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This article is about the rank/title used in the Ottoman Empire. For other uses, see Pasha (disambiguation).

Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, (Turkish: paşa پاشا) (Persian: پاشا) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government As an honorary title, "Pasha" in one of its various ranks is equivalent to the British title of "Lord". An honorific is a word or expression that conveys esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person

Contents

Linguistics

Etymologists variously derive the word pasha from the from the Turkish baş ağa[1] (in some dialects pash), "head lord", "tribal chief" etc. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government (more likely for an officer). Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/. As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms bashaw, bassaw, bucha etc. , general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word bassa. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.

Role in Ottoman political system

The Ottoman sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the viceroyal khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For the HMS Khedive, see ''USS'' Cordova. Khedive (from Persian for "lord" was a title first The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusively to military commanders, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour.

It was also part of the official style of the Kapudan Pasha (Great Admiral of the entire Ottoman fleet). Kaptan Pasha ( Ottoman Turkish: کاپیتان پاشا Kaptan Pasha) or کاپیتان دریا Kaptan-ı Derya (literally Captain of the Sea

Pashas ranked above Beys and Aghas, but below Khedives and Viziers. Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups For the HMS Khedive, see ''USS'' Cordova. Khedive (from Persian for "lord" was a title first A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian

Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of yak- or horse-tails (three, two and one respectively; a symbol of Turco-Mongol tradition) or peacock tails, which the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the Sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as sovereign commander in chief.

The following military ranks entitled the holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely Effendi):

If a Pasha governed a provincial territory, it could be called a pashaluk after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e. Types of administrative and/or political territories include Many types of legally administered territories, each of which is a non-sovereign geographic area The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but g. eyalet, vilayet. The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Both Beylerbeys (governors-general) and Valis (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). " Beylerbeyi " redirects here Beylerbey (from Beylerbeyi, Ottoman Turkish for " Bey of Beys" meaning "Commander Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting The word pashalik designated any province or other jurisdiction of a Pasha. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division.

Ottoman authorities conferred the title upon both Muslims and Christians without distinction. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Turks or of the Egyptians, e. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group g. Hobart Pasha. Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden ( 1 April 1822 – 19 June 1886) was an English naval captain and Ottoman Turkish admiral

Honorific

In usage, the title followed the given name. Although the word serves as a non-hereditary title, English speakers have commonly used the word pasha as if it formed part of a personal name, as for instance in Ibrahim Pasha or Emin Pasha, similar to the practice of referring to a British Peer as Lord X, since in both cases it substitutes for a more precise rank title. Mehmet Emin Pasha ( March 28, 1840 &ndash October 23, 1892) born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized (c The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system.

The sons of a Pasha were styled Pashazada or Pasha-zade, which means just that.

In modern Egyptian and (to a lesser extent) Levantine Arabic, it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord," especially by older people. Levantine Arabic (Arabic شامي (Shami and sometimes called Eastern Arabic) is a group of Arabic varieties spoken in the 100 km-wide eastern-Mediterranean

List of notable pashas

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary - Pasha

References

Dictionary

pasha

-noun

  1. former title -above bey- for (generally military) state officers in the Ottoman Empire, actually conferred in three ranks, denoted by the number of horse tails attached to their banner
  2. its holder; commonly applied in the West to any Ottoman provincial governor, regardless of the actual title (often Vali) and the fact that not all incumbents held the rank of pasha.
  3. roughly equivalent title in certain (post-)Ottoman successor/ (nominal) satellite states, such as khedival Egypt
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