Citizendia

This article is about the capital of France. For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation).

Ville de Paris
Flag of Paris
Coat of arms of Paris
City flagCity coat of arms

Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")
Nickname: La Ville lumière ("The City of Light"[1])

The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. Fluctuat nec mergitur (or FLVCTVAT NEC MERGITVR when an inscription written in capitals is a Latin phrase meaning "She is tossed by the waves Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built The Trocadéro, site of the Palais de Chaillot, is an area of Paris, in the 16th ''arrondissement'', across the Seine from the Eiffel Tower
Location
Image:Paris_plan_pointer_b_jms.gif
Map highlighting the commune of Paris
Time ZoneCET (UTC +1)
Coordinates48°52′0″N, 2°19′59″E
Administration
CountryFrance
RegionÎle-de-France
DepartmentParis (75)
Subdivisions20 arrondissements
MayorBertrand Delanoë (PS)
(2008-2014)
City Statistics
Land area¹86. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Bertrand Delanoë (born 30 May 1950) /bɛʁtʁɑ̃ dəlanɔe/ ( is a French Politician, and has been the mayor of Paris The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. 9[2] km²
Population²
(Jan. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. 2006 estimate)		2,167,994
 - Ranking1st in France
 - Density24,948/km² (2006[2])
Urban Spread
Urban Area2 723 km² (1999)
 - Population9,644,507 (1999)
Metro Area14,518. This is a list of communes in France with a population over 20000 at the March 8 1999 census. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume In France an unité urbaine (literally "urban unit" is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous 3 km² (1999)
 - Population12,067,000 (2007)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. C D E
France

Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɨs/ in English;[3] [paʁi] (help·info) in French) is the capital city of France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is situated on the Seine river, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The city of Paris within its administrative limits (largely unchanged since 1860) has an estimated population of 2,167,994 (January 2006)[4]. The Paris unité urbaine (or urban area) extends well beyond the administrative city limits and has an estimated population of 9. In France an unité urbaine (literally "urban unit" is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously 93 million (in 2005). [5] The Paris aire urbaine (or metropolitan area) has a population of nearly 12 million[6], and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. The Aire urbaine (or " Metropolitan area " of Paris is a statistical area defined by INSEE which is made up of the Paris A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central This is a list of the largest Metropolitan areas of Europe. The population figures for both the metropolitan area and central city are given [7]

An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency See also Entertainment (disambiguation and The Entertainer (disambiguation Entertainment is an activity designed to give people "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. [8] The Paris Region (Île-de-France) is Europe's biggest city economy, and is fifth in the World's list of cities by GDP. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. Here is a list of urban areas by GDP as to 2005 measuring the economic power of a given urban area (the wealth of a given city being measured by the GDP per capita With €500. 8 billion (US$628. 9 billion), it produced more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France in 2006. [9] The Paris Region hosts 36 of the Fortune Global 500 companies[10] in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. The Fortune Global 500 is a ranking of the top 500 Corporations worldwide as measured by Revenue. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself [11] Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the ICC and the informal Paris Club. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The International Chamber of Commerce is a non-profit private international organization that works to promote and support global trade and Globalization. The Paris Club is an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's richest countries which provides financial services such as debt restructuring debt relief and debt

Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world, with over 30 million foreign visitors per year. [12] There are numerous iconic landmarks among its many attractions, along with world famous institutions and popular parks.

Contents

Etymology

Main article: Name of Paris and its inhabitants

The name Paris pronounced [ˈpʰæɹɪs] in English and [paʁi] (help·info) in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western This article is about the Parisii of Gaul For the Parisii in the north-east of Britain and its possible links to this tribe see Parisii (Britain. The city was called Lutetia (/lutetja/) (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but, during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361–363), the city was renamed as Paris. History of Paris Lutetia (sometimes Lutetia Parisiorum or Lucotecia, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar [13]

Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "The City of Lights" (La Ville-lumière), a name it owes both to its fame as a centre of education and ideas and its early adoption of street lighting. A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of Light on the edge of a Road Paris since the early 20th century has also been known in Parisian slang as Paname ([panam]; Moi j'suis d'Paname (help·info), i. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. e. "I'm from Paname").

Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" ([pʰəˈɹɪzɪənz] or [pʰəˈɹiːʒn̩z]) and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] (help·info)). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁigo] (help·info)) by those living outside the Paris region, but the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.

See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.

History

Main article: History of Paris

Beginnings

Roman bath beneath Paris
Roman bath beneath Paris

The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. The History of Paris spans over 2500 years during which time the city grew from a small Celtic settlement to the multicultural capital of a modern European state [14] The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, known as boatsmen and traders, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC. This article is about the Parisii of Gaul For the Parisii in the north-east of Britain and its possible links to this tribe see Parisii (Britain. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Senones were a Gallic people of Gallia Celtica, who in the time of Julius Caesar inhabited the district which now includes the departments of The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,[14] with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité island. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one The Montagne Sainte-Geneviève is a hill on the Left Bank of the Seine in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire History of Paris Lutetia (sometimes Lutetia Parisiorum or Lucotecia, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre. [15] The collapse of the Roman empire and the third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island. [14] The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation.

Middle ages

The Louvre castle from the 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
The Louvre castle from the 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

Around AD 500, Paris was the seat of Frankish king Clovis I, who commissioned the first cathedral and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later patron saint of the city, Sainte Geneviève. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ( The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) is a very richly decorated The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Franks were originally led by dukes (military leaders and reguli (petty kings Clovis I (c 466 &ndash 27 November 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler Saint-Étienne-du-Mont is a church in Paris, located on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève in the Ve arrondissement, near the Panthéon The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members In Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism, Saint Geneviève ( Nanterre near Paris c On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state. By the time of the Carolingian dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of Francia occidentalis. West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed Odo, Count of Paris was elected king in place of the incumbent Charles the Fat, namely for the fame he gained in his defense of Paris during the Viking siege (Siege of Paris (885-886)). For the Duke of Burgundy (956-965 please see Odo Duke of Burgundy. Charles the Fat (Carolus Pinguis 13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876 King of Italy from A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Siege of Paris of 885 to 886 was a Viking siege of Paris, then capital of the kingdom of the West Franks. Although the Cité island had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected Left Bank city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the Right Bank. The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one La Rive Droite (the Right bank) is most associated with the Seine in central Paris. In 987 AD, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the Capetian dynasty which would raise Paris to become France's capital. Hugh Capet (c 940 &ndash 24 October, 996) was the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet.

From 1190, King Philip Augustus enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the Louvre as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the University of Paris which brought visitors from across Europe. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and colleges, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central Les Halles marketplace. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. Les Halles (pronounced /le al/ ( is an area of Paris, France, located in the 1er arrondissement.

Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII reclaimed the city in 1437. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461 called the Victorious (le Victorieux or the Well-Served (le Bien-Servi was King of France from 1422 Although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its Loire Valley castles. Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire is known as the Garden of France and the Cradle of the French Language. During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting The Catholic League of France, sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern Roman Catholics as the Holy League, was formed by Duke Henry of Guise in The St Bartholomew's Day massacre ( Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) was a wave of Roman Catholic Mob violence against the Huguenots King Henry IV re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he converted to Roman Catholicism (with this historic sentence: Paris is well worth a Mass). Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). La Fronde (1648–1653 was a Civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on 14 July 1789.

Nineteenth century

The Industrial Revolution, the French Second Empire, and the Belle Époque brought Paris the greatest development in its history. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The Belle Époque (bɛːl e'pɔk French for "Beautiful Era" was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under Napoleon III and his préfet Haussmann, who levelled entire districts of narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Georges-Eugène Haussmann ( March 27, 1809 &ndash January 11, 1891) who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French The Haussmann Renovations, or Haussmannisation of Paris, was a work commissioned by Napoléon III and led by the Seine prefect, Baron This programme of "Haussmannization" was designed to make the city both more beautiful and more sanitary for its inhabitants, although it did have the added benefit that in case of future revolts or revolutions, cavalry charges and rifle fire could be used to deal with the insurrection while the rebel tactic of barricading so often used during the Revolution would become obsolete. [16]

Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris—the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium [17] Paris also suffered greatly from the siege which ended the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871): in the chaos caused by the fall of Napoleon III's government, the Commune of Paris (1871) sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames while 20,000 Parisians were killed by fighting between Commune and Government forces in what became known as the semaine sanglante (Bloody Week)[18]. The Siege of Paris, lasting from September 19, 1870 &ndash January 28, 1871, brought about French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May

Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous Universal Expositions of the late nineteenth century. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the [19] The Eiffel Tower was built for the French Revolution centennial 1889 Universal Exposition, as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark, while the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a World's Fair held in Paris, France from May 6, to October 31, 1889. The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a World's fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate Paris's World's Fairs also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows. [19]

Twentieth century

German Wehrmacht soldiers in front of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, occupied Paris, 1940
German Wehrmacht soldiers in front of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, occupied Paris, 1940
Tour Total
Tour Total

During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Tour Total (previously known as Tour Elf from 1985 to 1999 and Tour TotalFinaElf from 1999 to 2003 is an office Skyscraper located in World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the Miracle of the Marne) was a World War I battle fought from 5 September to 12 September 1914 In 1918-1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. [20] In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, Paris fell to German occupation forces who remained there until the city was liberated in August 1944, two months after the Normandy invasion. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries The Liberation of Paris' (also known as Battle for Paris) took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the surrender of [21]

Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs), and also because of its cultural significance. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains German General von Choltitz did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940. General der Infanterie Dietrich von Choltitz ( 9 November 1894, Schloss Wiese, Silesia - 4 November 1966 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately [22]

In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The Belle Époque (bɛːl e'pɔk French for "Beautiful Era" was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city. The RER ( R éseau E xpress R égional, ɛʀøɛʀ "Regional Express Network" is a Rapid transit system in France serving Boulevard Périphérique is a Ring road ( Périphérique) around Paris.

Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment. Deindustrialization (also spelled deindustrialisation) is a process of Social and Economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Périphérique ring) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the northeastern suburbs. The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning [23]

Geography

Main article: Topography of Paris
View of Paris from the Eiffel Tower
View of Paris from the Eiffel Tower
View of the Grand Palais
View of the Grand Palais

Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The Topography, or physical lay of the land of Paris, the capital of France, is relatively flat but contains a number of hills The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built The Grand Palais ("Grand Palace" is a large glass Exhibition hall that was built for the Paris Exhibition of 1900. The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie The Île Saint-Louis is one of two natural Islands in the Seine river in Paris, France (the other natural island is Île de la Cité The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 metres (114 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (426 ft). Montmartre is a hill (the butte Montmartre) which is 130 metres high giving its name to the surrounding district in the north of Paris in the 18th

Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86. The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The Bois de Vincennes is a park in the English landscape manner to the east of Paris. 928 square kilometres (33. 56 square miles) in area. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form, but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in From the 1860 area of 78 km² (30. 1 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86. 9 km² (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. In 1929 the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105. The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The Bois de Vincennes is a park in the English landscape manner to the east of Paris. 397 km² (40. 69 sq mi).

Paris' real demographic size, or unité urbaine, extends well beyond the city limits, forming an irregular oval with arms of urban growth extending along the Seine and Marne rivers from the city's southeast and east, and along the Seine and Oise rivers to the city's northwest and north. In France an unité urbaine (literally "urban unit" is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously Marne is a department in north-eastern France named after the Marne River which flows through the department Oise is a department in the north of France named after the Oise River. Beyond the main suburbs, population density drops sharply; a mix of forest and agriculture dotted with a network of relatively evenly dispersed éparpillement of satellite towns, this couronne périurbaine commuter belt, when combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes the Paris aire urbaine (or Paris urban area, a sort of metropolitan area) that covers an oval 14,518 km² (5,605. A couronne périurbaine, a statistical area devised by the French INSEE demographic statistics institution describes a commuter belt area around an area of dense habitation A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous The Aire urbaine (or " Metropolitan area " of Paris is a statistical area defined by INSEE which is made up of the Paris A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 5 sq mi) in area, or about 138 times that of Paris itself.

Climate

Paris has an oceanic climate and is affected by the North Atlantic Current, so the city has a temperate climate that rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The North Atlantic Current ( North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm Ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream The average yearly high temperature is about 15 °C (59 °F), and yearly lows tend to remain around an average of 7 °C (45 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1948, was 40. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 4 °C (104. 7 °F), and the lowest was a −23. 9 °C (−11. 0 °F) temperature reached on 10 December 1879. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [24] The Paris region has recently seen temperatures reaching both extremes, with the heat wave of 2003 and the cold wave of 2006. Country-by-country France In France, 14802 people&mdashmostly elderly&mdashdied from heat according to the country's largest funeral service The 2006 European cold wave was an unusual Cold wave which resulted in abnormal winter conditions over much of Europe

Rainfall can occur at any time of the year, and Paris is known for its sudden showers. The city sees an average yearly precipitation of 641. 6 mm (25. 2 inches). [24] Snowfall is a rare occurrence, usually appearing in the coldest months of January or February (but has been recorded as late as April), and almost never accumulates enough to make a covering that will last more than a day.


Weather averages for Paris
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average high °C (°F)6. 9 (44)8. 2 (47)11. 8 (53)14. 7 (58)19. 0 (66)21. 8 (71)24. 4 (76)24. 6 (76)20. 8 (69)15. 8 (60)10. 4 (51)7. 8 (46)15. 5 (60)
Average low °C (°F)2. 5 (37)2. 8 (37)5. 1 (41)6. 8 (44)10. 5 (51)13. 3 (56)15. 5 (60)15. 4 (60)12. 5 (55)9. 2 (49)5. 3 (42)3. 6 (38)8. 5 (47)
Precipitation mm (inches)53. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7 (2. 1)43. 7 (1. 7)48. 5 (1. 9)53. 0 (2. 1)65. 0 (2. 6)54. 6 (2. 1)63. 1 (2. 5)43. 0 (1. 7)54. 7 (2. 2)59. 7 (2. 4)51. 9 (2)58. 7 (2. 3)649. 6 (25. 6)
Source: World Weather Information Service [25] 2008-04-14

Cityscape

Panoramic view over Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse.
Panoramic view over Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse. Tour Maine-Montparnasse ( Maine-Montparnasse Tower) also commonly named Tour Montparnasse, is a 210-meter (689 ft tall office Skyscraper located in

Architecture

Arc de Triomphe
Arc de Triomphe

"Modern" Paris is the result of a vast mid-19th century urban remodelling. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. The Haussmann Renovations, or Haussmannisation of Paris, was a work commissioned by Napoléon III and led by the Seine prefect, Baron For centuries the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's vast urbanisation levelled entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoise standing; most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints Georges-Eugène Haussmann ( March 27, 1809 &ndash January 11, 1891) who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French These Second Empire plans are in many cases still applied today, as the city of Paris is still imposing the then-defined "alignement" law (building facades placed according to a pre-defined street width) on many new constructions. The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second A building's height was also defined according to the width of the street it lines, and Paris's building code has seen few changes since the mid-19th century to allow for higher constructions. It is for this reason that Paris is mainly a "flat" city.

Paris's unchanging borders, strict building codes and lack of developable land have together contributed in creating a phenomenon called muséification (or "museumification") as, at the same time as they strive to preserve Paris's historical past, existing laws make it difficult to build within the city limits the larger buildings and utilities needed for a growing population. Many of Paris's institutions and economic infrastructure are already located in, or are planning on moving to, the suburbs. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), major renowned schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, etc. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself The Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis (or International market of Rungis) is the central market of Paris, located in the commune of Rungis For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. ESSEC (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales is a Business school and Grande école in France. INSEAD is an international graduate Business school and research institution with campuses in France and in Singapore. ), world famous research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest sport stadium (Stade de France), and some ministries (namely the Ministry of Transportation) are located outside of the city of Paris. Saclay is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. Évry is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 25 The Stade de France is a Stadium in Saint-Denis, France in the inner suburbs of Paris. The National Archives of France are due to relocate to the northern suburbs before 2010. The need for a larger Paris is largely acknowledged by the French government. As of November 2007, discussions for such a larger Paris have begun, though which suburbs should be included in this larger Paris is unresolved. In any case, such an extension will not occur before the French city-hall elections, scheduled in the spring of 2008.

Districts and historical centres

Main article: Paris districts
Place de la Concorde
Place de la Concorde
Paris Bourse in the financial district
Paris Bourse in the financial district

City of Paris

Churchill and Le Petit Palais near Les Champs-Élysées
Churchill and Le Petit Palais near Les Champs-Élysées

In the Paris area

La Défense
La Défense
Val de Seine
Val de Seine

Monuments and landmarks

Main article: List of visitor attractions in Paris
Église de la Madeleine
Église de la Madeleine
Basilique du Sacré-Cœur
Basilique du Sacré-Cœur
Luxembourg Garden
Luxembourg Garden

Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the nineteenth century Eiffel Tower, and the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe. Paris, France is a city rich in history and culture that with its annual 30 million foreign visitors is the most visited city in the world L'église de la Madeleine (more formally L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine; less formally just La Madeleine) Madeleine Church in English is a church The Sacré-Cœur Basilica ( French: Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, "Basilica of the Sacred Heart" is a Roman Catholic Basilica and popular The Jardin du Luxembourg is a 224500 m² Public park and the largest in the city located in the 6th ''arrondissement'' of Paris, France. Originally a landmark literally meant a Geographic Feature used by explorers and This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris[26]. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the It is visible from many parts of the city as are the Tour Montparnasse skyscraper and the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur on the Montmartre hill. Tour Maine-Montparnasse ( Maine-Montparnasse Tower) also commonly named Tour Montparnasse, is a 210-meter (689 ft tall office Skyscraper located in The Sacré-Cœur Basilica ( French: Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, "Basilica of the Sacred Heart" is a Roman Catholic Basilica and popular Montmartre is a hill (the butte Montmartre) which is 130 metres high giving its name to the surrounding district in the north of Paris in the 18th

The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards: the line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Élysées and the Arc de Triomphe centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. The Axe historique ("historical axis" is a line of monuments buildings and thoroughfares that extends from the centre of Paris, France, to the The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (ʃɑ̃zeliˈze) is the most prestigious avenue in Paris. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. The Place de l'Étoile is a large Road junction in Paris, France, the meeting point of twelve straight avenues (hence the name "Star Square" From the 1960s the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself The Grande Arche de la Fraternité is a Monument in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris. This page presents a list of the tallest skyscrapers buildings and structures in the Paris region, consisting of the inner Paris urban area ( Paris and neighboring The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. The Conciergerie ( French: La Conciergerie) is a former royal palace and prison in Paris, located on the west of the Île de la Cité, near the Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. Several smaller Replicas of the Statue of Liberty have been created worldwide Île des Cygnes ( English: Isle of the Swans) is a small Island in the Seine river in Paris, France, located in the city's The Jardin du Luxembourg is a 224500 m² Public park and the largest in the city located in the 6th ''arrondissement'' of Paris, France. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The City of New York

The Palais Garnier built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most famous museums in the world. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat This article is about the Second Empire architectural style For France during the reign of Napoleon III of France, see Second French Empire The Paris Opéra Ballet is the official Ballet company of the Opéra national de Paris, otherwise known as the Palais Garnier, though The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine. La Sainte-Chapelle (The Holy Chapel is a Gothic Chapel on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. L'église de la Madeleine (more formally L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine; less formally just La Madeleine) Madeleine Church in English is a church

Parks and gardens

Main article: List of parks and gardens in Paris

Two of Paris's oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created from the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another formerly private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The following is a list of Parks and gardens in Paris, France: Woodlands Bois de Boulogne Bois A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one The Jardin du Luxembourg is a 224500 m² Public park and the largest in the city located in the 6th ''arrondissement'' of Paris, France. Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden. The Jardin des Plantes is the main Botanical garden in France. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Guy de La Brosse ( 1586 – 1641 in Paris) was a French botanist doctor and pharmacist

A few of Paris's other large gardens are Second Empire creations: the formerly suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres"), were creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand and the landscape and are enjoyed by all ages. This article is about the Second Empire architectural style For France during the reign of Napoleon III of France, see Second French Empire Parc Montsouris is a public city park of Paris, in the 14th arrondissement, in Rive Gauche (the southern portion of the city proper The Parc des Buttes Chaumont is a Public park in Paris, France Parc Monceau (/paʁk mɔ̃sɔ/ is a public park situated in the 8th Arrondissement of Paris, France, at the junction of Boulevard de Courcelles Rue de Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, born in 1817 and died in 1891 interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery (division 66 was a French Engineer of the Corps of Bridges and Roads Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris's western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following. Georges-Eugène Haussmann ( March 27, 1809 &ndash January 11, 1891) who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The Bois de Vincennes is a park in the English landscape manner to the east of Paris.

Newer additions to Paris's park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris's former slaughterhouses, the Parc André Citroën and gardens being lain to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line : Promenade Plantée. The Parc de la Villette is a park in Paris at the outer edge of the 19th arrondissement, bordering Seine-Saint-Denis. Bernard Tschumi (born January 25 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an Deconstructivist Architect, Writer, A slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir (from the French verb abattre, "to strike down" or freezing works ( New Zealand Parc André Citroën is a Public park located on the left bank of the river Seine in the XVe arrondissement (district of Paris. The Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture was a Parisian railway that from 1852 was a circular connection between Paris' main railroad stations around the outer rim of the city The promenade plantée is a 45 km-long elevated Park in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France.

Cemeteries

Père Lachaise Cemetery
Père Lachaise Cemetery

Paris's cemeteries were located to its outskirts in Roman times, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism and the construction of churches and their adjoining burial grounds within the city centre. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described City growth soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions; condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14e arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). Denfert-Rochereau is a station on the Paris Métro and RER systems As a more definitive solution than a first creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city walls; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris Montmartre Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Montmartre is a famous cemetery located at 37 Avenue Samson in the 18th ''arrondissement'' of Paris Montparnasse Cemetery ( French: Cimetière de Montparnasse) is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the The Passy Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Passy is a famous cemetery located at 2 rue du Commandant Schlœsing in Passy, in the 16ème ''arrondissement''

When Paris annexed its formerly suburban communes in 1860, it once again included cemeteries within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: the largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux. Bobigny is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. Pantin is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. Ivry is part of the name of multiple communes in France Ivry-la-Bataille, in the Eure département Ivry-sur-Seine, in the Bagneux is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Bagneux Aisne, in the Aisne département

Culture

Entertainment

Opera

The Opéra Garnier
The Opéra Garnier

Paris's largest opera houses are the 19th century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat An opera house is a theater building used for Opera performances that consists of a stage an orchestra pit audience seating and backstage facilities for costumes The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat L’Opéra de la Bastille (Bastille Opera is a modern Opera house in Paris, France.

In middle of 19th century there were active two other competing opera houses: Opéra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Theatre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville). The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique ( National Opéra Comic Theatre) is an opera company and Opera house in Paris. Théâtre Lyrique (or Théâtre-Lyrique Impérial was one of three separate 19th century Opera houses in Paris (the other two being Opèra and The Théâtre de la Ville is one of the two Theatres built in the 19th century by Baron Haussmann at Place du Châtelet, Paris the other being the

Theatre/Concert halls
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, although, perhaps strangely, many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris's major theatres include Bobino, Théâtre Mogador and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Bobino at 20 rue de la gaité in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France is a legendary Music hall theatre that has seen most of the biggest Théâtre Mogador founded in 1913 and designed by Bertie Crewe, is a Parisian Music hall theatre located in the 9th district The Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse is a theater situated at 26 rue de la Gaîté in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris in the 14th arrondissement. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls.

Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens and Charles Aznavour, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia, la Cigale and le Splendid. Édith Piaf (December 19 1915&mdashOctober 10 1963 was a French singer and cultural icon who "is almost universally regarded as France's greatest popular singer Maurice Auguste Chevalier ( September 12, 1888 &ndash January 1, 1972) was a French Actor, Singer, and Georges Brassens (ʒɔʁʒ bʁaˈsɛ̃s in French (22 October 1921 - 29 October 1981 was a French Singer-songwriter. Charles Aznavour OC ( Armenian: Շառլ Ազնավուր born Shahnour Varenagh Aznavourian (Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրյան Le Lido is a Cabaret and Burlesque house on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, France, famous for its exotic shows which rival those Bobino at 20 rue de la gaité in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France is a legendary Music hall theatre that has seen most of the biggest Paris Olympia is a Music hall at 28 Blvd des Capucines in the 9th arrondissement Paris, France.

The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. More recently, the Le Zénith hall in Paris's La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls. Le Zénith is the common name for more than a dozen similar purpose-built concert venues in France. Bercy is an area in the east of the city of Paris, France, north of the river Seine.

Dancehalls/Discotheques
Guinguettes and Bals-concerts were the backbone of Parisian entertainment before the mid-20th century. Early to mid-19th century examples were the Moulin de la Galette guinguette and the Élysées-Montmartre and Chateau-Rouge dancehalls-gardens. Popular orchestral fare gave way to the Parisian accordionists of lore whose music moved the Apollo and le Java faubourg du Temple and Belleville dance-hall crowds. Belleville is a Neighbourhood of Paris, France, located in the XXe arrondissement and XIXe arrondissement and parts of the Xe Out of the clubs remaining from this era grew the modern discothèque: Le Palace, although closed today, is Paris's most legendary example. Today, much of the clubbing in Paris happens in clubs like Le Queen, L'Etoile, Le Cab which are highly selective. Electronic music oriented clubs such as Le Rex, Le Batofar (a boat converted into a club) or The Pulp are quite popular and some of the world's best DJs play there. Also, most of those DJs are from Paris, like Daft Punk, Justice, Uffie,. . .

Cafés, restaurants and hotels

Hôtel de Crillon
Hôtel de Crillon
Hôtel Ritz Paris
Hôtel Ritz Paris
Les Deux Magots
Les Deux Magots

Cafés quickly became an integral part of French culture from their appearance, namely from the opening of the left bank Café Procope in 1689 and the café Régence at the Palais Royal one year earlier. The Hôtel de Crillon in Paris is one of the oldest and most exclusive luxury hotels in the world The Hôtel Ritz is a Hotel located at 15 Place Vendôme, in the heart of Paris, France. Les Deux Magots is a famous Café in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés area of Paris, France. For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one Café Procope, in rue de l'Ancienne Comédie, 6th arrondissement, is the oldest Restaurant of Paris The cafés in the gardens of the latter locale became quite popular through the 18th century, and can be considered Paris' first "terrace cafés"; these would not become widespread until sidewalks and boulevards began to appear from the mid-19th century. Cafés are an almost obligatory stop on the way to or from work for many Parisians, and especially during lunchtime.

Paris's culinary reputation has its base in the many origins of its inhabitants. With the early-19th century railways and ensuing industrial revolution came a flood of migration that brought with it all the gastronomical diversity of France's many different regions, and maintained through 'local speciality' restaurants catering to the tastes of people from all. "Chez Jenny" is a typical example of a restaurant specialising in the cuisine of the Alsace region, and "Aux Lyonnais" is another with traditional fare originating from its city name's region. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Of course migration from even more distant climes meant an even greater culinary diversity, and today, in addition to a great number of North African and Asian establishments, in Paris one can find top-quality cuisine from virtually the world over.

Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris's late-19th century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors on the north side of the place de la Concorde from 1909. The Hôtel Ritz is a Hotel located at 15 Place Vendôme, in the heart of Paris, France. Place Vendôme is a square in the 1st arrondissement of Paris located to the north of the Tuileries Gardens and east of the Église de la Madeleine The Hôtel de Crillon in Paris is one of the oldest and most exclusive luxury hotels in the world The Place de la Concorde is one of the major squares in Paris, France.

Cinema

See also: List of films set in Paris

Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema Hôtel du Nord (1938 Marcel Carné Les Enfants du paradis (1945 Marcel Carné French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. Claude Lelouch (born 30 October 1937 is a French Film director, writer, Cinematographer, Actor and producer. Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Claude Chabrol (klod ʃaˈbʁɔl in French (born 24 June 1930 Paris) is a French film director and has become well-known since his first film Luc Besson (lyk bɛsɔ̃ born 18 March 1959 is a French Film director, writer and producer. Claude Zidi (born July 25 1934 in Paris is a French film director and screenwriter who is noted for his mainstream burlesque comedies European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.

Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris's largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, while other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. Le Grand Rex is an old and famous theatre for movies and concerts in Paris. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.

Tourism

Main article: List of museums in Paris
Notre Dame de Paris
Notre Dame de Paris
Musée du Louvre
Musée du Louvre

Paris has always been a destination for traders, students and those on religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourist industry' began on a large scale only with the appearance of rail travel, namely from state organisation of France's rail network from 1848. The Museums of Paris can be sorted into three categories National museums - (N Museums of the City of Paris - (VP The private museums NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Among Paris's first mass attractions drawing international interest were, from 1855, the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that would bring Paris many new monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today. The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second

Paris's museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most visited art museum. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: its Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors respectively. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the The Sacré-Cœur Basilica ( French: Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, "Basilica of the Sacred Heart" is a Roman Catholic Basilica and popular The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris's most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 millions since its construction. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built Disneyland Resort Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris, but to Europe as well, with 14. Disneyland Resort Paris' is a Holiday and Recreation Resort in Marne-la-Vallée, a New town in the eastern suburbs of Paris 5 million visitors in 2007.

The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by The Aphrodite of Milos (Greek "Αφροδίτη της Μήλου" better known as the Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnasse. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. This article refers to the museum in Paris. There are a number of other Musée Picasso. The Musée Rodin in Paris, France, is a museum that was opened in 1919 in the Hôtel Biron and surrounding grounds Montparnasse is an area of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred on the intersection of the Boulevard du Montparnasse The Musée du Montparnasse is a Museum at 21 Avenue du Maine in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Centre Georges Pompidou (constructed 1971–1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement Art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Musée Cluny and Musée d'Orsay respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s The Musée de Cluny, officially known as Musée National du Moyen Âge, is a Museum in Paris, France. The Musée d'Orsay is a Museum in Paris, France, on the left bank of the Seine, housed in the former railway station the Gare The Lady and the Unicorn (La Dame à la licorne is the modern title given to a series of six tapestries woven in Flanders of wool and silk from Paris's newest (and third largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas.

Many of Paris's once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. Le Lido, The Moulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, are a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. Le Lido is a Cabaret and Burlesque house on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, France, famous for its exotic shows which rival those Can-can at the Moulin Rouge The main feature of an evening at the Moulin Rouge is the performance All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris's hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism, with results not always positive for Parisian culture.

Sports

Stade de France
Stade de France

Paris's most popular sport clubs are the football club Paris Saint-Germain FC, the basketball team Paris Basket Racing, and the rugby union club Stade Français. The Stade de France is a Stadium in Saint-Denis, France in the inner suburbs of Paris. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, or PSG, is a French football club based in Paris. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m The Paris Basket Racing, or PBR, is a French basketball club based in Paris. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Stade Français CASG (usually known as Stade Français and Stade Français Paris) are a French professional Rugby union club based in the The 80,000-seat Stade de France was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and is used for football and rugby union, and is used annually for French rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship and sometimes for big matches for the Stade Français rugby team. The Stade de France is a Stadium in Saint-Denis, France in the inner suburbs of Paris. The 1998 FIFA World Cup, the 16th staging of the World Cup was held in France from June 10 to July 12 after 60 years to celebrate the third edition scheduled The France national rugby union team represents France in Rugby union. The Six Nations Championship (referred to as RBS 6 Nations for sponsorship reasons known before 2000 as the Five Nations Championship, is an annual international

In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateurs football clubs: Paris FC, Maccabi Paris, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris. Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, or PSG, is a French football club based in Paris. Paris FC is a French football club located in the east of Paris. Maccabi Paris, is an Association football club based in Paris, France. Racing Club de France is a football club based in Paris. These days the club can be generally found playing in the Championnat de France Amateurs, Stade Français Football is a French football team based in Paris and playing in suburb town of Vaucresson. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.

The city's major rugby side is Stade Français. Stade Français CASG (usually known as Stade Français and Stade Français Paris) are a French professional Rugby union club based in the Racing Métro 92 Paris (who now play in Rugby Pro D2) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Racing Métro 92 Paris is a French Rugby union club that was formed in 2001 with the collaboration of the Racing Club de France and US Métro. Rugby Pro D2, also known as Pro D2 is the second level of domestic club Rugby union in France, below the first division Top 14. Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups. The 1900 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1900 in The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1924 in The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third staging of the World Cup and was held in France from June 4 to June 19. The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football

Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris and since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. History See also:CategoryTour de France by year The dominant sports newspaper in France Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre near the Bois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The French Open ( Les Internationaux de France de Roland Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros) is a major Tennis tournament held over The Stade de Roland Garros (Roland Garros Stadium is located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France, and is home of the French Open The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important Tennis events of the year The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France. Route to the final See also UEFA Champions League 2005-06 Arsenal F Fútbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan fudˈbɔɫ ˌklup bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish ˈfutβol ˌkluβ baɾθeˈlona known familiarly as Barça (Spanish ˈbaɾsa Catalan The Stade de France is a Stadium in Saint-Denis, France in the inner suburbs of Paris. Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007. The 2007 Rugby World Cup was the sixth Rugby World Cup, a quadrennial international Rugby union world championship inaugurated in 1987. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Paris
Grande Arche
Grande Arche
La Défense
La Défense
La Défense
La Défense

With a 2005 GDP of €478. Paris is one of the engines of the Global Economy. In 2006 the GDP of the Paris Region as calculated by INSEE was The Grande Arche de la Fraternité is a Monument in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself 7 billion[27] (US$595. 3 billion),[28] the Paris region has the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: were it a country, it would rank as the fourteenth largest economy in the world. [29] The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: while its population accounted for 18. 7% of the total population of metropolitan France in 2005,[30] its GDP was about 28. Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe, including 5% of the same. [27] Activity in the Paris urban area, though diverse, doesn't have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). The Aire urbaine (or " Metropolitan area " of Paris is a statistical area defined by INSEE which is made up of the Paris Recently the Paris economy has been shifting towards high value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc. ) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc).

The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. Hauts-de-Seine (92 (literally " Seine Heights" is a département in France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris or Opéra Garnier, but more commonly as the Paris Opéra, is a 2200-seat La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself The Val de Seine is one of the more important business districts of the Paris agglomeration Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. At the 1999 census, 47. 5% of the 5,089,170 people in employment in the Paris urban area worked in the city of Paris and the Hauts-de-Seine département, while only 31. The Aire urbaine (or " Metropolitan area " of Paris is a statistical area defined by INSEE which is made up of the Paris 5% worked exclusively in Paris.

Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high value-added activities, in particular business services.

The 1999 census indicated that of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the Paris urban area, 16. The Aire urbaine (or " Metropolitan area " of Paris is a statistical area defined by INSEE which is made up of the Paris 5% worked in business services, 13. 0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade), 12. 3% in manufacturing, 10. 0% in public administrations and defence, 8. Public administration can be broadly described as the development implementation and study of branches of government Policy. The defense industry, also called the military industry, is comprised of Government and commercial Industry involved in research development 7% in health services, 8. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations 2% in transportation and communications, 6. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way 6% in education, and the remaining 24. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency 7% in many other economic sectors. Among the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the electronic and electrical industry (17. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical 9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press 0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68. 1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. Tourism and tourist related services employ 6. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel 2% of Paris's workforce, and 3. 6% of all workers within the Paris Region. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [31]

Demography

Demographics within the Paris Region
(according to the INSEE 2005 estimates)
Ile-de-France départements
AreasPopulation
2005 est. 		Area
Density
1999-2005
pop. growth
City of Paris
(département 75)		2,153,600105 km² (41 sq mi)20,433/km² (52,921/sq mi)+1. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division 33%
Inner ring
(Petite Couronne)
(Depts. 92, 93, 94)		4,254,600657 km² (254 sq mi)6,477/km² (16,775/sq mi)+5. Hauts-de-Seine (92 (literally " Seine Heights" is a département in France. Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region, at the west of Paris 34%
Outer ring
(Grande Couronne)
(Depts. 77, 78, 91, 95)		4,991,10011,249 km² (4,343 sq mi)426/km² (1,103/sq mi)+4. Seine-et-Marne is a French department, named after the Seine and Marne rivers and located in the Île-de-France region Yvelines is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. Essonne is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. Val-d'Oise is a French department named after the Oise River, located in the Île-de-France region. 25%
Ile-de-France
(entire région)		11,399,30012,011 km² (4,637 sq mi)949/km² (2,458/sq mi)+4. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, 08%
Statistical Growth (INSEE 1999 census)
AreasPopulation
1999 census		Area
(km²)		Density
1990-1999
pop. growth
Urban area
(Paris agglomeration)		9,644,5072,723 km² (1,051 sq mi)3,542/km² (9,174/sq mi)+1. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality 85%
Metro area
(Paris aire urbaine)		11,174,74314,518 km² (5,605 sq mi)770/km² (1,994/sq mi)+2. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous 90%
Main article: Demographics of Paris

The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 census, lower than its historical peak of 2. Historical population Notes for the table until the 1830s urbanization was contained within the administrative borders of the City of Paris urban area figures before 1835 A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population 9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices and improved affluence among working families. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.

Density

Paris is the most densely populated city of more than 1,000,000 population in the Western world. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census. The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The Bois de Vincennes is a park in the English landscape manner to the east of Paris. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224. 5/sq mi), the fifth most densely populated commune in France following Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Vincennes, Levallois-Perret, and Saint-Mandé, all of which border the city proper. Le Pré-Saint-Gervais (simply known by locals as Le Pré, ie "the meadow" is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France Vincennes is a commune of the Val-de-Marne located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. Levallois-Perret is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. Saint-Mandé is a commune of the Val-de-Marne département, and of the Île-de-France région (in the eastern suburbs of The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed arrondissements. The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.

The Paris agglomeration

The city of Paris's administrative limits cover an area much smaller than its entire urban area. At present, the real extent of the dense urbanisation of which Paris is only a core, defined by the pôle urbain (urban area) statistical area, covers 2,723 km² (1,051. In France a pôle urbain is a statistical area defined by INSEE (France's national statistics office for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas 4 sq mi),[32], or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. Surrounding the Paris pôle urbain is the couronne peri-urbaine commuter belt area that completes the Paris aire urbaine (a unit similar to a North American metropolitan area) covering 14,518 km² (5,605. The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 5 sq mi), or an area about 138 times that of Paris itself.

The administration of Paris's urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding départements: Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departements outside of these, the grande couronne départements, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division These eight départements form the larger administrative Île-de-France région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica,

The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II. The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: with an estimated total of 11. 4 million inhabitants for 2005, the Île-de-France région shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, [33][34]

Immigration

By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its aire urbaine (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 1999 census, 19. The aire urbaine is an INSEE (the national statistics office of France statistical region comprising a Couronne périurbaine commuter belt around a contiguous 4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France. Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe, including [35] At the same census, 4. 2% of the Paris aire urbaine's population were recent immigrants (i. e people who migrated to France between the 1990 and 1999 censuses),[36] in their majority from mainland China and Africa. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction [37]

The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis in Germany. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917; colonial citizens during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [38] The majority of these today are naturalised French without any distinction, due to the principle of equality among French citizens.

Administration

Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860, is one of few cities that has not evolved politically with its real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue. [39]

Capital of France

Paris is the capital of France, and therefore is the seat of France's national government.

For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of France resides at the Élysée Palace in the VIIIe arrondissement, while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon in the VIIe arrondissement. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected The 8th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The Hôtel Matignon is the official residence of the Prime Minister of France. The 7th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city – many are located in the VIIe, near the Matignon. The 7th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France.

The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the Left Bank. For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement, while the more important lower house, the Assemblée Nationale, meets in the Palais Bourbon in the VIIe. The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. The Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Jardin du Luxembourg, is where the French Senate meets The 6th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) Palais Bourbon, a Palace located on the left bank of the Seine, across from the Place de la Concorde, Paris (which is on the right bank is The President of the Senate, the second highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the Palais du Luxembourg. The French Senate is the Upper House of the French Parliament The Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Jardin du Luxembourg, is where the French Senate meets

France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which tries most criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais Royal in the Ier. The Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation in French) is the main Court of last resort in France. The Palais de Justice, located in the Île de la Cité in central Paris, France, is built on the site of the former royal palace of Saint Louis The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des This article is about the present-day French institution For institutions with the same name during the Ancien Régime in France see Conseil du Roi.

The Constitutional Council, which is an advisory body which is the ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Palais Royal. The Constitutional Council ( Conseil Constitutionnel) was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958

City government

Arrondissements of Paris
Arrondissements of Paris
Main articles: Paris mayors and Arrondissements of Paris

Paris has been a commune (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Paris was headed by the provost of the merchants ( prévôt des marchands) The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. At the 1790 division (during the French Revolution) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but in 1860 it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements the city still has today. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, more simply referred to as arrondissements (əˈɹɒndɨsmənt in These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central first arrondissement.

In 1790, Paris became the préfecture (seat) of the Seine département, which covered much of the Paris region. A prefecture ( préfecture) in France can refer to: the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a ''département'' Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: the city of Paris became a distinct département of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine département's position in France's alphabetical list), while three new départements of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne were created and given the numbers 92, 93 and 94 respectively. Hauts-de-Seine (92 (literally " Seine Heights" is a département in France. Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region, at the west of Paris The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a département are exactly those of its limits as a commune, a situation unique in France.

Municipal offices

Luxembourg Palace
Luxembourg Palace
Paris City Hall
Paris City Hall

Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which in turn elects an arrondissement mayor. The Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Jardin du Luxembourg, is where the French Senate meets The Hôtel de Ville ( French for " City Hall " in Paris, France, is the building housing the City of Paris's administration A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the Council of Paris (conseil de Paris), which in turn elects the mayor of Paris. The Edict of Paris of Clotaire II, the Merovingian King of the Franks, promulgated October 18 614 (or perhaps 615) is Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Paris was headed by the provost of the merchants ( prévôt des marchands)

In medieval times Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the provost of the merchants: in addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleanliness of city streets. Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Paris was headed by the provost of the merchants ( prévôt des marchands) The creation of the provost of Paris from the 13th century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably: a direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the préfet of later years, the Provost of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding prévôté (county). A provost (introduced into Scots from French) is the ceremonial head of many Scottish local authorities. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed lieutenant general of police upon its creation in 1667. The Prefecture of Police (Préfecture de Police headed by the Prefect of Police ( Préfet de Police) is an agency of the Government of France (and

Paris's last Prévôt des marchands was assassinated the afternoon of the 14th of July 1789 uprising that was the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille. A provost (introduced into Scots from French) is the ceremonial head of many Scottish local authorities. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on 14 July 1789. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on December 14 the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from October 9, 1790. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. [40] Through the turmoil of the 1794 Thermidorian Reaction, it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: the office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror.

Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, Paris spent most of the 19th and 20th centuries, along with the larger Seine département of which it was a centre, under the direct control of the State-appointed préfet of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed Prefect of Police was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. The Prefecture of Police (Préfecture de Police headed by the Prefect of Police ( Préfet de Police) is an agency of the Government of France (and Paris, save for a few brief occasions, would have no mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.

Despite its dual existence as commune and département, Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (conseil municipal) or as a departmental council (conseil général) depending on the issue to be debated.

Paris's modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine département jurisdiction. The Prefecture of Police (also directing Paris's fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' petite couronne of bordering three départements for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. The Prefecture of Police (Préfecture de Police headed by the Prefect of Police ( Préfet de Police) is an agency of the Government of France (and Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.

Departments of Île-de-France
Departments of Île-de-France

Capital of the Île-de-France région

As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a département became the capital of the new région of the District of Paris, renamed the Île-de-France région in 1976. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, It encompasses the Paris département and its seven closest départements. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris département (who served as the prefect of the Seine département before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France région, although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.

Intercommunality

Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an agglomeration. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as Lille and Lyon, there is no intercommunal entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris's alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. A direct result of these unfortunate events were propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (conférence métropolitaine) to the right-wing idea of a more integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris").

Education

In the early ninth century, the emperor Charlemagne mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher education in the finer arts of language, physics, music and theology. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and began its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century the Île de la Cité Notre-Dame cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank Sainte-Genevieve University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic Latin quarter best represented by the Sorbonne university. The Île de la Cité is one of two natural Islands in the Seine within the city of Paris (the other being Île Saint-Louis, the Île des NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the

Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (Île-de-France région) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, 9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions. [41]

Primary and secondary education

Multi-ethnic children in a Primary Education School in Paris
Multi-ethnic children in a Primary Education School in Paris

Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Lycée Henri-IV. The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in The Lycée Henri-IV (sometimes called HIV, H4, or Henri-Quatre) is a public Secondary school located in Paris. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye and the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel. The Lycée International of St Germain-en-Laye is a French state school located in St Germain-en-Laye, on the outskirts of Paris. The Ecole Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel of Paris or EABJM was founded in 1955 by Jeannine Manuel.

Higher education

The University of Paris
The University of Paris
Lycée Louis-le-Grand
Lycée Louis-le-Grand

As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,[42] is the largest concentration of university students in Europe. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in [43] The Paris Region's prestigious grandes écoles and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that together with the university population creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year. The Grandes écoles ("Graduate schools" literally in French "Grand Schools" or "Elite Schools" of France are higher [42]

Universities

The cathedral of Notre-Dame was the first centre of higher education before the creation of the University of Paris. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The universitas was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' Rive Gauche scholastic centre, dubbed "Latin Quarter" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by Robert de Sorbon from 1257, the Collège de Sorbonne. For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Robert de Sorbon ( October 9, 1201 &ndash August 15, 1274) was a French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne This article is about the Collège de Sorbonne. For other uses of the name see Sorbonne. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature and theology.

Following the 1968 student riots, there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. For other events in May 1968 see 1968. The following year, the formerly unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.

In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (Île-de-France) région. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Évry Val d'Essonne, University of Marne-la-Vallée and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Cergy-Pontoise University ( Université de Cergy-Pontoise) is a French university in the Academy of Versailles. The Université d'Évry Val-d'Essonne (UEVE is a university in Évry, France. Other institutions include the University of Westminster's Centre for International Studies, the American University of Paris, and the American Business School of Paris. The University of Westminster is a university in London, England, formed in 1992 as a result of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, which allowed The Diplomatic Academy of London ( DAL) is the longest established English institution that offers postgraduate and training programmes in Diplomatic studies The American University of Paris (commonly referred to as AUP) is a private, independent Accredited, Nonsectarian, liberal arts and sciences

Grandes écoles

The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious grandes écoles, which are specialised centres of higher education outside the public university structure. The Grandes écoles ("Graduate schools" literally in French "Grand Schools" or "Elite Schools" of France are higher The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. The grands établissements are French public institutions under ministerial charter Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the Ve arrondissement. École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or The 5th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (ParisTech) which comprises several colleges such as École Polytechnique, École des Mines, Télécom Paris, École spéciale des travaux publics and École des Ponts et Chaussées. For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (also known as Mines ParisTech, École des Mines de Paris, ENSMP, Mines Paris or simply The École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications (also known as ENST or Télécom or TELECOM ParisTech) is one of the most prestigious and selective École Spéciale des Travaux Publics, du bâtiment et de l'industrie (ESTP is a technical college in Paris, founded in 1891 by Léon Eyrolles and was officially The École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC ("National school of Bridges and Roads" often referred to as les Ponts, is the world's oldest civil There are also many business schools, including ESSCA, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, and ESCP-EAP European School of Management. ESSEC (École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales is a Business school and Grande école in France. INSEAD is an international graduate Business school and research institution with campuses in France and in Singapore. The ESCP-EAP European School of Management (acronym from French École supérieure de commerce de Paris–École européenne des affaires) is a top ranking international Although the elite administrative school ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' Left bank VIIe arrondissement. The École Nationale d'Administration ( ÉNA) one of the most prestigious French schools ( Grandes écoles) was created in 1945 by Charles de Gaulle Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one The 7th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts of the capital city of France.

The grandes écoles system is supported by a number of preparatory schools which offer courses of two to three years duration called Classes Préparatoires, also known as classes prépas or simply prépas. The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE commonly called classes prépas or prépas, are a two-year cursus extensible to three-years acting as a prep These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV, Lycée Saint-Louis, Lycée Janson de Sailly and Lycée Carnot. The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in The Lycée Henri-IV (sometimes called HIV, H4, or Henri-Quatre) is a public Secondary school located in Paris. The lycée Saint-Louis is a higher education establishment located in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, in the Latin Quarter. Lycée Janson de Sailly is a Lycée located in the XVIe arrondissement of Paris, France. The Lycée Carnot is a public secondary and Higher education school located at 145 Boulevard Malesherbes in Paris, France, in the Two other top-ranking prépas (Lycée Hoche and Lycée Privé Sainte-Geneviève) are located in Versailles, near Paris. Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. Prépas attract most of the best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.

Infrastructure

Thalys with destinations to Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands
Thalys with destinations to Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands
T3 Tramway
T3 Tramway

Transport

Main articles: Transport in Paris and Transport in France
See also: List of railway stations in Paris

The role of Paris as an international trade centre has caused its transportation system to develop considerably throughout history, and it continues its growth at a fast pace today. Thalys is an international high-speed train operator built around the high-speed lines between Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Tramway line T3 is the first modern tramway in Paris proper Opened on December 16 2006, it is known as the Tramway des Maréchaux because it The Paris Transportation Network network is very diverse and exists literally over many levels This article concerns the history and current organisation of transport systems in France. This is a list of Railway stations in Paris, current and historical In only a few decades, Paris has become the centre of a motorway and freeway system, a high-speed train network and, through its two major airports, an international air travel hub.

The public transit networks of the Paris region are coordinated by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France[44] (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP). The members of this syndicate are the Ile-de-France region and the eight departements of this region. Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 654 bus lines, the Métro, three tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines. The Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens ( RATP/Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transports) is the major transit operator responsible for Public transportation RATP operates the majority of buses in Paris, and a significant number of lines in its suburbs Tramways are operated in Paris by its public transport authority RATP, which also operates the Paris Métro and most bus services. The RER ( R éseau E xpress R égional, ɛʀøɛʀ "Regional Express Network" is a Rapid transit system in France serving SNCF ( Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français) (French National Railway Company is a French public enterprise The Transilien is the brand name for railway services of the SNCF -owned railway network operating within Paris' Île-de-France région. Optile ( Organisation Professionnelle des Transports d'Île-de-France, or Professional Transport Organisation of Île-de-France) is a Public transport organisation

The Métro is Paris's most important transportation system. The system, with 380 stations connected by 221. 6 km (137. 7 mi) of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new line 14 was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Paris Métro Line 14 of Paris metro crosses the center of Paris and currently runs between the Saint Lazare and Olympiades stations Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the RER, has been created since the 1960s to connect more distant parts of the urban area. The RER ( R éseau E xpress R égional, ɛʀøɛʀ "Regional Express Network" is a Rapid transit system in France serving The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises 5 lines, 256 stops and 587 km (365 mi) of rails.

Additionally, Paris is served by a light rail network of 4 lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Saint-Denis to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from La Défense to Issy, line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from Bondy to Aulnay-sous-Bois. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Tramways are operated in Paris by its public transport authority RATP, which also operates the Paris Métro and most bus services. Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. Noisy-le-Sec is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself Issy-les-Moulineaux is a commune in the southwestern suburban area of Paris, France. Bondy is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. Aulnay-sous-Bois is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France.

Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, Gare du Nord, Gare Montparnasse, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, and Gare Saint-Lazare, are connected to three networks: the TGV serving 4 High-speed rail lines, the normal speed Corail trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Gare du Nord ("Paris North station" is one of the six large terminus stations of the SNCF 's main line network in Paris. See also Gare de l'Est (Paris Métro The fr '''Gare de l'Est''' (" East station " in English) is one of the six large SNCF termini The Gare de Lyon is one of the six large railway termini in Paris, France. The TGV ( t rain à g rande v itesse, French for "high-speed train" is France 's High-speed rail service Corail is the name given to a class of passenger rail cars of the SNCF that first entered commercial service in 1975 The Transilien is the brand name for railway services of the SNCF -owned railway network operating within Paris' Île-de-France région.

Paris offers a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 10,000 public bicycles distributed at 750 parking stations which can be rented for short and medium distances including one way trips. Community bicycle programs (also known as Yellow bicycle programs White bicycle programs bike sharing public bike or free bike are one element of an international movement to build Vélib’ (“vélo libre” or “vélo liberté” free bicycle or bicycle freedom is a public bicycle rental programme in Paris, France. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind

Furthermore, Paris is served by two major airports: Orly Airport, which is south of Paris, and the Charles de Gaulle International Airport, nearby Roissy-en-France, which is one of the busiest in the world. Paris - Orly Airport (Aéroport de Paris - Orly is an Airport located partially in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi, south of Paris Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French in the Paris area is Roissy-en-France (colloquially simply called Roissy) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France in the Val d'Oise A third and much smaller airport, in the town of Beauvais, 70 km (45 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. Beauvais is a town and commune of northern France, Préfecture (capital of the Oise département. The fourth airport, Le Bourget nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum. Paris - Le Bourget Airport (Aéroport de Paris - Le Bourget is an Airport located in Le Bourget and Dugny, 12 km north-northeast (NNE

The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique which follows the approximate path of 19th century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation Boulevard Périphérique is a Ring road ( Périphérique) around Paris. A86 (or Paris super- Périphérique) is the second (incomplete ring road ( U The Francilienne is a partial Ring road around Île-de-France ( Paris ' région) France, lying outside the A86. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2000 kilometres of highways and motorways. By road Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in 6 hours and Barcelona in 12 hours.

Water and sanitation

Canal Saint-Martin
Canal Saint-Martin
Seine
Seine

Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Canal Saint-Martin is a 45km long Canal in Paris, France. Geography It stretches from the Square Frédérick Lemaître The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Later forms of irrigation were: a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th century an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; finally, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital. Paris would only have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water from the late 19th century: from 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. Eugène Belgrand (1810–1878 was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Haussmann Hausmann Hausman are surnames that may refer to Hausmann Fany Hausmann (1818 - 1862 poet George Hausmann From then the new source/reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.

Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways[45] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Georges-Eugène Haussmann ( March 27, 1809 &ndash January 11, 1891) who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French Eugène Belgrand (1810–1878 was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G. A. AS. PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital.

International relations

Paris, Banks of the Seine*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, iv
Reference600
Region†Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription1991  (15th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

Paris has one sister city and a number of partner cities. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [46][47]

Sister city

Partner cities

  • Flag of Algeria Algiers, Algeria, since 2003. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's
  • Flag of Jordan Amman, Jordan, since 1987. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern
  • Flag of Greece Athens, Greece, since 2000. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
  • Flag of the People's Republic of China Beijing, China, since 1997. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
  • Flag of Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon, since 1992. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
  • Flag of Germany Berlin, Germany, since 1987. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
  • Flag of Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina, since 1999. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.
  • Flag of Egypt Cairo, Egypt, since 1985. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
  • Flag of Morocco Casablanca, Morocco, since 2004. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa
  • Flag of the United States Chicago, United States, since 1996. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
  • Flag of Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark, since 2005. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe
  • Flag of Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland, since 2002. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
  • Flag of Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia, since 1995. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
  • Flag of Japan Kyoto, Japan, since 1958. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
  • Flag of Portugal Lisbon, Portugal, since 1998. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Flag of the United Kingdom London, United Kingdom, since 2001. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
  • Flag of Spain Madrid, Spain, since 2000. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Flag of Mexico Mexico City, Mexico, since 1999. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
  • Flag of Canada Montreal, Canada, since 2006. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
  • Flag of Russia Moscow, Russia, since 1992. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
  • Flag of Brazil Porto Alegre, Brazil, since 2001. Porto Alegre ( is the 10th largest city in Brazil, and the capital city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
  • Flag of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic, since 1997. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia,
  • Flag of Canada Quebec City, Canada, since 2003. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
  • Flag of Morocco Rabat, Morocco, since 2004. Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa
  • Flag of Saudi Arabia Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, since 1997. Riyadh ( الرياض Ar-Riyāḍ) is the Capital of Saudi Arabia and its largest city The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi
  • Flag of Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1997. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
  • Flag of Yemen San‘a’, Yemen, since 1987. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya
  • Flag of the United States San Francisco, United States, since 1996. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
  • Flag of Chile Santiago, Chile, since 1997. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago
  • Flag of Brazil São Paulo, Brazil, since 2004. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
  • Flag of South Korea Seoul, South Korea, since 1991. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
  • Flag of Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria, since 1998. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian
  • Flag of Australia Sydney, Australia, since 1998. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
  • Flag of Georgia (country) Tbilisi, Georgia, since 1997. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between
  • Flag of Japan Tokyo, Japan, since 1982. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
  • Flag of Tunisia Tunis, Tunisia, since 2004. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa.
  • Flag of Poland Warsaw, Poland, since 1999. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
  • Flag of the United States Washington, United States, since 2000. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
  • Flag of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia, since 1998. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ English version. The Haussmann Renovations, or Haussmannisation of Paris, was a work commissioned by Napoléon III and led by the Seine prefect, Baron The Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, also known as the C40 Cities (and originally as the C20 Cities is a group of cities committed to the reduction of urban A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people The Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts was a World's fair held Official website of Paris.
  2. ^ a b Excluding Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes
  3. ^ People will sometimes imitate the French pronunciation by saying /pæˈriː/ or /pəˈriː/. The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The Bois de Vincennes is a park in the English landscape manner to the east of Paris.
  4. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. INSEE ( French: I nstitut N ational de la S tatistique et des É tudes É conomiques; inse (not) in French is the " Estimation de population par département, sexe et grande classe d’âge – Années 1990 à 2006". Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
  5. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union Européenne". Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  6. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Aire Urbaine '99 – pop totale par sexe et âge". Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  7. ^ Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer. "World Metropolitan Areas". Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  8. ^ Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands "Inventory of World Cities". Retrieved on 2007-10-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas
  9. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros (XLS). Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
  10. ^ Fortune. Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group Global Fortune 500 by countries: France. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
  11. ^ Logistics-in-Europe. com, Vertical Mail. "Paris Ile-de-France, a head start in Europe". Retrieved on 2007-10-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas
  12. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Le tourisme se porte mieux en 2004 (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
  13. ^ The City of Antiquity, official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau
  14. ^ a b c Mairie de Paris. Paris, Roman City - Chronology. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
  15. ^ Mairie de Paris. Paris, Roman City - The City. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
  16. ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318–319.
  17. ^ (French) Amicale Genealogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique. "Le Cholera". Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  18. ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 324–325.
  19. ^ a b Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.
  20. ^ Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388–391
  21. ^ Richard Overy (2006). Why the Allies Won. Pimlico, pp. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher 215–216. ISBN 1845950658.  
  22. ^ Kelly Bell. Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II. www. TheHistoryNet. com. Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
  23. ^ BBC News. Special Report: Riots in France. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
  24. ^ a b (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Géographie de la capitale - Le climat". Retrieved on 2006-05-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
  25. ^ World Weather Information Service - Paris. Retrieved on April 14, 2008.
  26. ^ Paris/7th arrondissement. Wikitravel. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  27. ^ a b (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux en valeur de 1990 à 2005" (XLS). Retrieved on 2006-09-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
  28. ^ At real exchange rates, not at PPP
  29. ^ World Bank. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. "Total GDP 2005" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-09-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
  30. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Estimations de la population des régions au 1er janvier ". Retrieved on 2006-09-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
  31. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Ile-de-France" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  32. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Chiffres-Clefs – Unité Urbaine – Paris". Retrieved on 2006-05-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  33. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  34. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  35. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)". Retrieved on 2006-07-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
  36. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)". Retrieved on 2006-07-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
  37. ^ (French) Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. "Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003". Retrieved on 2006-06-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
  38. ^ (French) Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration. "Histoire de l'immigration en France". Retrieved on 2006-06-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
  39. ^ (French) 20mins. fr. "Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris". Retrieved on 2008-04-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
  40. ^ JSTOR Journal Archive. "Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789". Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
  41. ^ (French) La Préfecture de la Région d'Ile-de-France. L'enseignement. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
  42. ^ a b Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France (2006). Paris Region : key figures 2006 (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  43. ^ (French) Céline Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar) (2006). Les villes européennes – Analyse comparative (page 42) (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  44. ^ (French) Syndicat des Transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF). "Le web des voyageurs franciliens". Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  45. ^ (French) Mairie de Paris. "Les égouts parisiens". Retrieved on 2006-05-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
  46. ^ Mairie de Paris. Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
  47. ^ Mairie de Paris. International relations : special partners. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
  48. ^ United Kingdom Parliament, Westminster, London. House of Commons Hansard Debate for 11 Dec 1992. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
  49. ^ Guardian News and Media Limited. Smallweed. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.

Bibliography

External links

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Dictionary

Paris

-proper noun

  1. The capital city of France.
  2. (Greek mythology) A Trojan prince who eloped with Helen.
  3. Any of several places in the U.S. and Canada, named after the French city.
  4. A surname for someone who came from Paris, or a patronymic derived from Patrick.
  5. A male given name from the Trojan hero, or from the surname.
  6. A female given name of modern usage, usually referring to the French city.
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