Citizendia

For other people, places or with similar names of Khayam, see Khayyam (disambiguation).
"Omar the Tentmaker" redirects here. For the film featuring Boris Karloff, see Omar the Tentmaker (film). Boris Karloff ( 23 November, &ndash 2 February,) was an English actor who emigrated to Canada in the 1910s Omar the Tentmaker is a 1922 Drama film directed by James Young and featuring Boris Karloff.


Ghiyās od-Dīn Abol-Fath Omār ibn Ebrāhīm Khayyām Neyshābūri (Persian: غیاث الدین ابو الفتح عمر بن ابراهیم خیام نیشابوری) (born Neyshābūr, Persia, May 18, 1048 – died December 4, 1122) was a Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer who lived in Persia. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot Greater Iran (in Irān-e Bozorg, or fa ایران‌زمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Greater Iran (in Irān-e Bozorg, or fa ایران‌زمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent His name is also given as Omar al-Khayyami[1].


Portrait of Khayyam at his Mausoleum in Neyshabur
Name
Omar Khayyám
BirthMay 18, 1048
DeathDecember 4, 1122
School/traditionPersian mathematics, Persian poetry, Persian philosophy
Main interestsPoetry, Mathematics, Philosophy, Astronomy
Influenced byAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna

He is best known for his poetry, and outside Iran, for the quatrains (rubaiyaas) in Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, popularized through Edward Fitzgerald's re-created translation. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born A quatrain is a Poem, or a Stanza within a poem that consists always of four lines Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( Persian: رباعیات عمر خیام The Rubáiyát ( Arabic: رباعیات is a collection of Poems Edward Marlborough FitzGerald ( 31 March 1809 &ndash 14 June 1883) was an English Writer, best known as the Poet His substantial mathematical contributions include his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra, which gives a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle[2]. In Geometry, a hyperbola ( Greek, "over-thrown" has several equivalent definitions Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the He also contributed to calendar reform and may have proposed a heliocentric theory well before Copernicus. A calendar reform is any significant revision of a Calendar system In Astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System.

Contents

Early life

Khayyam, a Shi'a Muslim[3][4], was born in Nishapur, then a Seljuk capital in Khorasan (present Northeast Iran), rivalling Cairo or Baghdad. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous He is thought to have been born into a family of tent makers (literally, al-khayyami means "tent maker"); later in life he would make this into a play on words:

Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science,
Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned,
The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life,
And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing! [2]

He spent part of his childhood in the town of Balkh (present northern Afghanistan), studying under the well-known scholar Sheik Muhammad Mansuri. Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Subsequently, he studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was considered one of the greatest teachers of the Khorassan region.

According to a well-known legend called Three Schoolmates, two other exceptional students studied under the Imam Mowaffaq at about the same time: Nizam-ul-Mulk (b. For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad. 1018), who went on to become the Vizier to the Seljukid Empire, and Hassan-i-Sabah (b. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Hassan-i Sabbāh (حسن صباح حسن الصباح Hassan aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ, c 1034), who became the leader of the Hashshashin (Nizar Ismaili) sect. The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, Hashasheen or Assassins) were an offshoot of the Ismā'īlī sect of Shia It was said that these students became friends, and after Nizam-ul-Mulk became Vizier, Hassan-i-Sabah and Omar Khayyám each went to him, and asked to share in his good fortune. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Hassan-i-Sabah demanded and was granted a place in the government, but he was ambitious, and was eventually removed from power after he participated in an unsuccessful effort to overthrow his benefactor, the Vizier. Omar Khayyám was more modest and asked merely for a place to live, study science, and pray. He was granted a yearly pension of 1,200 mithkals of gold from the treasury of Nishapur. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. The mithkal (in Persian and Arabic مثقال is a unit of Weight that is used in Iran, mostly for weighing Gold. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. He lived on this pension for the rest of his life.

The authenticity of this legend is dubious and is rejected by many scholars (e. g. Foroughi and Aghaeipour)[5], in part due to the 30 year age difference between Khayyam and Nizam-ul-Mulk, which makes it unlikely for the two to have attended school together, also considering the fact that the three men grew up in different parts of the country. Mohammad Ali Foroughi Zoka-ol-Molk (, b 1877 - d 1943) was a politician and Prime Minister of Iran. Farzaneh Aghaeipour (فرزانه آقايي پور is an Iranian playwright author and activist The popularity and spread of the legend however, is notable and could perhaps be explained by the fact that the three men were the most prominent figures of their time and represented three dominant approaches to reform and betterment of the society, namely, scientific discovery, represented by Khayyam, armed rebellion, represented by Hassan-i-Sabah, and strengthening the power establishment and the rule of law and order, represented by Nizam-ul-Mulk.

Mathematician

Tomb of Omar Khayyam in Neishapur, Iran.
Tomb of Omar Khayyam in Neishapur, Iran. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Omar Khayyam was famous during his times as a mathematician. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. He wrote the influential Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Arabic Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders:

From the Indians one has methods for obtaining square and cube roots, methods which are based on knowledge of individual cases, namely the knowledge of the squares of the nine digits 12, 22, 32 (etc. In Mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose In Mathematics, a cube root of a number denoted \sqrt{x} or x1/3 is a number a such that a 3 =  x ) and their respective products, i. e. 2 × 3 etc. We have written a treatise on the proof of the validity of those methods and that they satisfy the conditions. In addition we have increased their types, namely in the form of the determination of the fourth, fifth, sixth roots up to any desired degree. No one preceded us in this and those proofs are purely arithmetic, founded on the arithmetic of The Elements. Euclid's Elements ( Greek:) is a mathematical and geometric Treatise consisting of 13 books written by the Greek - Omar Khayyam: Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra[6]

His method for solving cubic equations worked by intersecting a conic section with a circle (examples[7]). This article discusses cubic equations in one variable For a discussion of cubic equations in two variables see Elliptic curve. In Mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) is a Curve obtained by intersecting a cone (more precisely a circular Conical surface Circles are simple Shapes of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are at a constant Distance, called the Although this approach had been used earlier by Menaechmus and others, Khayyám provided a generalization extending it to all cubics with positive roots. There is also a Menaechmus in Plautus ' play The Menaechmi. Menaechmus (Μέναιχμος 380 – 320 BC was a Greek In addition he discovered the binomial expansion. In Mathematics, the binomial theorem is an important Formula giving the expansion of powers of Sums Its simplest version says His method for solving quadratic equations is also similar to what is used today.

In the Treatise he also wrote on the triangular array of binomial coefficients known as Pascal's triangle. In Mathematics, the binomial coefficient \tbinom nk is the Coefficient of the x   k term in the Polynomial \begin{matrix}&&&&&1\\&&&&1&&1\\&&&1&&2&&1\\&&1&&3&&3&&1\\&1&&4&&6&&4&&1\end{matrix In 1077, Omar wrote Sharh ma ashkala min musadarat kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid). Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry An important part of the book is concerned with Euclid's famous parallel postulate, which had also attracted the interest of Thabit ibn Qurra. (836 in Harran, Mesopotamia &ndash February 18, 901 in Baghdad) was an Arab astronomer, mathematician Al-Haytham had previously attempted a demonstration of the postulate; Omar's attempt was a distinct advance, and his criticisms made their way to Europe, and may have contributed to the eventual development of non-Euclidean geometry. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized In mathematics non-Euclidean geometry describes how this all works--> hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry

Omar Khayyám also had other notable work in geometry, specifically on the theory of proportions. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position

Astronomer

Like most mathematicians of the period, Omar Khayyám was also famous as an astronomer. Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena In 1073, the Seljuk dynasty Sultan Sultan Jalal al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 1072-92), invited Khayyám to build an observatory, along with various other distinguished scientists. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Jalāl al-Dawlah Mālikshāh or simply Malik Shah ( Persian: fa ملكشاه Turkish: Melikşah) (died 1092 was the An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events Eventually, Khayyám and his colleagues measured the length of the solar year as 365. A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons as seen from Earth 24219858156 days (correct to six decimal places). This calendric measurement has only an 1 hour error every 5,500 years, whereas the Gregorian Calendar, adopted in Europe four centuries later, has a 1 day error in every 3,330 years, but is easier to calculate. The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today

Calendar Reform

Statue of Omar Khayam in Iran.
Statue of Omar Khayam in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Omar Khayyam was part of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian calendar, largely based on ideas from the Hindu calendar. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah I accepted this corrected calendar as the official Persian calendar[8]. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,

This calendar was known as Jalali calendar after the Sultan, and was in force across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical Greater Iran (in Irān-e Bozorg, or fa ایران‌زمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term It is the basis of the Iranian calendar which is followed today in Iran and Afghanistan. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical While the Jalali calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian, it is based on actual solar transit, (similar to Hindu calendars), and requires an Ephemeris for calculating dates. The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as An ephemeris (plural ephemerides; from the Greek word ἐφήμερος ephemeros "daily" is a table of values that gives the positions of The lengths of the months can vary between 29 and 32 days depending on the moment when the sun crossed into a new zodiacal area (an attribute common to most Hindu calendars). Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as This meant however, that seasonal errors were lower than in the Gregorian calendar.

The modern day Iranian calendar standardizes the month lengths based on a reform from 1925, thus minimizing the effect of solar transits. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Seasonal errors are somewhat higher than in the Jalali version, but leap years are calculated as before.

Omar Khayyám also built a star map (now lost), which was famous in the Persian and Islamic world. A star chart is a map of the Night sky. Astronomers divide these into grids to easily use them layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Heliocentric Theory

It is said that Omar Khayyam also estimated and proved to an audience that included the then-prestigious and most respected scholar Imam Ghazali, that the universe is not moving around earth as was believed by all at that time. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy By constructing a revolving platform and simple arrangement of the star charts lit by candles around the circular walls of the room, he demonstrated that earth revolves on its axis, bringing into view different constellations throughout the night and day (completing a one-day cycle). He also elaborated that stars are stationary objects in space which if moving around earth would have been burnt to cinders due to their large mass. Some of these ideas may have been transmitted to Western science after the Renaissance.

Poet

Main article: Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyám's poetic work has eclipsed his fame as a mathematician and scientist. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( Persian: رباعیات عمر خیام The Rubáiyát ( Arabic: رباعیات is a collection of Poems

He is believed to have written about a thousand four-line verses or quatrains (rubaai's). In the English-speaking world, he was introduced through the The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám which are rather free-wheeling English translations by Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883). Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( Persian: رباعیات عمر خیام The Rubáiyát ( Arabic: رباعیات is a collection of Poems Edward Marlborough FitzGerald ( 31 March 1809 &ndash 14 June 1883) was an English Writer, best known as the Poet Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Other translations of parts of the rubáiyát (rubáiyát meaning "quatrains") exist, but Fitzgerald's are the most well known. Translations also exist in languages other than English.

Ironically, Fitzgerald's translations reintroduced Khayyam to Iranians "who had long ignored the Neishapouri poet. " A 1934 book by one of Iran's most prominent writers, Sadeq Hedayat, Songs of Khayyam, (Taranehha-ye Khayyam) is said have "shaped the way a generation of Iranians viewed" the poet. Sadeq (or Sadegh) Hedayat (in Persian: صادق هدایت February 17 1903, Tehran &mdash 4 April, 1951 [9]

Omar Khayyam's personal beliefs are not known with certainty, but much is discernible from his poetic oeuvre.

Poetry

(These poems were translated by Edward FitzGerald and are potentially more revealing of the thoughts of Edward than Omar. Edward Marlborough FitzGerald ( 31 March 1809 &ndash 14 June 1883) was an English Writer, best known as the Poet )

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 12th century Persian poet and philosopher
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 12th century Persian poet and philosopher

And, as the Cock crew, those who stood before
  The Tavern shouted - "Open then the Door!
You know how little time we have to stay,
  And once departed, may return no more. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( Persian: رباعیات عمر خیام The Rubáiyát ( Arabic: رباعیات is a collection of Poems "

Alike for those who for TO-DAY prepare,
  And that after a TO-MORROW stare,
A Muezzin from the Tower of Darkness cries
  "Fools! your reward is neither Here nor There!"

Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss'd
  Of the Two Worlds so learnedly, are thrust
Like foolish Prophets forth; their Words to Scorn
  Are scatter'd, and their mouths are stopt with Dust.

Oh, come with old Khayyam, and leave the Wise
  To talk; one thing is certain, that Life flies;
One thing is certain, and the Rest is Lies;
  The Flower that once has blown for ever dies.

Myself when young did eagerly frequent
  Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument
About it and about: but evermore
  Came out of the same Door as I went.

With them the Seed of Wisdom did I sow,
  And with my own hand labour'd it to grow:
And this was all the Harvest that I reap'd -
  "I came like Water, and like Wind I go. "

Into this Universe, and why not knowing,
  Nor whence, like Water willy-nilly flowing:
And out of it, as Wind along the Waste,
  I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing.

The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
  Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
  Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.

And that inverted Bowl we call The Sky,
  Whereunder crawling coop't we live and die,
Lift not thy hands to It for help - for It
  Rolls impotently on as Thou or I.

Views on religion

"At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam", by Jay Hambidge.
"At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam", by Jay Hambidge. Jay Hambidge (1867&ndash1924 was an American artist born in Canada.

Despite a strong Islamic training, it is clear that Omar Khayyam himself was undevout and had no sympathy with popular religion,[10] but was not by any means an atheist, as suggested by the verse: "Enjoy wine and women and don't be afraid, God has compassion". Some religious Iranians have argued that Khayyam's references to intoxication in the Rubaiyat were actually the intoxication of the religious worshiper with his Divine Beloved - a Sufi conceit. This however, is reportedly a minority opinion dismissed as wishful pious thinking by most Iranians. [11]

It is almost certain that Khayyám objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention. Nor did he believe in an afterlife with a Judgment Day or rewards and punishments. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived Instead, he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life. A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i One hostile orthodox account of him shows him as "versed in all the wisdom of the Greeks" and as insistent that studying science on Greek lines is necessary. [10] He came into conflict with religious officials several times, and had to explain his views on Islam on multiple occasions; there is even one story about a treacherous pupil who tried to bring him into public odium. The contemporary Ibn al Kifti wrote that Omar Khayyam "performed pilgrimages not from piety but from fear" of his contemporaries who divined his unbelief. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world [10]

Khayyám's disdain of Islam in general and its various aspects such as eschatology, Islamic taboos and divine revelation are clearly visible in his writings, particularly the quatrains, which as a rule reflect his intrinsic conclusions describing those who claim to receive God's word as maggot-minded fanatics (via Le Gallienne's translation):[12]

Allah, perchance, the secret word might spell;
If Allah be, He keeps His secret well;
 What He hath hidden, who shall hope to find?
Shall God His secret to a maggot tell?
…
The Koran! well, come put me to the test—
Lovely old book in hideous error drest—
 Believe me, I can quote the Koran too,
The unbeliever knows his Koran best. Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture Richard Le Gallienne (1866 - 1947 was an English Man of letters, closely associated with the literary world of London in the 1890s after that he resided in the USA without
 
And do you think that unto such as you,
A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew,
 God gave the secret, and denied it me?—
Well, well, what matters it! believe that too.

Although a great number of quatrains erroneously attributed to Khayyam manifest a more colorful irreligiousness and hedonism, nevertheless, the number of his original quatrains that advocate laws of nature and deny the idea of resurrection and eternal life readily outweigh others that express the slightest devotion or praise to God or Islamic beliefs. A physical law or scientific law is a Scientific generalization based on empirical Observations of physical behavior (i This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general Immortality (or eternal life) is the concept of living in physical or spiritual form for an Infinite length of Time. The following two quatrains are representative of numerous others that serve to reject many tenets of Islamic dogma:

O Mullah, We (people) do much more work than you / Even when we are drunk, we are still more sober than you / You drink people's blood and we drink the grape's blood [wine] / Let's be fair, which one of us is more immoral?
O Mullah, We (people) do much more work than you / Even when we are drunk, we are still more sober than you / You drink people's blood and we drink the grape's blood [wine] / Let's be fair, which one of us is more immoral?
خيام اگر ز باده مستى خوش باش
با ماه رخى اگر نشستى خوش باش
چون عاقبت كار جهان نيستى است
انگار كه نيستى، چو هستى خوش باش

which translates in Fitzgerald's work as:

And if the Wine you drink, the Lip you press,
End in the Nothing all Things end in — Yes —
Then fancy while Thou art, Thou art but what
Thou shalt be — Nothing — Thou shalt not be less.

A more literal translation could read:

If with wine you are drunk be happy,
If seated with a moon-faced (beautiful), be happy,
Since the end purpose of the universe is nothing-ness;
Hence picture your nothing-ness, then while you are, be happy!

آنانكه ز پيش رفته‌اند اى ساقى

درخاك غرور خفته‌اند اى ساقى
رو باده خور و حقيقت از من بشنو
باد است هرآنچه گفته‌اند اى ساقى

which Fitzgerald has boldy interpreted as:

Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss’d
Of the Two Worlds so learnedly — are thrust
Like foolish Prophets forth; their Words to Scorn
Are scatter’d, and their Mouths are stopt with Dust.

A literal translation, in an ironic echo of "all is vanity", could read:

Those who have gone forth, thou cup-bearer,
Have fallen upon the dust of pride, thou cup-bearer,
Drink wine and hear from me the truth:
(Hot) air is all that they have said, thou cup-bearer.

Legacy

A lunar crater Omar Khayyam was named after him in 1970. This is a list of craters on the Moon. The large majority of these features are Impact craters The crater nomenclature is governed by the International Omar Khayyam is a lunar crater that is located just beyond the northwestern limb of the Moon, on the far side from the Earth. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A minor planet 3095 Omarkhayyam discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1980 is named after him. Minor planet is a term used since the 19th century to describe objects such as Asteroids that are in Orbit around the Sun but are not Planets 3095 Omarkhayyam (1980 RT2 is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid discovered on September 08, 1980 by L The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [13]

In popular culture

Historical fiction

Cultural references

References

  1. ^ "Omar Khayyam". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits   Gives his name as Ghiyath al-Din Abu al-Fath 'Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami (the last two differ from the version here), and lists mathematician before poet in his identity.
  2. ^ a b Omar Khayyam. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  3. ^ Yahya Amrajani, Iran p. 81
  4. ^ Shirlee Emmons, Researching the song p. 257
  5. ^ Omar Khayam (in Persian) (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
  6. ^ Muslim extraction of roots. Mactutor History of Mathematics.
  7. ^ June Jones. Omar Khayyam and a Geometric Solution of the Cubic.
  8. ^ "Omar Khayyam". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. . (2001-05). Retrieved on 2007-06-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem  Here Omar Khayyam is described as "poet and mathematician", i. e. poet appearing first.
  9. ^ Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p. 110
  10. ^ a b c Robertson (1914). John Mackinnon Robertson ( 14 November 1856 - 5 January 1933) was a prolific journalist advocate of rationalism and Secularism "Freethought under Islam", A Short History of Freethough, Ancient and Modern Volume I (Elibron Classics). Watts & Co. , London, 263. ISBN 0543851907.  “A hostile orthodox account of him, written in the thirteenth century, represents him as "versed in all the wisdom of the Greeks," and as wont to insist on the necessity of studying science on Greek lines. Of his prose works, two, which were stand authority, dealt respectively with precious stones and climatology. Beyond question the poet-astronomer was undevout; and his astronomy doubtless helped to make him so. One contemporary writes: "I did not observe that he had any great belief in astrological predictions; nor have I seen or heard of any of the great (scientists) who had such belief. " In point of fact he was not, any more than Abu';-Ala, a convinced atheist, but he had no sympathy with popular religion. "He gave his adherence to no religious sect. Agnosticism, not faith, is the keynote of his works. " Among the sects he saw everywhere strife and hatred in which he could have no part. ” 
  11. ^ Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p. 110
  12. ^ Hitchens (2007). Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is a British Author, Journalist, Literary critic and American The Portable Atheist. Da Capo, 10. ISBN 0306816083.  “The most celebrated translation of his immortal Rubáiyát into English was done by Edward Fitzgerald, but the verses rendered by Richard Le Gallienne are sometimes better at conveying the pungency that underlies the ironic charm of these quatrains. Edward Fitzgerald may refer to Edward FitzGerald 7th Duke of Leinster Lord Edward FitzGerald, Irish revolutionary Richard Le Gallienne (1866 - 1947 was an English Man of letters, closely associated with the literary world of London in the 1890s after that he resided in the USA without ” 
  13. ^ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names - p.255

Other References

See also

External links

Persondata
NAMEKhayyám, Omar
ALTERNATIVE NAMESThe Tentmaker; Khayyam, Omar;Chayyām, Omar;Omar-e Khayyam
SHORT DESCRIPTIONPersian poet and mathematician
DATE OF BIRTHMay 18, 1048
PLACE OF BIRTHNishapur, Persia (Iran)
DATE OF DEATHDecember 4, 1131
PLACE OF DEATH

Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
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