Citizendia

Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division)
Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division)
Ribbon of the Order of the Bath
Ribbon of the Order of the Bath

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on May 18, 1725. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Chivalric orders are orders of Knights that were created by European monarchs in imitation of the Military orders of the Crusades. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [2] The name derives from the medieval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Bathing is the immersion of the body in a Fluid, usually Water or an aqueous solution The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath. [3] George I "erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order". [4] He did not (as is often stated) revive the Order of the Bath, since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred. [5][6]

The Order consists of the Sovereign (currently HM Queen Elizabeth II), the Great Master (currently HRH The Prince of Wales),[7] and three Classes of members:[8]

Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II [9] Prior to 1815 the order had only a single class, Knights Companion (KB), which no longer exists. [10] Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis [11][12]

The Order of the Bath is the fourth-most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an Order of chivalry associated with Scotland. The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is a British Order of chivalry associated with Ireland. [13] The last of the aforementioned Orders, which relates to Ireland, still exists but has been in disuse since the formation of the Irish Free State. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by [14]

Contents

History

Knights of the Bath

A painting by Edmund Leighton depicting a fictional scene of a knight receiving the accolade
A painting by Edmund Leighton depicting a fictional scene of a knight receiving the accolade

In the Middle Ages knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. Edmund Blair Leighton ( September 21, 1853 &mdash September 1, 1922) was an English painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelite These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification)[15] during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed in order to dry. Clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. Pettie The Vigiljpg|right|thumb|200px|"A Knight's Vigil" by John Pettie]] A vigil (from the Latin vigilia, meaning wakefulness) is At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. He was then brought before the King, who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight-elect's heels, fastened a belt around his waist, then struck him on the neck (with either a hand or a sword), thus making him a knight. A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of Riding boots for the purpose of directing a Horse to move forward or laterally while riding [16] It was this "accolade" which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword,[17] or "dubbing" him, as is still done today. In the Middle Ages, the accolade (or dubbing) was the central act in the rite-of-passage ceremonies conferring Knighthood In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. [15]

From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations, investitures of the Prince of Wales or royal Dukes, and royal weddings,[18] and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath. Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other [15] Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. [19]

From at least 1625,[20] and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno (Latin for "Three joined in one"), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [21] These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear. The 'three joined in one' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held (or claimed in the case of France) by British monarchs. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge. [22] Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных [11] Nicolas quotes a source (although he is skeptical of it) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno, (three powers/gods joined in one), but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [regna] iuncta in uno (three kingdoms joined in one). [23]

Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage

Foundation of the Order

The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, England's highest heraldic officer. John Anstis ( 29 August 1669 – 4 March 1744) was an English Officer of arms and antiquarian Garter Principal King of Arms is the senior King of Arms, and the senior Officer of Arms of the College of Arms. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Sir Anthony Wagner, a recent holder of the office of Garter, wrote of Anstis's motivations:

“It was Martin Leake's[24] opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded, he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense. Sir Anthony Richard Wagner, KCB, KCVO, FSA ( 6 September, 1908 &ndash 5 May 1995) was a long-serving A herald, or more correctly a herald of arms, is an officer of arms, ranking between Pursuivant and King of arms. It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal, which was not hard, their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established, but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry, which can by no means have been easy, considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office . Earl Marshal (alternatively Marschal or Marischal) is an ancient chivalric title used separately in England, Ireland and the United Robert Walpole 1st Earl of Orford, KG, KB, PC (26 August 1676 &ndash 18 March 1745 known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else . . The main object of Anstis's next move, the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured, of ingratiating him with the all-powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. [25]”

The use of honours in the early 18th century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery achievement or service to the United Kingdom. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies, knighthoods and the Order of the Garter (or the Order of the Thistle for Scots), none of which were awarded in large numbers (the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an Order of chivalry associated with Scotland. ) The political environment was also significantly different from today:

“The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. The Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, but the choice remained his. The leader of an administration still had to command the King's personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, and other marks of Royal favour to the government's supporters. [26]”

The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position. [27] George I having agreed to Walpole's proposal, Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath. As noted above, he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath, as well as the colour of the riband and mantle, and the ceremony for creating a knight. The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter, of which he was an officer (as Garter King of Arms). [28] The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725, and the statutes issued the following week. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right The Great Seal of the Realm or Great Seal of the United Kingdom (prior to the Union the Great Seal of England, then Great Seal of Great Britain [29][30]

The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight, a Great Master and thirty-five Knights Companion. [31] Seven officers (see below) were attached to the Order. These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage, as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master, supported by fees from the knights. A sinecure (from Latin sine, without and cura, care means an office which requires or involves little or no responsibility labour or active service Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order, only a few military officers were among the initial appointments (see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath). This is a list of those men who were made Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath from the date of the Order's revival by King George I of Great Britain, 18 May They may be broken down into categories as follows (note that some are classified in more than one category):[32]

Admiral George Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order
Admiral George Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order

The majority of the new Knights Companion were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The royal household in all the early medieval monarchies of Western Europe formed the basis for the general government of the country Admiral George Brydges Rodney 1st Baron Rodney, KB ( 13 February, 1719 &ndash May 24 1792) was a British Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [33] Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights, this was not performed, and indeed was possibly never intended to be, as the original statutes contained a provision[34] allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements. The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation, which was performed in the Order's Chapel, the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey, on June 17. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church This precedent was followed until 1812, after which the Installation was also dispensed with, until its revival in the twentieth century. [35] The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847. [36]

Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period. [37][19] The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war, who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes, and whose number was not subject to any restrictions. The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France [38] Another statute, this one issued some 80 years earlier, had also added a military note to the Order. Each knight was required, under certain circumstances, to supply and support four men-at-arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year, to serve in any part of Great Britain. [39] This company was to be captained by the Great Master, who had to supply four trumpeters, and was also to appoint eight officers for this body, however the statute was never invoked. [33]

Restructuring in 1815

In 1815, with the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince Regent (later George IV) expanded the Order of the Bath

“to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions [10]”

The Order was now to consist of three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. The existing Knights Companion (of which there were 60)[40] became Knight Grand Cross; this class was limited to 72 members, of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services. The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major-General or Rear Admiral. The Knights Commander were limited to 180, exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions, up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander. They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or Post-Captain. Post-Captain is an obsolete alternative form of the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. The number of Companions was not specified, but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803. A list of about 500 names was subsequently published. [41] Two further officers were appointed, an "Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commander and Companions", and a "Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions"[10] The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order. [11]

Knights Grand Cross wear their mantles over suits in modern times. During the nineteenth century, as depicted above, they wore them over imitations of seventeenth century dress.
Knights Grand Cross wear their mantles over suits in modern times. A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment. A robe is distinguished from a Cape or Cloak by the fact that it usually has Sleeves The English During the nineteenth century, as depicted above, they wore them over imitations of seventeenth century dress.

The Victorian era

In 1847 Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland As well as removing the word 'Military' from the full name of the Order, this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments, and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established. New numerical limits were imposed, and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order. [42][43] The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual, however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony, conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order, attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible, in their Mantles. [44]

In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order. Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia (which were provided by the Crown) were to be returned on the death of the holder; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership. In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds, whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars. The decision was made to award silver stars to all members, and only require the return of the Collar. The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war. The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value. The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished, and those of Registrar and Secretary combined. [45]

The 20th century

In 1910 after his accession to the throne George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony,[19] perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George, held a few years earlier,[46] and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George [47] The Installation ceremony took place on July 22, 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel,[48][49] and Installations have been held at regular intervals since. Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members. An appeal was made to the members of the Order, and following the Installation a surplus remained. A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the 'Bath Chapel Fund', and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones. [50]

Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925, to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision. [51]

Women were admitted to the Order in 1971. [19] In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, an aunt of Elizabeth II, became the first to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross. Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester (born The Lady Alice Christabel Montagu-Douglas-Scott; 25 December 1901 &ndash 29 October 2004 was the wife of Prince Henry Duke For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II [19] Princess Alice (whose maiden name was Lady Alice Douglas-Montagu-Scott) was a direct descendant of the Order's first Great Master,[52] and her husband, who had died the previous year, had also held that office.

Senior civil servants, such as permanent secretaries, and senior members of the armed forces, such as generals, are often appointed to the order. Civil servants associated with the Foreign Office, including ambassadors, are usually appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George

Composition

Sovereign

The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy As with all honours except those in the Sovereign's personal gift,[53] the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government.

Great Master

The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master, of which there have been nine:

Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal, as the Principal Knight Companion, ranked next after the sovereign. [63] This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847. [64] The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or "some other exalted personage"; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes. [65]

Members

Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns, wearing the star, riband and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns, wearing the star, riband and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

The statutes also provide for the following:[19]

Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of Commonwealth countries. Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns GCB, KCVO, CBE (born 28 July 1939) is a former Chief of the Air Staff Members appointed to the Civil Division must "by their personal services to [the] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited . . . royal favour. "[66] Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the rank of the individual. GCBs must hold the rank of Rear Admiral, Major General or Air Vice Marshal. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Air Vice-Marshal ( AVM) is an Air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. [67] KCBs must hold the rank of Captain in the Navy, Colonel in the Army or Marines, or Group Captain in the Air Force. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Group Captain ( Gp Capt in the RAF and Indian Air Force, GPCAPT in the RNZAF and RAAF, G/C in the former [68] CBs must be of the rank of Lieutenant Commander, Major or Squadron Leader, and in addition must have been mentioned in despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation. Lieutenant Commander ( Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Navy) is a Commissioned officer rank in many navies Superior Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Squadron Leader is a commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence Non-line officers (e. g. engineers, medics) may be appointed only for meritorious service in war time. [69]

Non-Commonwealth foreigners may be made Honorary Members. [70] Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state, for example Gustav Heinemann (in 1972),[71] Ronald Reagan (in 1989), Lech Wałęsa (in 1991)[19], Fernando Henrique Cardoso, George H. W. Bush (in 1993)[72], Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008,[73] and most recently, Turkish President Abdullah Gül. Gustav Walter Heinemann GCB ( July 23, 1899 - July 7, 1976) was a German politician Fernando Henrique Cardoso, PC (born June 18, 1931) - also known by his initials FHC - was the President of the Federative Republic of George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, Abdullah Gül PhD GCB, (born October 29, 1950) is the 11th President of the Republic of Turkey, serving in that office since [74] Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order, for example Georgy Zhukov,[75] Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur during World War II,[76] and Norman Schwarzkopf[77] and Colin Powell[78] after the Gulf War. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including General H Norman Schwarzkopf (also known as '''"Stormin' Norman"''' and '''"The Bear"''') (b Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. A more controversial member of the Order is Robert Mugabe. UK Foreign Affairs Select Committee called for the removal of this honour in 2003, but no action has been taken. [79]

Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class. [80] In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances. [81]

Officers

The Order of the Bath now has six officers:

The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms of the Order of the Bath is the Herald of the Order of the Bath. The Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod is the Gentleman Usher to the Order of the Bath, established in 1725 A list of the holders of the office of Dean of Westminster. Initially the office was a successor to that of abbot of Westminster, and was for 10 years a bishopric The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as the Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is an office regulating Heraldry and granting new Armorial bearings for England, Wales The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod) perform any duties in the House of Lords. The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, generally shortened to just Black Rod, is an official in the parliaments of a number of Commonwealth countries The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords"

There were originally seven officers, each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter. The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859. [82] The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time, but revived in 1913. [83] The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859, although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century. [84] An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815,[10] but abolished in 1847. [85] The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925.

Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office. The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist, Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher, and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales. [86] This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master, while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life. [87]

Vestments and accoutrements

The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the order.
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the order.

Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations), which vary by rank:

On lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used:

The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order.
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order.

On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. [88]

The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. The Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood is a small office within the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom responsible for the All other insignia may be retained by their owners. [88]

Chapel

Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749.
Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church This is about the first and better known artist "Canaletto" for his nephew and pupil sometimes also called "Canaletto" especially in Poland and Germany see

The Chapel of the Order is Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey. The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church [91] Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the Chapel; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony. The last such service was in May 2006 and was attended by the Sovereign. [19] The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel. This article discusses Cathedral diagrams in Western Ecclesiastical architecture. Since there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB, and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs. [91] Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984, but was not installed until 2006. Marshal of the Royal Air Force David Brownrigg Craig Baron Craig of Radley, GCB, OBE (born 17 September 1929 is a retired Royal Air Force [19]

Above each stall, the occupant's heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank (if she is a peer or member of the Royal family) is used. A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring [91]

Above the crest or coronet, the knight's or dame's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. A banner is a Flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol logo slogan or other message A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties

Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Dames) throughout history.

When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel. [10] This was never implemented (despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees) primarily due to lack of space,[92] although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member's name, date of nomination, and (for the two higher classes) optionally the coat of arms. [93]

Precedence and privileges

Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence. [94] Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions. The Order of precedence in England and Wales as of 17 December 2007: Names in italics indicate higher precedence elsewhere in the table )

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders prefix "Sir," and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders prefix "Dame," to their forenames. [95] Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCB"; Knights Commanders use "KCB"; Dames Commanders use "DCB"; Companions use "CB". Post-nominal letters are letters placed after the name of a person to indicate that the individual holds a position office or honour [96]

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. [97] Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter.

Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with "two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien", as appears on the badge.

Revocation

It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy, high treason, or fleeing from battle out of cowardice. Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting. It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to "pluck down the escocheon [i. e. stallplate] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel" with "all the usual marks of infamy". [98] Only two people were ever degraded — Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816, both for political reasons, rather than any of the grounds given in the statute. Admiral Lord Sir Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquês do Maranhão GCB, RN (14 December Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated, Coote had died a few years after his degradation. [99]

Under Queen Victoria's 1847 statutes a member "convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman, or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time, shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign". The Sovereign was to be the sole judge, and also had the power to restore such members. [100]

The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled, and the entry in the register erased, by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order, on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister. Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed. [101]

William Pottinger, a senior civil servant, lost both his Order of the Bath and Royal Victorian Order in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson. John Garlick Llewellyn Poulson ( April 14, 1910 - January 31, 1993) was a disgraced British architect who caused a major

See also

For people who have been appointed to the Order of the Bath, see the following categories:

Notes

  1. ^ The word 'Military' was removed from the name by Queen Victoria in 1847. This is a list of those men who were made Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath from the date of the Order's revival by King George I of Great Britain, 18 May Letters Patent dated April 14, 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
  2. ^ Statutes 1725, although Risk says 11 May
  3. ^ Anstis, Observations, p4
  4. ^ Letters patent dated 18 May 1725, quoted in Statutes 1725
  5. ^ Wagner, Heralds of England, p 357, referring to John Anstis, who proposed the Order, says: "He had the happy inspiration of reviving this ancient name and chivalric associations, but attaching it, as it never had been before, to an Order or company of knights. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in "
  6. ^ Perkins, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, p1 "It can scarcely be claimed that a properly constituted Order existed at any time during the preceding centuries [prior to the reign of Charles II]"
  7. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 46428, page 12559, 10 December 1974. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  8. ^ Statutes 1925, article 2
  9. ^ Statutes 1925, article 5
  10. ^ a b c d e London Gazette: no. 16972, page 17, 4 January 1815. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  11. ^ a b c www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of the Bath as part of the Honours System. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  12. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 8–12
  13. ^ See, for example, the order of wear for orders and decorations, the Royal Warrant defining precedence in Scotland (London Gazette: no. 27774, pages 2012–2014, 14 March 1905. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian ) or the discussion of precedence at http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm
  14. ^ www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of St Patrick. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  15. ^ a b c Risk, History of the Order of the Bath, p6
  16. ^ The Manner of making Knights after the custom of England in time of peace and at the Coronation, that is Knights of the Bath, quoted in Perkins, pp 5–14
  17. ^ According to Anstis (Observations, p73) such knights were sometimes known as Knights of the Sword or Knights of the Carpet
  18. ^ Anstis, p66
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i www.royal.gov.uk feature article on the Order of the Bath. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  20. ^ Risk, p114
  21. ^ Nicolas, History of the orders of knighthood of the British empire, p38–9
  22. ^ The later usage by the Order of the Bath does not make things any clearer. The presence of the rose, thistle and shamrock (symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland respectively) in the Collar supports the above claim. The shamrocks however were not added until the 19th century, probably as a result of a suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, who in his proposal observed that the presence of the shamrock would "greatly augment the meaning of the motto" (Risk, p 115). Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of A further explanation for the crowns is provided in the 1725 statutes of the Order. The coat of arms which was to appear on the Order's seal (Azure three imperial crowns Or, that is, three gold imperial crowns on a blue background) was described as being anciently attributed to King Arthur. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people
  23. ^ Nicolas, p 38, quoting Bishop Kennet Register and Chronicle Ecclesiastical and Civil from the Restoration of King Charles II faithfully taken from the manuscripts of the Lord Bishop of Peterborough, (1728) p410
  24. ^ Garter King of Arms from 1754 to 1773, and an officer of arms for some 25 years before that
  25. ^ Wagner, pp348, 357
  26. ^ Risk, p2
  27. ^ In the words of his son, Horace Walpole, "The Revival of the Order of the Bath was a measure of Sir Robert Walpole, and was an artful bank of favours in lieu of places. An officer of arms is a person appointed by a sovereign or State with authority to perform one or more of the following functions to control and initiate He meant to stave off the demand for Garters, and intended that the Red [i. e. the Order of the Bath] should be a step to the Blue [the Order of the Garter]; and accordingly took one of the former for himself. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients " Horace Walpole, Reminiscences (1788)
  28. ^ Nicolas, p237–8, Footnote
  29. ^ Risk, p4
  30. ^ Statutes 1725
  31. ^ Statutes 1725, article 2
  32. ^ Risk, p15,16
  33. ^ a b Risk, p16
  34. ^ Statutes 1725, article 6, the same article which state "[the Great Master shall] take especial care that . . . the antient Rituals belonging to this Knighthood be observed with the greatest Exactness"
  35. ^ No Installation had been held between 1812 and the coronation of George IV in 1821, by which time the number of knights exceeded the number of stalls in the chapel. In order to allow the knights to wear their collars at the coronation (which they could not do until installed) they were dispensed from the Installation, and this precedent was subsequently followed. (Risk, p43)
  36. ^ Risk, p10
  37. ^ Risk, p20
  38. ^ Statute dated 8 May 1812, quoted in Statutes 1847
  39. ^ Statute dated 20 April 1727, quoted in Statutes 1847
  40. ^ The Times, 10 January 1815, p3
  41. ^ London Gazette: no. 17061, pages 1877–1882, 16 September 1815. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  42. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847
  43. ^ The document by which the Prince Regent modified the structure of the Order in 1815 was a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual. The royal sign manual is the formal name given in the United Kingdom to the autograph signature of the Sovereign This is of lesser authority than Letters Patent under the Great Seal, by which the Order and its Statutes were originally established. It had been questioned on a number of occasions whether the Statutes of the Order could be modified by anything less than such Letters Patent. The 1847 Letters Patent retroactively confirmed the validity of the 1815 document and the subsequent appointments to the Order
  44. ^ Risk, p61
  45. ^ Risk, p70
  46. ^ Risk, p89
  47. ^ Perkins, p122
  48. ^ Risk, p92
  49. ^ Perkins, p124–131
  50. ^ Risk, p95–6
  51. ^ 16 in Queen Victoria's reign, 6 in Edward VII's and 19 in George V's. (Risk, p97)
  52. ^ Risk, p102
  53. ^ The Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order
  54. ^ London Gazette: no. 6376, page 1, 25 May 1725. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1725 ( MDCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  55. ^ Nicolas, Appendix p. lxx gives the first four Great Masters, although he considers the latter three to have only been acting Great Masters
  56. ^ London Gazette: no. 19570, page 3309, 19 December 1837. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  57. ^ London Gazette: no. 19592, page 407, 23 February 1838. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  58. ^ Prince Albert was appointed acting Great Master sometime in 1843, and the appointment was made substantive by the 1847 Statutes, article 4. Risk says that he was appointed acting Great Master on March 31, 1843, however The Times, reporting the death of the Duke of Sussex (April 22 1843, pp4–5) says that the office of acting Great Master became vacant on his death. At any rate when the executors of the Duke of Sussex delivered his insignia together with the seal and statutes to the Queen on June 20 (The Times, 21 June 1843, p6) Prince Albert was then acting Great Master.
  59. ^ London Gazette: no. 20737, pages 1947–1957, 25 May 1847. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  60. ^ The Times, 22 June 1897, p10
  61. ^ London Gazette: no. 27289, page 1414, 26 February 1901. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  62. ^ The Times, 25 February 1942, p7
  63. ^ Statutes 1725, article 4
  64. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
  65. ^ Statutes 1925, article 5
  66. ^ Statutes 1925, article 9
  67. ^ Statutes 1925, article 8
  68. ^ Statutes 1925, article 10
  69. ^ Statutes 1925, article 12
  70. ^ Statutes 1925, article 15
  71. ^ The Times, 25 October 1972, p21
  72. ^ The Times, 1 December 1993, p24
  73. ^ Nicolas Sarkozy awarded honorary title
  74. ^ Queen cherishes UK-Turkey ties (Turkish). Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Turkish Daily News. The Turkish Daily News is a Turkish daily. It was established in March 1961 and is considered Turkey's first and largest English-language daily Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
  75. ^ The Times, Issue 50193; July 13, 1945; pg. 4; col A
  76. ^ The Times, May 27, 1943, p4
  77. ^ The Times, 21 May 1991
  78. ^ Biography of Colin Powell. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  79. ^ Daily Mail The battle to ban Mugabe's men retrieved July 7, 2007
  80. ^ Statutes 1925, article 18
  81. ^ "In the event of any future wars or of any action or services civil or military meriting peculiar honour and reward. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. . . to increase the numbers in any of the said classes and in any of the said divisions". Statutes 1925, article 17
  82. ^ Risk, p70
  83. ^ Risk, p93
  84. ^ Risk, pp13, 70
  85. ^ Statutes 1847, article 15
  86. ^ Statute dated 17 January 1726 (according to Risk, p14). Both the 1812 and 1847 editions of the Statutes give the date as 17 January 1725, but this is most probably a misprint since the Order was not founded until May 1725, and the additional statute also specified the office holders by name.
  87. ^ Risk, p14
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h i Statutes 1925, article 23
  89. ^ The hat was formerly of white satin (Statutes 1725, article 8), but was changed to black velvet at the command of George IV for his coronation (Nicolas, p198). The hat is not explicitly specified in the 1847 or 1925 statutes
  90. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 23,24,25
  91. ^ a b c Statutes 1925, article 21
  92. ^ Risk, p40
  93. ^ Statutes 1847, article 18
  94. ^ Statutes 1925, article 22
  95. ^ Statutes 1925, article 20
  96. ^ www.honours.gov.uk summary of the Orders of Chivalry. The postnominal letters are not mentioned in the Statutes of the Order
  97. ^ Statutes 1925, article 28
  98. ^ Statutes 1725 art 3
  99. ^ Risk, p30
  100. ^ Statutes 1847, article 26
  101. ^ Statutes 1925, article 30

References

External links

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