Citizendia

Northern Illinois University shooting
Northern Illinois University shooting
Entrance to Cole Hall, morning after the shootings
LocationDeKalb, Illinois, United States
DateThursday, February 14, 2008
3:05 p. DeKalb is a city in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 39018 at the 2000 census. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common m. (CST)
Attack typeSchool shooting, murder-suicide
Weapon(s)Remington 870 shotgun,[1] 9 mm Glock, 2 other handguns[2]
Deaths6 (including the perpetrator)
Injured18
PerpetratorSteven Phillip Kazmierczak

The Northern Illinois University shooting was an incident that took place on February 14, 2008, during which a gunman shot multiple people on the campus of Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois; five of his victims were killed, eighteen were wounded. The Central Time Zone observes Standard time by subtracting six hours from UTC during standard time ( UTC−6) and five hours during Daylight saving School shooting is a term used to refer to Gun violence primarily in educational institutions especially the Mass murder or Spree killing of people connected A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before or at the same time as killing him or herself The Remington Model 870 is a US -made Pump-action shotgun manufactured by Remington Arms Company Inc A shotgun (also known as a scattergun) is a Firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number Glock GmbH (trademarked as GLOCK) is a weapons manufacturer of handguns that are trade marked as "Safe Action Pistols Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Northern Illinois University (NIU is a Public university located in DeKalb Illinois. DeKalb is a city in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 39018 at the 2000 census.

The incident happened on the campus's Cole Hall at approximately 3:05 p. m. local time. [3] The school placed the campus on lockdown; students and teachers were advised to head to a secure location, take cover, and avoid the scene and all buildings in the vicinity of the area. [4] Six people died in the incident, including the perpetrator, making it the fourth-deadliest university shooting in United States history, after the Virginia Tech massacre, the University of Texas Clock Tower shooting, and the California State University, Fullerton library massacre. The Virginia Tech massacre was a School shooting consisting of two separate attacks approximately two hours apart on April 16 2007 that took place on the campus of Charles Joseph Whitman (June 24 1941 – August 1 1966 was a student at the University of Texas at Austin who killed 14 people and wounded 31 others as part of a The California State University Fullerton massacre was an incident of Mass murder that occurred on Wednesday July 12, 1976 at the California [5][6]

After the incident, the university administration cancelled all classes until February 25

Contents

Shooting

At approximately 3:06 pm CST, Steven Kazmierczak entered a large auditorium-style lecture hall in Cole Hall with 150 to 200 students, where an oceanography class was in session. A lecture hall is a large room used for Instruction, typically at a College or University. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or The door he used led directly to the stage in front of the classroom where Kazmierczak stood and fired into the crowd of students with a shotgun and three handguns; the shotgun was smuggled in using a guitar case and the handguns were concealed under his coat. [7][8][9][10] The gunman was a former NIU Sociology graduate student and a current graduate student in the school of social work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of [11][8][12] NIU Police Chief Donald Grady described him as "an outstanding student" who reportedly stopped taking medication recently and became "somewhat erratic". [13]

A total of 24 people were shot, six of whom died (including the perpetrator, who shot himself before police arrived). [7][12][14] One witness reported that at least 30 shots were fired by the gunman; police later collected 48 shell casings and 6 shotgun shells. [15] By February 15, at least seven of the victims were in critical condition, one in good condition, one in stable and eight discharged, according to Kishwaukee Community Hospital. [16] Two of the wounded were transferred by helicopter to Rockford's Saint Anthony Medical Center, three to Downers Grove's Good Samaritan Hospital, and one to Rockford Memorial Hospital. Rockford is a mid-sized city located on both banks of the Rock River in far northern Illinois OSF Saint Anthony Medical Center is a hospital located located in Rockford, Illinois. Downers Grove is a Suburb located west of Chicago in DuPage County, Illinois. Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital is a hospital located located in Downers Grove, Illinois. [7][16] Two patients that had been hospitalized died as a result of their injuries. [14] By 4:00 pm CST, school officials announced that there was no further danger and that counselors would be made available in all residence halls. Dormitory typically refers in the United States to residence halls which are sleeping quarters or entire buildings primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for [7]

Deceased

A total of six people, all residents of Illinois, were killed in the incident:[13][17]

Injured

A total of eighteen people survived the incident with injuries. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Carol Stream is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. Cicero is an Incorporated town in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Meriden is an Unincorporated community in LaSalle County, Illinois, and is located east of Mendota. Carpentersville is a village in Kane County, Illinois, United States. Elmhurst is an affluent Suburb of Chicago in DuPage County, Illinois. Champaign is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, in the United States. Like those killed, all were from Illinois:[18]

Perpetrator

Steven Phillip Kazmierczak
Steven Phillip Kazmierczak

The perpetrator in the shootings was Steven Phillip Kazmierczak, 27 (August 1980 - February 14, 2008), who was born in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, U.S.A.[19][20] He graduated from Elk Grove High School in 1998 and went on to study sociology at Northern Illinois University (NIU). Rolling Meadows is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Lindenhurst is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. There are at least two locations in Illinois called Glenview: Glenview Cook County Illinois, a northern suburb of Chicago Glenview Mundelein is a village in Lake County, Illinois, in the United States. The Village of Plainfield is a Municipality in Will County, Illinois, United States. Elgin (ˈɛldʒɨn is a city. (645 km northwest of Chicago on the Fox River. Frankfort is a village in Will County, Illinois, United States with a small section of it in Cook County Illinois. Caledonia is a village in Boone County, Illinois, United States. Naperville ( is an affluent city in the Chicago metropolitan area in Illinois in the United States, voted the second and third best place to live Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Elk Grove Village is a municipality located in northeastern Illinois adjacent to O'Hare International Airport and the City of Chicago. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Elk Grove High School, or EGHS, is a public four-year High school located in Elk Grove Village Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago Illinois Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Northern Illinois University (NIU is a Public university located in DeKalb Illinois. Though his family moved to Florida in 2004, Kazmierczak continued his education in Illinois. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the [21][22] He enlisted in the United States Army in September 2001, and was discharged before completing basic training in February 2002 for unknown reasons. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Recruit training is the initial Indoctrination and instruction given to new military personnel [23] His mother, Gail, died in Lakeland, Florida in September 2006 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS, sometimes called Maladie de Charcot, or in the United States Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a progressive Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig ( June 19 1903  – June 2 1941) born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig, was an American [24][25][26] At the time of Steven's death, his father, Robert, was living in a retirement community in Lakeland. [25]

Kazmierczak graduated from NIU in 2006[21] where he received the Dean's award in 2006 and was considered a stand-out, well-regarded student. A Dean's List is a category of students in a College or University who achieve high grades during their stay in an Academic term or Academic year [21] Campus police describe him as a "fairly normal" and "unstressed person. "[27] Faculty, students, and staff "revered" him and there was no indication of any trouble. [28] NIU President John G. Peters said that he had "a very good academic record, no record of trouble. "[22] Kazmierczak was Vice-President of the NIU chapter of the American Correctional Association; he had also written about the U. The American Correctional Association (ACA formerly known as the American Prison Association, is the oldest and largest international correctional association in the world S. correctional system, specifically prisons. [29]

In 2006, Kazmierczak, along with two other graduate students and under the lead authorship of a sociology professor, co-authored an academic paper entitled, "Self-injury in Correctional Settings: 'Pathology' of Prisons or of Prisoners?"; it was published in the academic journal Criminology & Public Policy. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Academic publishing describes the subfield of Publishing which distributes academic Research and Scholarship. An academic journal is a peer-reviewed Periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular Academic discipline is published [30]

He was enrolled at NIU in the spring of 2007,[21] where he took two courses in Arabic and a course called ""Politics of the Middle East". Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language His research paper was on the subject of Hamas and its social service projects. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة [31] He left to begin graduate work in the School of Social Work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), where he intended to study mental health issues. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. He was enrolled part-time at UIUC during the fall of 2007 and worked from September 24 through October 9 at the Rockville Correctional Facility for Women near the Illinois-Indiana border. Rockville Correctional Facility is a state prison located one mile northwest of Rockville Indiana. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union His reasons for leaving were unclear; he simply, "did not come back to work," according to Doug Garrison of the Indiana Department of Correction. By early 2008, he was again enrolled full time at UIUC. [23]

He died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound during this shooting event. [10][2] ABC News reports that his behavior seemed to become more erratic in the weeks leading up to the shooting, and that it is believed he stopped taking medication beforehand. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American [23] His girlfriend, Jessica Baty, confirmed that Kazmierczak was taking Xanax (anti-anxiety), Ambien (sleep aid), and Prozac (antidepressant), all of which were prescribed to him by a psychiatrist. Alprazolam, also known under the trade names Xanax and Niravam, is a short-acting drug of the Benzodiazepine class used to treat moderate An anxiolytic is a drug prescribed for the treatment of Symptoms of Anxiety. Zolpidem is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of Insomnia, as well as some brain disorders A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness An antidepressant is a Psychiatric medication used for alleviating major depression or Dysthymia ('milder' depression A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders She said that he stopped taking Prozac about three weeks prior to the February 14 shooting. She also said that, during their two-year courtship, she had never seen him display violent tendencies and she expressed bewilderment over the cause of the rampage. "He was anything but a monster," Baty said. "He was probably the nicest, most caring person ever. "[32] Since the shooting, authorities have intercepted a number of packages he sent to her, which included such items as a gun holster and bullets, a textbook on serial killers for her class, the book The Antichrist by Friedrich Nietzsche, and a final note written for her, signed with his first and last name. A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based The Anti-Christ (Der Antichrist (also could be translated as The Anti-Christian is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist [33] The shooting was baffling to those who knew him, as he appeared outgoing and never appeared to have social problems. This has also confused investigators, who have not found a suicide note. A suicide note is a message left by someone who later attempts or commits Suicide. [34] Some of Kazmierczak's former NIU roommates described him as a quiet man who usually stayed to himself. They stated that, while fairly normal, they did not see him spend much time with other students. [35]

Kazmierczak described himself as a sensitive person in his personal statement for UIUC graduate school. He also felt victimized during his adolescent years. He expressed interest in helping people with mental problems, and wanted to work with people "in need of direction. "[36]

Reaction

Multiple makeshift memorials, including this one near the MLK Commons facing Cole Hall, were established across the NIU campus in the days after the shooting.
Multiple makeshift memorials, including this one near the MLK Commons facing Cole Hall, were established across the NIU campus in the days after the shooting.

The university's official website reported the possibility of a gunman on campus at 3:20,[3] within 20 minutes of the shooting. [37] The website then warned students, "There has been a report of a possible gunman on campus. Get to a safe area and take precautions until given the all clear. Avoid the King Commons and all buildings in that vicinity. " By 3:40 p. m. , all NIU classes were canceled for the remainder of the day and the campus was closed by NIU officials as part of a new security plan devised after the Virginia Tech shooting 10 months earlier. The Virginia Tech massacre was a School shooting consisting of two separate attacks approximately two hours apart on April 16 2007 that took place on the campus of [37] Students were asked to contact their parents as soon as possible. [3] All NIU Huskie sporting events, home and away, through Sunday were canceled. The Northern Illinois Huskies are the athletic teams that represent Northern Illinois University. [13] Most students left campus for the weekend. [38] A spokesman for the ATF stated that agents were dispatched to the scene to assist and to help trace the weapons used. The Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives (abbreviated ATF) is a specialized federal law enforcement and regulatory organization within the United The FBI also sent agents to assist. [7] According to police, Steven Kazmierczak removed the hard drive from his laptop computer and a computer chip from his cell phone and did not leave a note that could help explain why he chose a geology class on Valentine's Day to open fire. Investigators are expected to spend at least three more weeks until they release a report on the incident. [39]

Vigils and memorial services

University President John Peters speaks at a campus memorial service held on February 24, 2008 at the Convocation Center in memory of the victims of the shooting.
University President John Peters speaks at a campus memorial service held on February 24, 2008 at the Convocation Center in memory of the victims of the shooting. John G Peters is the current president of Northern Illinois University (NIU Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Convocation Center is a 10000-seat multi-purpose Arena @ 1525 W Lincoln Hwy in DeKalb Illinois, 60115-2854 USA

Approximately 2,000 gathered on campus on the evening of Friday, February 15, for a candlelight vigil to commemorate the victims; among other public figures, Jesse Jackson and Robert W. Pritchard spoke. A candlelight vigil is an outdoor assembly of people carrying Candles held after Sunset. Jesse Louis Jackson Sr (born October 8 1941 is an American Civil rights activist and Baptist minister. Robert W Pritchard is a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 70th district since 2003. In the days after the shooting, the Lutheran Campus Ministry held nightly candlelight vigils. [40] All classes and athletic events were canceled through February 24, 2008. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Faculty and staff returned to work on Tuesday, February 19, and for the remainder of that week received special information and training to help students upon their return to classes the following week. On February 21, exactly a week after the shooting happened, five minutes of silence were observed from 3:06-3:11 pm CST, accompanied by the tolling of bells throughout the community, at a special ceremony attended by thousands in memory of the victims which was held at the MLK Commons. Moments of silence were also held elsewhere throughout the DeKalb community. [41] There was a special memorial service held in the NIU Convocation Center on February 24, the day before classes resumed, in honor of the victims that initiated a set of activities and services aimed at community recovery. Convocation Center is a 10000-seat multi-purpose Arena @ 1525 W Lincoln Hwy in DeKalb Illinois, 60115-2854 USA Due to the loss of one week of instructional time in the middle of the semester, an extra week was added in May. [42]

Condolences and tributes

U.S. President George W. Bush speaks with University president John Peters via telephone from the White House to offer his condolences.
U.S. President George W. Bush speaks with University president John Peters via telephone from the White House to offer his condolences. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. John G Peters is the current president of Northern Illinois University (NIU See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence

United States President George W. Bush, Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich, U.S. Senators Barack Obama and Dick Durbin, and U.S. Congressman Donald Manzullo offered their personal condolences to NIU President John Peters and the University community in wake of the tragedy, as did many local communities and school districts, and a plethora of universities across the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction as prescribed in the Rod R Blagojevich (bləˈgɔɪəvɪtʃ, born December 10, 1956) is an American Politician from the state of Illinois. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Donald A Manzullo (born March 24 1944) American politician has been a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives [43][44] The Chicago Blackhawks NHL franchise wore NIU Huskies decals on their helmets during their game on Sunday, February 17, 2008, versus the Colorado Avalanche. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Colorado Avalanche are a professional Ice hockey team based in Denver Colorado, United States A moment of silence was also observed before the national anthem at the game, and the team wore the same decal during its next two games at the St. Louis Blues and at home against the Minnesota Wild. The St Louis Blues are a professional Ice hockey team based in St The Minnesota Wild are a professional Ice hockey team based in Saint Paul Minnesota. [45] During spring training, Chicago White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen and general manager Ken Williams sported NIU caps in tribute to the victims. In Major League Baseball, spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the Regular season. The Chicago White Sox are a professional Baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. Oswaldo José Guillén Barrios (born January 20, 1964 in Ocumare del Tuy, Miranda State, Venezuela) well known as Ozzie Guillén Kenneth Royal Williams (born April 6 1964 in Berkeley California) is a former Outfielder in Major League Baseball and the current [46] For their 2008 season, the Chicago Cubs will fly a NIU flag over the grandstands in the out field. The Chicago Cubs ' 2008 season was the 136th season for the Chicago Cubs The Chicago Cubs are a Professional Baseball franchise based in Chicago, Illinois. [47] Virginia Tech had a tribute with students wearing shirts saying "Hokies for Huskies". Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, better known as Virginia Tech, is a public land grant polytechnic University in Students wore these shirts during their basketball game against Georgia Tech on February 23, 2008. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [48]

Future of Cole Hall

On February 26, Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and University President John G. Peters proposed the demolition of the current Cole Hall. Rod R Blagojevich (bləˈgɔɪəvɪtʃ, born December 10, 1956) is an American Politician from the state of Illinois. John G Peters is the current president of Northern Illinois University (NIU The proposal comes as a response to the "bad" memories of the students who have to attend classes in the building. The proposal would tear down Cole Hall, leave the Cole Hall site as a memorial site, and erect a new building called "Memorial Hall" nearby, at a cost of approximately $40 million. [49]

However, due to mixed emotions on the decision, President Peters sent out a message to all NIU students via their student email accounts, soliciting comments from students and the extended NIU family. In addition, a committee has been established to help reach a consensus on the future of Cole Hall. [50]

On May 8, 2008 it was announced that Cole Hall would be remodeled inside and out pending $7. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 7 million in state funding. This decision was made based on conversations between Dr. Peters and members of the campus community as well as the results of an online survey taken by students and faculty. The lecture hall where the shooting happened will be no longer be used as classroom space and another lecture hall will be built elsewhere on campus. [51]

Earlier incident and possible threats

The campus was shut down on December 10, 2007, the first day during exam week, after graffiti was found on a restroom wall warning of a possible shooting. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property A university spokesman said that the warning, which was discovered December 10, made reference to the Virginia Tech massacre, in which 32 people were killed, but it could not be immediately determined whether the threat was related to the shootings on February 14, 2008. The Virginia Tech massacre was a School shooting consisting of two separate attacks approximately two hours apart on April 16 2007 that took place on the campus of Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Chicago Sun-Times reported at that time that an unknown person posted the graffiti in the Grant Towers D residence hall, which included a racial slur and the notation "What time? The VA tech shooters[sic] messed up w/ having only one shooter. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" "[8] However, NIU President John Peters stated that he did not believe that the December incident is connected to the February 14 shootings. [52]

A few days before February 14, the university also received another threat of unspecified nature, which was dismissed due to lack of credibility. [53]

See also


References

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  5. ^ "FGCU pays tribute to Northern Illinois team", Scott Hotard, Naples News, 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.  
  6. ^ "3 p.m. update: Gunman identified in NIU shootings; 6 dead", DeKalb Daily Chronicle, 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.  
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  8. ^ a b c Staff Writer. "Gunman opens fire on Illinois campus", MSNBC, 2008-02-14. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German  
  9. ^ 7 Dead in N. Illinois U. Hall Shooting. Associated Press (2008-02-15). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
  10. ^ a b "Source IDs alleged campus gunman who killed 6, himself", CNN, 2008-02-15. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  11. ^ "NIU noted gunman's scholarship", Chicago Tribune, 2008-02-15. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  12. ^ a b "Gunman Dead; More Than a Dozen Injured at Northern Illinois University", Fox News, 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German  
  13. ^ a b c "NIU sporting events cancelled in wake of shooting", CNN.com, 2008-02-15. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  14. ^ a b Meisner, Jason. "NIU shooting leaves 6 dead", Chicago Tribune, 2008-02-14. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German  
  15. ^ "Illinois School Gunman Named; Toll Corrected", National Public Radio, 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  16. ^ a b "Kishwaukee Community Hospital update. " Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  17. ^ "Gunman in Illinois campus shooting identified", CNN.com, 2008-02-15. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  18. ^ Faiwell, Sara; Peterson, Eric; Malik, Nadia; Pohl, Kim. "Update on wounded NIU students. " Daily Herald. The Daily Herald was a British Newspaper, published in London from 1912 to 1964 (although it was weekly during the First World War February 19, 2008. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 19, 2008. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  19. ^ Pallasch, Abdon K. ; Fusco, Chris; Main, Frank; McKinney, Dave; Esposito, Stefano. "Portrait of a killer. " Chicago Sun Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  20. ^ Nizza, Mike; Saulny, Susan; Davey, Monica; Johnson, Dirk; Einhorn, Catrin; Bowley, Graham; Holusha, John. "Suspect in Campus Attack Is Identified. " New York Times. February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  21. ^ a b c d David Heinzmann and Stacy St. Clair. "NIU noted gunman's scholarship", Chicago Tribune, 2008-02-14. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  22. ^ a b Heinzmann, David; St. Clair, Stacy. "Illinois gunman was honored student. " Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  23. ^ a b c Friedman, Emily. "Who Was the Illinois School Shooter?. " ABC News. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  24. ^ Social Security Death Index maintained by Ancestry. Com. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  25. ^ a b Gunman previously honored by school, February 15, 2008, Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  26. ^ Staff Writer. "A Killer Who Fit In: Kazmierczak Profiled. " nbc5.com/. February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 19, 2008. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  27. ^ Friedman, Emily. "Who Was the Illinois School Shooter?", ABC News, 2008-02-15. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  28. ^ Bohn, Kevin. "Company: Gunman, Virginia Tech shooter used same Web dealer. " CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  29. ^ David Heinzmann, David; Smith, Gerry; Zorn, Eric. "NIU gunman's baffling trail reveals no motive. " Chicago Tribune. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 20, 2008. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  30. ^ Thomas, Jim; Leaf, Margaret; Kazmierczak, Steve; Stone, Josh. "Self-Injury In Correctional Settings: 'Pathology' of Prisons or of Prisoners?. " Criminology & Public Policy, February 2006, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, 192-202. Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common (doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00111.x)
  31. ^ Abdelnabi, Rasmieyh. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. "NIU grad recalls shooter as inquisitive, smart, nice. " Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. February 20, 2008. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on March 13, 2008. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  32. ^ Boudreau, Abbie; Zamost, Scott. "Girlfriend: Shooter was taking cocktail of 3 drugs. " CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner February 20, 2008. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 20, 2008. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  33. ^ "University shooter's girlfriend: 'I couldn't believe it'", CNN, 2008-02-18. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  
  34. ^ Pallasch, Abdon K. ; Korecki, Natasha; Herrmann, Andrew. "Gunman 'somewhat erratic'. " Chicago Sun Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  35. ^ Cramer, Kevin P. ; Foster, Regan. "Killer was ‘a quiet, smarter kid’. " Northwest Herald. Northwest Herald is a daily Newspaper published in Crystal Lake, Illinois. February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 21, 2008. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  36. ^ "NIU Gunman's Essays Reveal His Alienation", CBS 2 Chicago, April 19, 2008. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.  
  37. ^ a b Johnson, Carla K. . "NIU Shooting Tests New Security Plan", AP, 2008-02-15. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum  
  38. ^ Gross, Ben. "Campus empties for weekend. " Northern Star Online. February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 17, 2008. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  39. ^ "Police: Northern Illinois University Gunman Destroyed Evidence to Mislead Investigators. " Retrieved on February 26, 2008. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  40. ^ "Vigils and Services". Northern Illinois University. Northern Illinois University (NIU is a Public university located in DeKalb Illinois. Retrieved on February 22, 2008. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  41. ^ Daily Chronicle. "Listening Together: NIU and the community share moments of silence. " Daily Chronicle Online. February 22, 2008. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 22, 2008. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  42. ^ Peters, John. "A message from NIU President John Peters. " Northern Star Online. February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 17, 2008. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  43. ^ "Authorities Identify Former Student Who Killed 5 in Attack at Northern Illinois University", FOX News, 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  44. ^ Condolences: Messages from Other Universities. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
  45. ^ Staff Writer (February 16, 2008). Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common NIU shooting victims to be honored. Sports Illustrated. Sports Illustrated is an American Sports Magazine owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  46. ^ "Guillen, Williams pay tribute to NIU victims", Sun-Times Media Group, 2008-02-17. Sun-Times Media Group (until recently Hollinger International) is the Holding company of a Chicago based Newspaper group 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum  
  47. ^ "Chicago Cubs to remember NIU throughout season", Northern Star, 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.  
  48. ^ "Hokies United: Hokies For Huskies", Virginia Tech, 2008-02-20. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, better known as Virginia Tech, is a public land grant polytechnic University in 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment  
  49. ^ "Blagojevich, Peters propose $40M to replace Cole", Northern Star, 2008-02-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,  
  50. ^ "Peters announces three-phase process for Cole Hall decision", Northern Star, 2008-03-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,  
  51. ^ Schott, Kate. "NIU seeks $7.7M to remodel Cole Hall ", Daily Chronicle (DeKalb, Illinois), May 8, 2008, accessed May 8, 2008. DeKalb is a city in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 39018 at the 2000 census. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  52. ^ Underwood, Melissa. "Shooting Reminds Students of Earlier Threat on Campus. " Fox News. February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on February 15, 2008. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  53. ^ "How the NIU Massacre Happened", Time, February 16, 2008. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  

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