Public Administration Network mission statement is to promote the sharing of knowledge experiences and best practices throughout the world in sound public The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
- "A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers. " A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al. Am. J. Human Genetics, October 2001 v69 i4 p399.
- "Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?" – from Moment Magazine (April 2007)
- "The Pashtun People of Afghanistan" – from Road Junky Online travel guides (2007)
- Paddy Docherty,The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion: A History of Invasion and Empire. 2007. Publisher: Faber and Faber. ISBN-10: 0571219772
- "Taliban may have origin in ancient tribe of Israel: Anthropologist finds many similarities" – from the San Francisco Chronicle (October 2001)
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