Synthetic motor oil being poured. Motor oil, or engine oil, is an Oil used for lubrication of various Internal combustion engines While the main function is to lubricate Moving

An oil is a substance that is in a viscous liquid state ("oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic, (immiscible with water, lit. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as water fearing) and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or This general definition includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated chemical structures, properties, and uses, including vegetable oils, petrochemical oils, and volatile essential oils. Chemical structure refers to Molecular geometry, Electronic structure and Crystal structure. A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a Chemical reaction; that is any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's Petrochemistry is the branch of Chemistry that studies the transformation of Crude oil ( Petroleum) and Natural gas into useful products and raw An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Oil is a nonpolar substance. "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here

Etymology

Oil is a non-scientific term used to refer to certain diverse and unrelated compounds sharing the same physical properties (such as viscosity and a hydrophobic nature), while ignoring related compounds. The compounds found in cooking oil are chemically very similar, almost identical, to those found in butter and very different from those found in diesel fuel, but while diesel is an oil, butter is not. Cooking oil is purified Fat of Plant or Animal origin which is liquid at room temperature Indeed diesel is once again very similar to natural gas, but gas is certainly not oil. This disparity stems partly from the fact that oils must be liquid at room temperature, and thus only certain liquid chemicals in many unrelated families are recognised, collectively, as 'oil'. Scientists, instead of using the term 'oil', adopt the terms lipids and other terms to denote them instead. Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble

Types of oils

Mineral oil

All oils, with their high carbon and hydrogen content, can be traced back to organic sources or space. ^[1][2] Mineral oils, found in porous rocks underground, are no exception, as they were originally the organic material, such as dead plankton, accumulated on the seafloor in geologically ancient times. Through various geochemical processes this material was converted to mineral oil, or petroleum, and its components, such as kerosene, paraffin waxes, gasoline, diesel and such. The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other Planets chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid In chemistry paraffin is the common name for the Alkane Hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H2 n +2 Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum These are classified as mineral oils as they do not have an organic origin on human timescales, and are instead derived from underground geologic locations, ranging from rocks, to underground traps, to sands.

Other oily substances can also be found in the environment, the most well-known being asphalt, occurring naturally underground or, where there are leaks, in tar pits . Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum A tar pit, or more accurately known as an asphalt pit, is a geological occurrence where subterranean Bitumen leaks to the surface creating a large

Petroleum and other mineral oils, (specifically labelled as petrochemicals), have become such a crucial resource to human civilization in modern times they are often referred to by the ubiquitous term of 'oil' itself. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin

Organic oils

Oils are also produced by plants, animals and other organisms through organic processes, and these oils are remarkable in their diversity. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Oil is a somewhat vague term to use chemically, and the scientific term for oils, fats, waxes, cholesterol and other oily substances found in living things and their secretions, is lipids. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble

Lipids, ranging from waxes to steroids, are somewhat hard to characterize, and are united in a group almost solely based on the fact that they all repel, or refuse to dissolve, in water, and are however comfortably miscible in other liquid lipids. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble They also have a high carbon and hydrogen content, and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

Applications

Food oils

Many edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various in cooking and food preparation. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Cooking oil is purified Fat of Plant or Animal origin which is liquid at room temperature Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Frying is the Cooking of food in Oil or Fat, a technique that originated in ancient Egypt around 2500BC Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods e. g Stir Fry. Stir frying is an Umbrella term used to describe two fast Chinese cooking techniques chǎo ( 炒) and bào ( 爆)

Health advantages are claimed for a number of specific oils such as omega 3 oils (fish oil, flaxseed oil, etc) and evening primrose oil. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that Fish oil is Oil derived from the tissues of Oily fish. Fish oil is recommended for a healthy diet because it contains the Omega-3 Linseed oil, also known as flax seed oil or simply flax oil, is a clear to yellowish Drying oil derived from the dried ripe seeds of the Flax

Trans fats, often produced by hydrogenating vegetable oils, are known to be harmful to health. Trans fat is the common name for a type of Unsaturated fat with trans - isomer Fatty acid (s Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2

Fuel

Almost all oils burn in air generating heat, which can be used directly, or converted into other forms of energy by various means, for example, heating water into steam which is funneled into a turbine which turns a huge magnet. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός This spins and generates electricity. Oils are used as fuels for heating, lighting (e. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy g. kerosene lamp), powering combustion engines, and other purposes. The kerosene lamp (widely known in Britain as a paraffin lamp) is any type of lighting device which uses Kerosene (paraffin as a fuel Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Oils used for this purpose nowadays are usually derived from petroleum, (fuel oil, diesel oil, petrol (gasoline), etc), though biological oils such as biodiesel are gaining market share. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from Petroleum Distillation, either as a distillate or a residue Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by

Heat transport

Many oils have higher boiling points than water and are electrical insulators, making them useful for liquid cooling systems, especially where electricity is used. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current.

Lubrication

Due to their non-polarity, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes oil useful as lubricant for various engineering purposes. A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving Mineral oils are more suitable than biological oils, which degrade rapidly in most environmental conditions.

Painting

Color pigments can be easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as supporting medium for paints. In Chemistry, A suspension is a Heterogenous fluid containing Solid particles that are sufficiently large for Sedimentation. Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil. The slow drying process and miscibility of oil facilitates a realistic style. This method has been used since the 15th century.

Petrochemicals

Main article: Petrochemicals

Crude oil can be processed into plastics and other substances. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products

Other Usages

Sulfuric acid has been called oil of vitriol in pre-scientific times, due to its syrupy consistency. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Even in modern times, sulfuric acid is sometimes called vitriolic acid, and caustic personalities are called "vitriolic. " Sulfuric acid is not a petrochemical, and in modern parlance, is not an oil.

Religion

Oils have been used throughout history as a fragrant or religious medium. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Oil is often seen as a spiritually purifying agent. It is used in religious ceremonies, such as chrism or baptism. Chrism (Greek word literally meaning "an anointing" also called "Myrrh" ( Myron) "Holy Oil" or "Consecrated Oil" is a Consecrated In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted

References

See also

• Emulsifier, allow oils and water to mix
• Oil pollution
• Wax, compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperature