| اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان Islāmī Jhumri Talaya Pākistān Islamic Republic of Pakistan | ||||||
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| Motto: اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam (Urdu) "Unity, Discipline and Faith" | ||||||
| Anthem: "Qaumi Tarana" | ||||||
 | ||||||
| Capital | Islamabad | |||||
| Largest city | Karachi | |||||
| Official languages | Urdu (national) English (official)[1] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Balochi, Pashto, Dari, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki , [2] | |||||
| Demonym | Pakistani | |||||
| Government | Islamic Republic | |||||
| - | President | Pervez Musharraf | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Yousaf Raza Gillani | ||||
| - | Speaker of House | Fahmida Mirza | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Abdul Hameed Dogar | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Independence | from the UK | ||||
| - | Declared | 14 August 1947 | ||||
| - | Islamic republic | 23 March 1956 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 803,940 km² (34th) 340,403 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 3. The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League. The State Emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954. The emblem's Green colour A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The Qaumī Tarāna ( Urdu:) is the National anthem of Pakistan. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Balochi (بلوچی also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth The Speaker's is the highest office of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Dr Fahmida Mirza ( Urdu: فہمیدہ مرزا) sometimes also spelled as Fehmida Mirza (born December 20 1956) is a medical doctor The Chief Justice of Pakistan heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Abdul Hameed Dogar (born 22 March 1944) is the Chief Justice of Pakistan, a position he was elevated to when he took oath on the Provisional Constitutional The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established in 1947 as a result of the Partition of India into two sovereign dominions the Union Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 1 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 estimate | 169,300,000[3] (6th) | ||||
| - | 1998 census | 132,352,279[4] | ||||
| - | Density | 206/km² (53rd) 534/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | US$ 504. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 3 billion[5] (26th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | US$3320. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' 12 (128th) | ||||
| Gini (2002) | 30. This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 6 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 551 (medium) (136th) | |||||
| Currency | Rupee (Rs. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The rupee ( sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the Currency of Pakistan. ) (PKR) | |||||
| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+6) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .pk | |||||
| Calling code | +92 | |||||
Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان listen ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and converging with Central Asia and the Middle East. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Pakistan Standard Time (PST is the time zone for Pakistan. It is usually 5 hours ahead of GMT though as of June 1 2008 it is 6 hours ahead due to the use of DST to help decrease Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [6][7] It has a 1,046 kilometer (650 mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [8]
The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and the Indo-Greek kingdom. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries The area has witnessed invasions and settlement by the Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans and the Mongols. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family [9] It was a part of British India until 1947, when the political agitation for a state for Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League resulted in the independence and the creation of the state of Pakistan from the provinces of Sind, Northwest Frontier Province, West Punjab, Baluchistan and East Bengal. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. West Punjab was a former province of Pakistan which existed from 1947 to 1955 East Bengal ( Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbobôngo) was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of economic growth as well as military rule and political instability. Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that include Textiles, Chemicals, Food processing, Agriculture and other industries
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The country is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies. The Next Eleven (or N-11) are eleven countries — Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan is a founding member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Developing 8 Countries and the Economic Cooperation Organization. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in Southern Asia. Preferential trade agreement Representatives of each of the eight developing countries except Bangladesh signed a Preferential Trade Agreement on May 14 The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations It is also a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organization, G33 developing countries, Group of 77 developing nations, major non-NATO ally of the United States and is a nuclear state. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The G33 is the name for a group of Developing countries that coordinate on trade and economic issues The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of Developing nations designed to promote its members' collective Economic interests and create Major non-NATO ally ( MNNA) is a designation given by the United States government to exceptionally close allies who have close strategic working relationships Nations that are known or believed to possess Nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club.
Contents |
Etymology
The name Pakistan (IPA: [paːkɪst̪aːn]) means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. In Islamic context Tahir refers to purity and cleanliness in accordance with religious rituals Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised It was coined in 1934 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never. Chaudhary Rahmat Ali ( Urdu / Punjabi: چودھری رحمت علی (or Rehmat Ali Khan; Urdu / Punjabi: رحمت علی خان SpecialShortpages.-- [10] The name represented the "thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of (British) India — Punjab, Afghania (also known as North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان "[11]
History
The Indus region which covers much of Pakistan, was the site of several ancient cultures including the Neolithic era Mehrgarh, and the Bronze era Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BCE - 1500 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: مﮩرگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization [12]
Waves of conquerors and migrants including Harappan, Indo-Aryan, Persian, Grecian, Saka, Parthian, Kushan, Hephthalite, Afghan, Arab, Turkics, and Mughal settled in the region throughout the centuries, influencing the locals and being absorbed among them. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family However, while the eastern provinces of Punjab and Sindh became aligned with Indo-Islamic civilisation, the western areas became culturally allied with the Iranic civilisation of Afghanistan and Iran. Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [13] The region is a crossroads of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the The Indus Valley Civilization collapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Successive empires and kingdoms ruled the region from the Achaemenid Persian empire[14] around 543 BCE, to Alexander the Great[15] in 326 BCE and the Mauryan empire. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture. The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries Demetrius I (ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ was a Greco-Bactrian king (reigned circa 200-180 BC Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Menander I Soter "The Saviour" (known as Milinda in Indian sources was one of the rulers of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in northern India Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelt Graeco-Buddhism, refers to the cultural Syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed The city of Taxila (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times - the remains of the city, located to the west of Islamabad, are one of the country's major archaeological sites. For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either Prehistoric or historic or contemporary and
In 712 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim[16] conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab. Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن قاسم (c 31 December, 695 &ndash 18 July, 715) born Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this invasion. [17] This would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in the subcontinent, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ( Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas until the British East India Company[18] gained ascendancy over South Asia. The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Sepoys of British East India Company 's army on the 10th of May 1857 in the town of Meerut, Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "[19] Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940 (popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution), which ultimately led to the formation of an independent Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan The Two-Nation Theory was the basis for the Partition of India in 1947 The Lahore Resolution ( Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan The Lahore Resolution ( Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British
In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to a independence. Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 &ndash 22 February 1958 was a Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ( Marathi:डॊभीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर ( April 14, 1891 — December 6, 1956 Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. Master Tara Singh Malhotra ( 24 June, 1885, Rawalpindi, Punjab - 22 November, Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان East Bengal ( Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ Purbobôngo) was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The division of India resulted in communal riots across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, whose ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun warriors, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The republic declared in 1956 was stalled by a coup d'etat by Ayub Khan (1958–69), who was president during a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of Skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with the cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating Tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and India 's West Bengal on
Economic and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political repression and tensions escalating into civil war[20] (East Pakistan civil war) (see also Causes of Separation of East Pakistan) and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and ultimately the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially [21] Estimates of the number of people killed during this episode vary greatly, from ~30,000 to over 2 million depending on the source.
Civilian rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in what amounted to a judicial murder in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Pakistan's secular policies were replaced by Zia's introduction of the Islamic Shariah legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. With the death of General Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto ( Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو Urdu: بینظیر بھٹو beːnəziːɾ bɦʊʈːoː (21 June 1953 &ndash 27 December 2007 was a Over the next decade, she alternated power with Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan sent 5,000 troops to the 1991 Gulf War as part of a US led coalition and specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [22] Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[23] with India were followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999[24] in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July In October 1999 General Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistani army launched a coup to topple Nawaz Sharif, then General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of In 2001, Musharraf named himself President after the forced resignation of Rafiq Tarar. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( Urdu: محمد رفیق تارڑ) (b November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1, After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 Prime-Ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz, followed by a temporary period in office by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali ( Urdu / Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (born January 1, 1944) is a former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz ( Urdu: شوکت عزیز) (born March 6, 1949 in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain ( Urdu: چودھری شجاعت حسین) (born January 27, 1946) is a politician from Pakistan who was the On 15th November, 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and so a caretaker government was appointed with the former Chairman of the Senate, Muhammad Mian Soomro as caretaker Prime Minister. Muhammadmian Soomro ( Sindhi: محمد میاں سومرو) (born August 19 1950) is a Pakistani politician who has been the Chairman However, the December 2007 assassination of Benazir Bhutto underscores the instability of Pakistan's political system. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto occurred on December 27 2007 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. On 25th March 2008 Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth [25]
Government and politics
The government of Pakistan was based on the Government of India Act (1935) for the first nine years after independence. The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected In recent history the Pakistani political processes have taken place in the framework of a Federal republic, where the system of government has at times been Parliamentary |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type The Government of India Act 1935 ( 26 Geo 5 & 1 Edw 8 c 2) was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956, but was suspended in 1958 by General Ayub Khan. The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 The Constitution of 1973, was suspended in 1977 by Zia-ul-Haq, re-instated in 1991 and is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of government. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Pakistan is a semi-presidential federal democratic republic with Islam as the state religion. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A federal republic is a Federation of States with a republican form of government For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The Senate of Pakistan is the Upper house of the Bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. The National Assembly is the Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. The President is the Head of State and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and is elected by an electoral college. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces The President of Pakistan is chosen by an Electoral college. According to article 41(3 of the Constitution of Pakistan, this electoral college consists of the The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Each province has a similar system of government with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes Chief Minister. Provincial Governors are appointed by the President.
The Pakistani military has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's history, with military presidents ruling from 1958–71, 1977–88 and from 1999 onwards. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of The Pakistan Armed Forces ( Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan In recent history the Pakistani political processes have taken place in the framework of a Federal republic, where the system of government has at times been Parliamentary The leftist PPP, led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, emerged as a major political player during the 1970s. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː Under the military rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Pakistan began a marked shift from the British-era secular politics and policies, to the adoption of Shariat and other laws based on Islam. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. During the 1980s, the anti-feudal, pro-Muhajir Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) was started by unorthodox and educated urban dwellers of Sindh and particularly Karachi. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Panahgir (مہاجر is a diverse term used to describe the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (متحدہ قومی موومنٹ ( Muttahida Qaumi Movement) generally known as MQM or simply Muttahida, is a linguistic Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The 1990s were characterized by coalition politics dominated by the PPP and a rejuvenated Muslim League.
In the October 2002 general elections, the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) won a plurality of National Assembly seats with the second-largest group being the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), a sub-party of the PPP. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan Zafarullah Khan Jamali of PML-Q emerged as Prime Minister but resigned on 26 June 2004 and was replaced by PML-Q leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as interim Prime Minister. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali ( Urdu / Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (born January 1, 1944) is a former Prime Minister Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain ( Urdu: چودھری شجاعت حسین) (born January 27, 1946) is a politician from Pakistan who was the On 28 August 2004 the National Assembly voted 191 to 151 to elect the Finance Minister and former Citibank Vice President Shaukat Aziz as Prime Minister. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Finance Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Finance. Citibank is a major international Bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. Shaukat Aziz ( Urdu: شوکت عزیز) (born March 6, 1949 in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan The Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a coalition of Islamic religious parties, won elections in North-West Frontier Province, and increased their representation in the National Assembly - until their defeat in the 2008 elections. Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan.
Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the latter of which Pakistan has used as a forum for Enlightened Moderation, a plan to promote a renaissance and enlightenment in the Muslim world. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Pakistan is also a member of the major regional organisations of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO). The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in Southern Asia. The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations In the past, Pakistan has had mixed relations with the United States especially in the early 1950s when Pakistan was the United States' "most allied ally in Asia"[26] and a member of both the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO) was an International organization for Collective defense created by the Southeast Asia Collective During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s Pakistan was a crucial US ally, but relations soured in the 1990s, when sanctions were applied by the US over suspicions of Pakistan's nuclear activities. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The September 11, 2001 attacks and the subsequent War on Terrorism have seen an improvement in US–Pakistan ties, especially after Pakistan ended its support of the Taliban regime in Kabul. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with This was evidenced by a drastic increase in American military aid, which saw Pakistan take in $4 billion more in three years after the 9/11 attacks than in the three years before. [27]
On February 18, 2008, Pakistan held its general elections after being postponed from 8 January 2008. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common A general election was held in Pakistan on February 18, 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008, the original date to elect Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [28] The Pakistan Peoples Party won the majority of the votes and formed an alliance with the Pakistan Muslim League (N). The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. They nominated and elected Yousaf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister of Pakistan [29]
Subdivisions
Pakistan is a federation[30] of four provinces, a capital territory and federally administered tribal areas. Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories ||} See also Local government in Pakistan The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region,[8] organised as two separate political entities (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas). This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA Pakistan also claims the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India.
The third tier of government was composed of 26 divisions with two further tiers (districts and tehsils) administered directly from the provincial level. The Divisions of Pakistan were previously the third tier of government in Pakistan until they were abolished in 2000. ||} See also Local government in Pakistan The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces A tehsil ( Urdu: تحصیل) (or tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, taluq, mandal) is an Administrative division The divisions were abolished in 2001[31] and a new three-tiered system of local government came into effect comprising districts, tehsils and union councils with an elected body at each tier. A Union Council or village council in Pakistan is an elected Local government body consisting of 21 councillors and headed by a Nazim (which is equivalent There are currently 107 districts in Pakistan proper, each with several tehsils and union councils. The tribal areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts whilst Azad Kashmir comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprises six districts.
Provinces:
- Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas[32] (PATA) which are being developed into regular districts. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA are administrative subdivisions in the Balochistan and North West Frontier Provinces of Pakistan.
Territories:
Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir:
Military
_Shahjahan_&_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg/180px-Pakistan_Navy_Ship_(PNS)_Shahjahan_&_Tippi_Sultan.jpeg)
The armed forces of Pakistan are a completely volunteer force and are the seventh largest in the world. History The land was acquired from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab in 1960, for the purpose of establishing Pakistan's new capital The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA Pakistan Navy ( Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval branch of the Military of Pakistan. The Pakistan Armed Forces ( Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan The Pakistan Armed Forces ( Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan This is a list of countries sorted by the total number of active troops where the military manpower of a country is measured by the total amount of active troops within the command The three main components are the Army, Navy and Air Force, supported by a number of paramilitary forces which carry out internal security roles and border patrols. The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered Pakistan Navy ( Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval branch of the Military of Pakistan. Pakistan Air Force ( Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Faza'ya) ( PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces The Paramilitary forces of Pakistan consist of various organizations constitutionally charged to safeguard Pakistan from external and internal threats The National Command Authority is responsible for exercise employment and development control of all strategic nuclear forces and organizations. The National Command Authority (NCA of Pakistan will be the Pakistani organisation responsible for policy formulation and will exercise employment and development control
The Pakistan military first saw combat in the First Kashmir War, gaining control of what is now Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free In 1961, the army repelled a major Afghan incursion on Pakistan's western border. The military history of Pakistan can be viewed as the history of modern-day Pakistan, as the Military of Pakistan has played and continues to play a vital role [33] In 1965, Pakistan fought the Second Kashmir War with India, and in 1971 the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of Skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. In 1973, the military quelled a Baloch nationalist uprising. The military history of Pakistan can be viewed as the history of modern-day Pakistan, as the Military of Pakistan has played and continues to play a vital role During the Soviet-Afghan war, Pakistan shot down several intruding aircraft, as well as provided covert support to the Afghan mujahideen through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence In 1999, Pakistan was involved in the Kargil conflict with India. The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July Currently, the military is engaged in an armed conflict with Islamic militants in the north-west of the country. The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistani Army and Islamist militants made up by local tribesmen the Taliban and foreign extremists
The Pakistani armed forces are the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed in 2007. UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan covers a long and cherished history of Pakistani involvement with the United Nations. [34] Pakistan provided a military contingent to the Coalition during the first Gulf War and in the past Pakistani personnel volunteered to serve in the armed forces of Arab countries involved in conflicts with Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [35]
Geography and climate
Pakistan covers 340,403 square miles (881,640 km²),[36] approximately the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom, with its eastern regions located on the Indian tectonic plate and the western and northern regions on the Iranian plateau and Eurasian landplate. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The India or Indian Plate is a Tectonic plate that was originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off eventually The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern The Eurasian Plate is a Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional Continents of Europe Apart from the 1,046 kilometre (650 mi) Arabian Sea coastline, Pakistan's land borders total 6,774 kilometres—2,430 kilometres (1,509 mi) with Afghanistan to the northwest, 523 kilometres (325 mi) with China to the northeast, 2,912 kilometres (1,809 mi) with India to the east and 909 kilometres (565 mi) with Iran to the southwest. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: [37]
The different types of natural features range from the sandy beaches, lagoons, and mangrove swamps of the southern coast to preserved beautiful moist temperate forests and the icy peaks of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains in the north. A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are an estimated 108 peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) high that are covered in snow and glaciers. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Five of the mountains in Pakistan (including Nanga Parbat) are over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft). Nanga Parbat ( Urdu:) is the ninth highest Mountain on Earth. Indian-controlled Kashmir to the Northern Areas of Pakistan and running the length of the country is the Indus River with its many tributaries. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The northern parts of Pakistan attract a large number of foreign tourists. To the west of the Indus are the dry, hilly deserts of Balochistan; to the east are the rolling sand dunes of the Thar Desert. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is The Tharparkar desert in the southern province of Sindh, is the only fertile desert in the world. Tharparkar ( Urdu: تھرپارکر is a town located in the Tharparkar District, which is one of 22 districts located in the Sindh province in Pakistan Most areas of Punjab and parts of Sindh are fertile plains where agriculture is of great importance.
The climate varies as much as the scenery, with cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild climate in the south, moderated by the influence of the ocean. The central parts have extremely hot summers with temperatures rising to 45 °C (113 °F), followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing. Officially the highest temperature recorded in Pakistan is 50. 55 °C (122. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 99 °F) at Pad Idan. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 [38] There is very little rainfall ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9. 8–49. 2 in), mostly brought by the unreliable south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The construction of dams on the rivers and the drilling of water wells in many drier areas have temporarily eased water shortages at the expense of downgradient populations.
Flora and fauna
The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wild animals and birds. The Markhor ( Capra falconeri) is a goat-antelope found in sparse Woodland in the Western Himalayas. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the northern mountains to deciduous trees such as the mulberry-type Shisham in the Sulaiman range in the south. The term subalpine refers to the biotic zone immediately below Tree line around the world Cedrus deodara (Deodar Cedar Himalayan Cedar or Deodar Hindi, Sanskrit: देवदार devadāru; Chinese: 雪松 Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including The Sulaiman Mountains ( Persian, Urdu: سليمان are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian The western hills have juniper and tamarisk as well as coarse grasses and scrub plants. Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Tamarisk redirects here For other uses of tamarisk see Tamarisk (disambiguation The genus Tamarix ( tamarisk Along the coast are mangrove forests which form much of the coastal wetlands. Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics.
In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, porcupines, and small rodents. Porcupines are Rodents with a coat of sharp spines or quills that defend them from predators In the sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In the southwestern deserts are rare Asiatic cheetahs. In the northern mountains are a variety of endangered animals including Marco Polo sheep, Urial sheep, Markhor and Ibex goats, black and brown Himalayan bears, and the rare Snow Leopard. Marco Polo sheep ( Ovis ammon polii) is a subspecies of sheep, specifically of Argali, that takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo The Urial ( Ovis orientalis vignei group is a subpecies group of the wild sheep Ovis orientalis. The Markhor ( Capra falconeri) is a goat-antelope found in sparse Woodland in the Western Himalayas. An ibex, commonly called by its French name bouquetin also called Steinbock in German an individual of any of several species of wild mountain goats (genus The Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) is an Omnivorous Mammal of the family Ursidae, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and The snow leopard ( Uncia uncia) sometimes known as the ounce, is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central Asia from Afghanistan Northern During August 2006, Pakistan donated an orphaned snow leopard cub called Leo to USA. [39] Another rare species is the blind Indus River Dolphin of which there are believed to be about 1,000 remaining, protected in two major sanctuaries. The Ganges River Dolphin ( Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus River Dolphin ( Platanista gangetica minor) are two sub-species of freshwater In recent years the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new law banning the hunting of wild animals and birds and the establishment of several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. [40]
Economy
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country[41][42][43] and a major emerging market,[44] with an economic growth rate of 7 percent per annum for four consecutive years up to 2007. Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that include Textiles, Chemicals, Food processing, Agriculture and other industries (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million [45][46] Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s. [47] Recently, wide-ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and accelerated growth especially in the manufacturing and financial services sectors. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry. The Economy may be classified into subdivisions called sectors (also called Industries) in several ways There has been great improvement in the foreign exchange position and rapid growth in hard currency reserves in recent years. The foreign exchange ( currency or forex or FX) market refers to the market for currencies. Hard currency or strong currency, in Economics refers to a globally traded Currency that can serve as a reliable and stable Store of value. The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close to US$40 billion. However, this has decreased in recent years with assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and significant debt-relief from the United States. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Pakistan's gross domestic product, as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), is estimated to be US$475. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 4 billion[48] while its per capita income (PCI) stands at $2,942. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country [48] The poverty rate in Pakistan is estimated to be between 23%[49] and 28%. [50] Pakistan's GDP growth rates have seen a steady increase over the last 5 years. However, inflationary pressures and a low savings rate, among other economic factors, could make it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. [51][52][53]
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural base to a strong service base. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP, while the service sector accounts for 53% of the GDP with wholesale and retail trade forming 30% of this sector. Wholesaling is the sale of Goods or Merchandise to Retailers to industrial commercial institutional or other professional Business users In the past few years, the Karachi Stock Exchange has increased in value along with most of the world's emerging markets. The Karachi Stock Exchange or KSE is a Stock exchange located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The term emerging markets is used to describe a nation's social or business activity in the process of rapid Industrialization. Significant foreign investments have been made in several areas including telecommunications, real estate and energy. Mobile Telecommunications Telecom sector is seeing exorbitant growth in Pakistan [54]. [55] Other major industries include software, automotives, textiles, cement, fertilizer, steel, ship building, aerospace and arms manufacturing. Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex is a facility used to service assemble and manufacture Aircraft for Pakistan located at Kamra The arms industry is a global Industry and Business which Manufactures and sells Weapons and Military technology and equipment.
Pakistan has the world's largest earth filled dam Tarbela, the world's twelfth largest dam Mangla, and half a dozen additional dams planned. Tarbela Dam ( Urdu: تربیلا بند) is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. The Mangla Dam ( Urdu: منگلا بند) in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan is the twelfth largest Dam in the world. [56] Pakistan and China jointly built the world's highest international road: the Karakoram Highway. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Karakoram Highway (KKH is the highest paved international road in the world
In November of 2006 China and Pakistan signed a Free Trade Agreement hoping to triple bilateral trade from $4. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES See also List of free trade agreements This is article is on free international trade 2 billion (USD) to $15 billion (USD) within the next five years. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [57] Pakistan's exports in 2007 amounted to $20. 58 billion (USD). The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [58]
Demographics
It is estimated that the Pakistan's population will be over 180,000,000 by mid 2008. Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold St Patrick’s Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi, is situated on Shahrah-e-Iraq formerly known as Clarke Street located near Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007,[3] Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, placing it higher than Russia, and lower than Brazil. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Pakistan is expected to surpass Brazil in population by the year 2020 because of the high growth rate. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly. [59] The population was estimated at 162,400,000[60] on July 1, 2005, with a fertility rate of 34 per thousand, a death rate of 10 per thousand, and the rate of natural increase at 2. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 4%. Pakistan also has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births. [61]
The major ethnic groups are - Punjabis (44. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. 68% of the population), Pashtuns (15. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called 42%),Sindhis (14. Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. 1%), Seraikis (8. The Seraiki people ( Perso-Arabic: سرائيکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ or Multani people ( Perso-Arabic: ملتانی Devanagari 38%), Muhajirs (7. See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Panahgir (مہاجر is a diverse term used to describe the 57%), Balochis (3. The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting 57%) and others (6. 08%). As of early 2007, about 2 million registered Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan as a result of the ongoing war and instability in Afghanistan. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [62]
Although spoken only by a minority of Pakistanis, Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, while English is the official language, used in the Constitution and widely used by businesses, educated urban classes and most universities. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. Punjabi is the largest indigenous language and is spoken by over 60 million people, but has no official recognition in the country. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an [63] Other significant languages spoken in Pakistan include (in order of number of speakers): Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Balochi; English is mostly spoken by educated peoples. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Balochi (بلوچی also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [64]
The demographics of religion in Pakistan were significantly altered in 1947 by the migration of Muslims from India to Pakistan, and that of Hindus and Sikhs of Pakistan to India. Census data indicates that 96% of the population are Muslims,[65] (nearly 77% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims). Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic [37] Minority religions include Hinduism (1. Following the creation of Pakistan, and the subsequent mass migrations Hindus are today are a much smaller numerical presence 85%), Christianity (1. The adherents of Christianity are the largest religious minority community in Pakistan. 6%), as well as much smaller numbers of Sikhs (Around 0. Sikhism is a very small minority religion in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but has many cultural historical and political ties to the country and to the historical region 04%), Parsis, Ahmadis, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá'ís, and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of Chitral). Ahmadiyya ( احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) is a movement that arose out of mainstream Islam towards the end of the 19th century Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Jews ( Urdu: یہودی pronounced "Yehudi") are a very small religious group of Pakistan. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals The Kalash ( Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range residing in the Chitral district Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority country[66] and also has the second largest Shi'a population in the world. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population The following table analyzes the Demographics of Islam as of mid-year 2005 [67]
Education
Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels primary (grades one through five middle (grades six through eight high (grades nine and ten The University of the Punjab (abbreviated as PU) ( Urdu: جامعه پنجاب) colloquially known as Punjab University, is located in Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School Australia See also Education The Secondary School Certificate, also known as SSC, is a public examination taken by students in Bangladesh, Pakistan and in the states of Gujarat Australia See also Education A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned [68]
Pakistan also has a parallel secondary school education system in private schools, which is based upon the curriculum set by the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Some students choose to take the O level and A level exams, which are administered by the British Council,[69] in place of government exams. The O-level (Ordinary Level is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, The British Council is a Public Body of the United Kingdom Government which specialises in educational and development opportunities
There are currently 730 technical & vocational institutions in Pakistan. Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based [70] The minimum qualifications to enter male vocational institutions, is the completion of grade 8. The programmes are generally two to three years in length. The minimum qualifications to enter female vocational institutions, is the completion of grade 5. [71]
All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research. The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected
English medium education is to be introduced on a phased basis to all schools across the country. An English medium education system is one that uses English as the primary Medium of instruction. [72] Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10. [73]
Society and culture
Pakistan has a rich and unique culture that has preserved established traditions throughout history. The society of Pakistan ( ثقافت پاکستان) comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups from the Punjabis and Sindhis in the east to the tribal cultures of the Baloch Dabeer-ul-Mulk Najm-ud-daulah Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan ( Urdu / Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان) Pen-name In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Many cultural practices, foods, monuments, and shrines were inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors. The national dress of shalwar qamiz is originally of Central Asian origin derived from Turko-Iranian nomadic invaders and is today worn in all parts of Pakistan. Salwar kameez ( also spelled shalwar kameez or shalwar qameez) is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Southern Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Women wear brightly coloured shalwar qamiz, while men often wear solid-coloured ones. In cities western dress is also popular among the youth and the business sector.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and 96% Muslim, with high regard for traditional family values, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother Complex Family is a generic term for any family structure involving more than two adults Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar that wish to move in a more liberal direction,[74] as opposed to the northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. ( is a city located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" with Pakistan ranking 46th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones AT Kearney is a global Management consulting firm focusing on strategic and operational CEO-agenda concerns Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P This article includes a list of Countries of the world sorted by their Globalization, the global connectivity integration and interdependence in the economic social [75] There are an approximated four million Pakistanis living abroad,[76] with close to a half-million expatriates living in the United States[77] and around a million living in Saudi Arabia. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing [78] As well as nearly one million people of Pakistani descent in the United Kingdom, there are burgeoning cultural connections. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [79]
Music
The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. The music of Pakistan includes diverse elements ranging from music from other parts of South Asia as well as Central Asian folk music, Persian music Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ( نصرت فتح على خاں, born October 13 1948, died August 16, 1997) was a Pakistani In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. Muhammad Alam Lohar ( Urdu: محمد عالم لوہار) was a prominent Punjabi Folk music singer of Pakistan. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered [80]
Popular media
Until the 1990s, the state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels. The cinema of Pakistan refers to Pakistan 's film industry Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu language but may also include films in Punjabi The Pakistan Television Corporation (abbreviated as PTV) ( Urdu: پاکستان ٹیلیوژن کارپوریشن) is Pakistan's national Television The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation ( PBC) is the state-run Radio service of Pakistan. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority ( PEMRA) was established on 01 March, 2002 through an ordinance to induct the private sector into the Various American, European, and Asian television channels and films are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private Television Networks, cable, and satellite television. Satellite television is Television delivered by the means of Communications satellites as compared to conventional Terrestrial television and Cable There are also small indigenous film industries based in Lahore and Peshawar (often referred to as Lollywood). The cinema of Pakistan refers to Pakistan 's film industry Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu language but may also include films in Punjabi Although Bollywood films have been banned from being played in public cinemas since 1965,[81] Indian film stars are still generally popular in Pakistan due to the fact that Pakistanis are easily able to buy Bollywood films from local shops for private home viewing. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India But recently Pakistan allowed selected Bollywood films to be shown in Pakistani cinemas.
Holidays
There are many festivals celebrated annually in Pakistan which may or may not observe as holidays e. Holidays in Pakistan: See also Muslim holidays g. Pakistan Day (23 March), Independence Day (14 August), Defence of Pakistan Day (6 September), Pakistan Air Force Day (7 September), the anniversaries of the birth (25 December)(holiday) and death (11 September) of Quaid-e-Azam, (Allama Iqbal (9 November) and the birth (30 July) and death (8 July) of Madar-e-Millat. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Fatima Jinnah ( Urdu:) ( July 30, 1893 — July 8, 1967) was the sister of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Labour Day (also known as May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1 (holiday). Labour Day is an annual Holiday celebrated all over the world that resulted from efforts of May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Several important festivals are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims during the year, dependent on the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Ramadan, the ninth month of the calendar, is characterised by daytime fasting for 29 or 30 days and is followed by the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of In a second festival, Eid ul-Adha, an animal is sacrificed in remembrance of the actions of Prophet Abraham (Arabic: Ibrahim) and the meat is shared with friends, family, and the less fortunate. Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Both Eid festivals are public holidays, serving as opportunities for people to visit family and friends, and for children to receive new clothes, presents, and sweets. Muslims celebrate Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, the birthday of the prophet Muhammad, in the third month of the calendar (Rabi' al-Awwal). Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Rabi' al-awwal (ar ربيع الأول is the third month in the Islamic calendar. Muslims mark the Day of Ashurah on the 9th and 10th days of the first month (Muharram) to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn bin Ali. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina
Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians in Pakistan also celebrate their own festivals and holidays. Sikhs come from across the world to visit several holy sites in Punjab, including the shrine of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, at Hasan Abdal in Attock District, and his birthplace, at Nankana Sahib. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Guru Nanak Dev (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ (गुरु नानक گرونانک Gurū Nānak ( 15 april 1469, Nankana Sahib Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Attock District ( Urdu: اٹک) is a district in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Nankana Sahib, also known as Raipur is a City in the province of Punjab with a population of almost 160000, it is also the capital of Nankana Sahib There are also several regional and local festivals, such as the Punjabi festival of Basant, which marks the start of spring and is celebrated by kite flying. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Basant (बसंत ਬਸਨ is short for Basant Panchami (वसंत पंचमी a Hindu festival in honor of Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge music
Sports
The official and national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although cricket is more popular. Field hockey is the National sport of Pakistan but Cricket is the most popular game Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Field hockey is a Team sport in which players attempt to score goals by hitting the Ball across the pitch with a stick Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). The Pakistan National Cricket Team is an international Cricket team representing Pakistan. The Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship of men's One Day International (ODI Cricket. The 1992 Cricket World Cup (aka Benson & Hedges World Cup) was the fifth edition of the tournament and was won by Pakistan The 1999 Cricket World Cup was hosted primarily by England, but Ireland, Wales, Scotland and the Netherlands also hosted some games The 1987 Cricket World Cup (aka Reliance World Cup) was the fourth edition of the tournament The 1996 Cricket World Cup (aka Wills World Cup was won by Sri Lanka who beat Australia by 7 wickets at the final in Lahore. Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 held in South Africa. The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was a Twenty20 Cricket tournament which took place in South Africa from 11 September to 24 September Pakistan was chosen to host the 2008 ICC Champions Trophy cricket tournament and co-host the 2011 Cricket World Cup, with Sri Lanka, India, and Bangladesh. The 2011 Cricket World Cup will be the tenth time this tournament has been held and will be held in the four Asian Test cricket playing countries India Pakistan Other popular sports in Pakistan include football, and squash. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the Squash is another sport that Pakistanis have excelled in, with successful world-class squash players such as Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan winning the World Open several times during their careers. Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the Squash is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the game (compared with the Jahangir Khan, HI (born December 10 1963, in Karachi, Pakistan) (sometimes Jansher Khan (born 15 June 1969, in Peshawar, Pakistan) is a former World No The World Open is a squash event which serves as the individual world championship for squash players
At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International Field hockey is a Team sport in which players attempt to score goals by hitting the Ball across the pitch with a stick Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Shooting is the act or process of firing Rifles Shotguns or other projectile Weapons such as bows or Crossbows Even the firing of Pakistan's medal tally remains at 10 medals (3 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze) while at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games it stands at 61 medals and 182 medals respectively. The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a Multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, with three gold medals in (1960, 1968, and 1984). Hockey is any of a family of Sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a Ball, or a hard round rubber or heavy plastic disc called a puck The Field hockey tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy was contested from August 26 to September 9 Final results for the Hockey Competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics: Final results for the Hockey Competition at the 1984 Summer Olympics: Men's Medal Winners Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994). The Hockey World Cup, sometimes called the Hockey World Championships, is an international Field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation [82] Pakistan has also hosted several international competitions, including the SAF Games in 1989 and 2004. South Asian Games (also known as SAF Games or SAG & formerly known as South Asian Federation Games) are a bi-annual Multi-sport event held among
The Motorsport Association of Pakistan is a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The Freedom Rally is a yearly off-road race which takes place during the Independence celebrations.
Architecture
The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be designated to four distinct periods — pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium[83] B. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The third millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 3000, of the Gregorian calendar C. , an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day. Urban culture is the Culture of cities. Cities all over the world past and present have behaviors and cultural elements that separate them from otherwise comparable [84]Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest The ancient site at Kot Diji ( Urdu: کوٹ ڈیجی) was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The rise of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelt Graeco-Buddhism, refers to the cultural Syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. Gandhāra ( Sanskrit: गन्धार Urdu: گندھارا Gandḥārā; also known as Waihind in Persian is the name of an ancient An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in the northwest province. Takht-i-Bahi (or Takhtbai or Takht-i-Bahi or Takht Bahai) is a Buddhist monastic complex dating back to 1st century BC. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [85] However, a smooth transition to predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture occurred. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction The most important of the few completely discovered buildings of Persian style is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fath ( 1251 - 1335) commonly known by the title Rukn-e-Alam (pillar of the world was among the eminent Sufi ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District During the Mughal era design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Badshahi Mosque ( Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'Emperor's Mosque ' was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab The Alamgiri Gate ( عالمگيرى دروازا) built in 1673 A The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work Also the Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh originates from the epoch of the Mughals. The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near In the British colonial age predominantly representative buildings of the Indo-European style developed, from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid. The Shah Faisal Masjid ( Urdu: شاه فيصل مسجد) in Islamabad, Pakistan, is among one of the largest mosques in The world Minar-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: مينارِ پاكستان; Mīnār-ĕ Pākistān or Yadgaar-e-Pakistan) is a tall Minaret in Iqbal Mazar-e-Quaid ( Urdu: مزار قائد) or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Literature
The literature of Pakistan covers the literatures of languages spread throughout the country, namely Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi as well as English[86] in recent times and in the past often Persian as well. Pakistani literature, that is the Literature of Pakistan, as a distinct literature gradually came into being after Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign The Publishing industry of any country is the representative of the level of Literacy of its population Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Balochi (بلوچی also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Prior to the 19th century, the literature mainly consisted of lyric poetry and religious, mystical and popular materials. Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — During the colonial age the native seal under the influence of the western literature of realism took up increasingly different topics and telling forms. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Western literature refers to the Literature of the Indo-European languages, as well as several languages geographically or historically related to the Indo-European Today short stories enjoy a special popularity. [87] The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote mainly in the Persian language, and additionally in Urdu. His works are concerned mostly with Islamic philosophy. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Iqbal's most well-known work is the Persian poem volume Asrar-i-Khudi ("the secrets of the even"). Asrar-i-Khudi ( Persian:; or The Secrets of the Self; published in Persian, 1915 was the first philosophical poetry book of The most famous works of Urdu literature originated in the 14th century. Urdu literature has a long and colorful history that is inextricably tied to the development of that very language Urdu, in which it is written [88] The most well-known representative of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Faiz Ahmed Faiz ( فيض احمد فيض) (1984 - 1911 was a Pakistani poet considered to be one of the most famous modern Urdu poets Sufi Shah Abdul Latif is considered one of the most outstanding mystical poets. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف [89] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose. Shams-ul-Ulema Mirza Kalich Beg is a renowned scholar hailed for his contributions to the Sindhi literature [90] In Punjabi, naats and qawaalis are delivered. A Na`at (نعت is a Poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi The Pushto literature tradition is a cultural link between Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan. Extensive lyric poetry and epic poems have been published in Pushto. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation In Baluchi language songs and ballads are popular. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed A ballad is a Poem usually set to Music; thus it often is a story told in a Song.
Tourism
Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan, based on its diverse cultures, peoples and landscapes. [91] The variety of attractions range from the ruins of ancient civilisations such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those interested in field and winter sports. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (22,970 ft), which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially K2. Pakistan is home to more than sixty peaks above 7000 m (22960 feet K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) [92] The people of northern areas depend on tourism also. From April to September tourist of domestic and international type visited these areas which became the earn of living for local people. The northern parts of Pakistan have many old fortresses, towers and other architecture as well as the Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community, who claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great. For the article about the former Princely state, see State of Hunza Hunza Valley ( Urdu: ہنزہ is a mountainous valley near Chitral is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan that contains the town of Chitral. The Kalash ( Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range residing in the Chitral district Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' In the Punjab is the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital with many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The Battle of the Hydaspes River was a Battle fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against the Indian king Porus (Pururava "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Badshahi Mosque ( Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'Emperor's Mosque ' was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab To promote Pakistan's unique and various cultural heritage, the prime minister launched "Visit Pakistan 2007". [93][94]
Transportation
The transport system of Pakistan is extensive and varied, with considerable investment in the transportation infrastructure in recent years. Transportation in Pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages and serving a population of over 160 million people Since the 1990’s onward, the National Highway Authority has been developing a network of modern motorways that connects nearly every major city in Pakistan. The National Highway Authority is responsible for building and maintaining highways and motorways in Pakistan. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation These improvements have contributed to an acceleration of economic growth. Pakistan Railways has extensive network in Pakistan facilitating transport of freight and people. This article is about the rail company in Pakistan. For technical details and operations see ' Transport in Pakistan '. The ports have also been developing to deal with the growing demand for imports and exports. Pakistan has five international and many local airports connecting with the rest of the world.
See also
References
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- ^ Population by Mother Tongue. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ a b Population Reference Bureau: Population Clock. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
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- ^ Encarta Encyclopedia - Pakistan
- ^ Middle East Institute: Pakistan
- ^ a b c d The Kashmir region is claimed by both India and Pakistan. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Both countries and China separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani-held areas defined by the Line of Control. Names Specifically the term "Line of Control" (LOC refers to the military control line between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir(POK), while Pakistan refers to Jammu and Kashmir as Indian Occupied Kashmir. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India.
- ^ Pakistan InfoPlease
- ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (January 28, 1933). Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?. Columbia University. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (1984). Stanley Wolpert (b 1927 is an American historian who specializes in the history of India and Pakistan. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034120.
- ^ Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro
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- ^ Plutarch's Life of Alexander
- ^ Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama
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- ^ Library of Congress study of Pakistan
- ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address. Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ 1971 war summary by BBC website
- ^ http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War]
- ^ The 1991 Gulf war
- ^ Kargil conflict timeline on the BBC website
- ^ Daily Telegraph (UK) article on the 1999 coup
- ^ New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in - Accessed 25 March 2008
- ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
- ^ "Pakistan's $4.2 Billion 'Blank Check' for U.S. Military Aid, After 9/11, funding to country soars with little oversight", Center for Public Integrity, 2007-03-27. The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing original responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Ahmed Rashid. "Pakistan's uncertain year ahead", BBC News, 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ "Pakistani prime minister frees judges", AP, 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
- ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part I. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ What is Decentralization Support Program. Decentralization Support Program, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part XII. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Ian Talbot (1999). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. Macmillan, p99. ISBN 0312216068.
- ^ Monthly Summary of Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-04-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- ^ [1] Pakistan Army
- ^ The area of Pakistan proper excludes the regions administered in Kashmir URL accessed on November 03, 2006
- ^ a b Pakistan. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. World Factbook. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the CIA. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Goddard Space Flight Center (2002-05-24). The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Science Question of the Week. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Leo the snow leopard is US-bound
- ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
- ^ GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends. Gulf Research Center (2007-01-3). Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Quid Pro Quo 45 – Tales of Success (PDF). Muslim Commercial Bank of Pakistan (2007-09-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Pakistan steels itself for sell-offs. BBC News (2006-06-01). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ MSCI Regional Equity Indices. MSCI Barra. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ 7% growth achieved in FY 05–06. Daily Times of Pakistan (2006-12-01). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Pakistan Economy Registers 7% Growth Rate for 4th Consecutive Year. Pakistan Times (2007-06-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Pakistan Studies; Economy. American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved on 2006-11-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs,
- ^ a b Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP). International Monetary Fund (October 2007).
- ^ WB, UNDP question poverty estimates. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-06-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Pakistan: People. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ John Wall. Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006. World Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Country-by-Country Growth and Forecasts. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ View: Is GDP growth sustainable?. Daily Times Newspaper (2006-05-01). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-02-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ FDI to touch $7 billion by year-end: SBP governor. Daily Times of Pakistan (2007-04-01). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Foreign investment to reach $7 billion during current fiscal: Governor SBP. Pak Tribune (2007-04-01). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Technical Arguments for KBD-2 (PDF). The President of Pakistan. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Experts: Enhance economic links. People's Daily Online (2006-11-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Pakistan: Economy. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
- ^ Population Reference Bureau's 2005 World Data Sheet
- ^ International Data Base U. S. Census Bureau. URL accessed on 17 October 2006. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Government of Pakistan - National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA), NADRA Has Registered 2.15 Million Afghan Refugees, February 15, 2007. The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected
- ^ Ethnologue Western Punjabi
- ^ In Pakistan, a Big Push to Teach English; Local Versions Flourish VOA News. URL accessed on May 18, 2008. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Population by religion. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Robert Ayres, Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm, James & James/Earthscan, 1998, pp. 63. ISBN 1853834394
- ^ How Many Shia Are In The World? islamicweb. com. URL accessed on May 18, 2008. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Diagnostic Report (PDF). Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan. The British Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Medium Term Development framework 2005-10. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Structure of Pakistani Education. World Education Services. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ Ministry of Education. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ National Plan of Action. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Beinart, Peter. "Understate". The New Republic Online. July 01, 2002.
- ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
- ^ Aslam, S. M. , Expatriates to Build Better Pakistan, Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 11–17 December 2000, URL accessed March 17, 2006
- ^ Ahmed, Faish. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "U. S. Rules Give Pakistan a Windfall". Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. October 22, 2003. October 22, 2003 October 2003 - please do not remove or delink the the date header Page A18.
- ^ Hussain, Shaiq. Musharraf to focus on Palestine in Saudia visit from today. The Nation. June 25, 2005. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. URL accessed March 17, 2006
- ^ Howells, Kim. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Kim Howells arrives in Pakistan. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National). September 6, 2006. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. URL accessed October 22, 2006
- ^ Tohid, Owais Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on February 18, 2008
- ^ Pakistan to show Bollywood film. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Bharatiya Hockey
- ^ Dehejia, Vidja South Asian Art and Culture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization [2] Retrieved on February 6, 2008
- ^ Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common All Things Pakistan. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
- ^ Shamsie, Muneeza Pakistani Writers in English: A Question of Identity. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Sepia Mutiny. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Kamran, Gilani Pakistani Literature- Evolution & trends. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The South Asian. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Urdu Literature. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Culturopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2008
- ^ Shah Abdul Latif. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Story of Pakistan. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Rahman, Mahmudur Renowned scholar of Sindh. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common DAWN newspaper. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
- ^ Tourism in Pakistan (2005-10-20). Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ PTDC page on mountaineering
- ^ Visit Pakistan Year 2007. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- ^ 2007 to be ‘Visit Pakistan Year’. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-12-10). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
Further reading
- Cohen, Stephen P. The Idea of Pakistan. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
- Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
- Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. February 1998. ISBN 0-85345-734-4.
- Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7.
- Hilton, Isabel. Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code. The New Yorker. December 03, 2001. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [3]
- Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0-88729-736-6.
- Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0-19-579333-1.
- Malik, Iftikhar H. Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Minority Rights Group International. September 2002. ISBN 1-897693-69-9. [4]
- Malik, Iftikhar H. Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press. December 2005. ISBN 031333126X
- Najim, Adil. Pakistan and Democracy. The News International Pakistan. May 06, 2004. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [5]
- Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. OCLC 12177250. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Rahman, Tariq. 1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several times, latest repr. 2006.
- Rahman, Tariq . 2002. Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi: OUP.
- Rahman, Tariq . 2004. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr.
- Sharif, Shuja. Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy. Contemporary Review. March 31, 2005. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 129–134.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0.
- Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and its Aftermath. Popular Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 81-7154-892-X
- Statehood in South Asia
- Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)
External links
- Government of Pakistan
- The President of Pakistan
- The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan- Pakistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Wikia has a wiki on this subject: Pakistan
- Pakistan at the Open Directory Project
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Wikia (originally Wikicities) is a selective Free web hosting service for Wikis (or Wiki farm) operated by Wikia Inc The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
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