René-François-Armand Prudhomme (1839–1907), a French poet and essayist, was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect. René-François-Armand (Sully Prudhomme ( Paris, France, March 16, 1839 - Châtenay-Malabry, France, September This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics "
The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the (21 October 1833 Stockholm, Sweden – 10 December 1896 Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist engineer innovator armaments manufacturer In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called [1][2] The "work" in this case refers to an author's work as a whole, though individual works are sometimes also cited. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year and announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. The Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. [3]
Nobel's choice of emphasis on "idealistic" or "ideal" (in English translation) in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature has led to recurrent controversy. (In the original Swedish, the word idealisk can be translated as either "idealistic" or "ideal". [2]) In the early twentieth century, the Nobel Committee interpreted the intent of the will strictly and did not award certain world-renowned authors of the time such as Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen and Henry James. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Henry James, OM ( –) son of theologian Henry James Sr, brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James [4] More recently, the wording has been interpreted more liberally, and the Prize is awarded both for lasting literary merit and for evidence of consistent idealism on some significant level, most recently a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale, and hence more political, some would argue. [2][5]
"The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. . . . Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive"). In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Doris Lessing, an English citizen of the United Kingdom, cited as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"; she receives a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1. Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 4 million).
The Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism in recent years. Some contend that many well-known writers have not been awarded the prize or even been nominated, whereas others contend that others, who are already well known, do not deserve it. There have also been controversies involving alleged political interests relating to the nomination process and ultimate selection of some of the recent literary Laureates. [5]
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Nomination procedure
Each year the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. However, it is not permitted to nominate oneself. [6]
Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and about fifty proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by February 1, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, and by summer the list is reduced further to some five names. The subsequent months are then spent in reviewing the works of eligible candidates. In October members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel Laureate in Literature. The process is similar to that of other Nobel Prizes. [7]
The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but at present stands at ten million Swedish kronor. [8] The winner also receives a gold medal and a Nobel diploma and is invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on December 10. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the [9]
Non-laureates and controversies
The Prize in Literature has a history of controversial awards. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter From 1901 to 1912, the committee was characterized by an interpretation of the "ideal direction" stated in Nobel's will as "a lofty and sound idealism", which caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [4] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. [4]
Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize winner Dag Hammarskjöld's Vägmärken ("Markings")[10] and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was (like Auden) a homosexual. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( (29 July 1905 &ndash 18 September 1961 was a Swedish Diplomat, Christian mystic, and the second Secretary-General Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [11]
In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize winner. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form. "
The winner in 1970, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the U.S.S.R. would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat — clandestine form). Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ( Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын) (December 11 1918 – August 3 2008 was a Russian Novelist The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Samizdat (самиздат was the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Soviet-bloc After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself. " Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award, and prize money, until December 10, 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. [12]
In 1974 Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both Nobel judges themselves. Henry Graham Greene OM, CH (2 October 1904 &ndash 3 April 1991 was an English writer best known as a novelist but who also produced Short stories This page is about the novelist For his father the politician see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American Eyvind Johnson, ( July 29, 1900 — August 25, 1976) was a Swedish Author. Harry Martinson ( May 6, 1904 — February 11, 1978) was an author and poet Bellow would win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded the Prize. [13]
Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, perhaps because of his political activities, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life, had complex social and personal contexts. [14] Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren has also been overlooked, with some critics complaining that the Academy does not adequately recognize children's literature. Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren ( Née Ericsson 14 November 1907 &ndash 28 January 2002 was a Swedish children's book author and Screenwriter [15]
The award to Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church. Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer [16] Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favored to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist Arthur Asher Miller (October 17 1915 &ndash February 10 2005 was an American Playwright and Essayist. "[17]
There was also criticism of the academy's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for Rushdie to be killed, and two members of the Academy resigned over its refusal to support Rushdie. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist Ayatollah ( Persian: آيتالله, âyato-llâh, from Arabic: آية الله, āyatu 'llāh, meaning 'the sign of Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an [18][19]
The choice of the 2004 winner, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund, who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award. Elfriede Jelinek (ˀɛlˈfʀiːdɛ ˈjɛlinɛk (born 20 October, 1946) is an Austrian feminist Playwright and Novelist Knut Emil Ahnlund (born 24 May 1923) is a Swedish literary historian writer and member of the Swedish [18][19]
The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. [5] The issue of the recipients' "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such [20]
List of Laureates
In the table below, the language is the language of the Laureate's works. (Source: The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. )
| Year | Name | Nationality | Language(s) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Sully Prudhomme | France | French | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect. René-François-Armand (Sully Prudhomme ( Paris, France, March 16, 1839 - Châtenay-Malabry, France, September This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1902 | Theodor Mommsen | Germany | German | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. History of Rome (Ger Römische Geschichte) is a multi-volume history of Ancient Rome written by Theodor Mommsen. " |
| 1903 | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Norway | Norwegian | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit. Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson ( 8 December, 1832 – 26 April, 1910) was a Norwegian writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language " |
| 1904* | Frédéric Mistral | France | Occitan | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. Frédéric Mistral ( September 8, 1830 — March 25, 1914) was a French Poet who led the 19th century revival of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan " |
| 1904* | José Echegaray | Spain | Spanish | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama. José Echegaray y Eizaguirre ( April 19, 1832 Madrid, Spain — September 14, 1916) was a Spanish Civil Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " |
| 1905 | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Poland | Polish | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. " |
| 1906 | Giosuè Carducci | Italy | Italian | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces. Giosuè Carducci (pseudonym Enotrio Romano ( July 27, 1835 – February 16, 1907) was an Italian poet oft reckoned one of Italy's greatest Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1907 | Rudyard Kipling | United Kingdom | English | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1908 | Rudolf Christoph Eucken | Germany | German | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life. Rudolf Christoph Eucken ( January 5, 1846 — September 15, 1926) was a German Philosopher, and the winner of the 1908 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1909 | Selma Lagerlöf | Sweden | Swedish | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings. / sèlˈma ʊ̀tiːlɪa lʊ̀viˈsa lɑ̀ːgərˈløːv / (20 November 1858&ndash16 March 1940 was a Swedish Author and the first woman writer to win the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the " |
| 1910 | Paul Heyse | Germany | German | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories. Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse ( March 15, 1830 - April 2, 1914) was a distinguished German author Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1911 | Maurice Maeterlinck | Belgium | French | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations. Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Count Maeterlinck ( August 29, 1862 - May 6, 1949) was a Belgian Poet, Playwright, The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1912 | Gerhart Hauptmann | Germany | German | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art. Gerhart Hauptmann ( November 15, 1862 — June 6, 1946) was a German Dramatist who received the Nobel Prize in Literature Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1913 | Rabindranath Tagore | India | Bengali | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country " |
| 1914 | [no award] | |||
| 1915 | Romain Rolland | France | French | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings. Romain Rolland ( 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French Dramatist, Essayist, Art historian This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | Sweden | Swedish | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature. Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam ( July 6, 1859 &ndash May 20, 1940) was a Swedish poet and novellist a laureate of the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the " |
| 1917* | Karl Adolph Gjellerup | Denmark | Danish | "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals. Karl Gjellerup ( June 2, 1857 &ndash October 13, 1919) was a Danish poet and Novelist who together with his The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the " |
| 1917* | Henrik Pontoppidan | Denmark | Danish | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark. Henrik Pontoppidan ( July 24, 1857 — August 21, 1943) was a realist writer who shared with Karl Gjellerup the The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the " |
| 1918 | [no award] | |||
| 1919 | Carl Spitteler | Switzerland | German | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring. Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler ( April 24, 1845 — December 29, 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1920 | Knut Hamsun | Norway | Norwegian | "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil. Knut Hamsun, born Knud Pedersen ( August 4, 1859 - February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language The Growth of the Soil ( Markens Grøde) is the novel by Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun which won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920 " |
| 1921 | Anatole France | France | French | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament. Anatole France (16 April 1844—12 October 1924 born François-Anatole Thibault, Anatole France studied at the Collège Stanislas and after graduation This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1922 | Jacinto Benavente | Spain | Spanish | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. Jacinto Benavente y Martínez ( August 12, 1866 – July 14, 1954) was one of the foremost Spanish dramatists of the 20th century Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " |
| 1923 | William Butler Yeats | Ireland | English | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1924 | Władysław Reymont | Poland | Polish | "for his great national epic, The Peasants. Władysław Stanisław Reymont (May 7 1868 &ndash December 5 1925 was a Polish author and Nobel laureate. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Chłopi (English The Peasants) is a Novel written by Nobel Prize -winning Polish author Władysław Reymont in four parts " |
| 1925 | George Bernard Shaw | Ireland | English | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1926 | Grazia Deledda | Italy | Italian | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. Grazia Deledda ( September 27, 1871 — August 15, 1936) was an Italian Writer whose works won her a Nobel Prize Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1927 | Henri Bergson | France | French | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1928 | Sigrid Undset | Norway | Norwegian | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages. Sigrid Undset ( 20 May, 1882 &ndash 10 June, 1949) was a Norwegian novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language " |
| 1929 | Thomas Mann | Germany | German | "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature. Paul Thomas Mann ( June Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Buddenbrooks was Thomas Mann 's first Novel, published in 1901 when he was twenty-six years old " |
| 1930 | Sinclair Lewis | United States | English | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters. Sinclair Lewis ( February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American Novelist, Short-story writer and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1931 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Sweden | Swedish | "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt" |
| 1932 | John Galsworthy | United Kingdom | English | "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga. Erik Axel Karlfeldt ( July 20, 1864 — April 8, 1931) was a Swedish Poet whose highly symbolist Poetry masquerading "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the John Galsworthy OM (ˈgɔːlzwɝːðɪ ( 14 August, 1867 — 31 January, 1933) was an English Novelist and The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Forsyte Saga is a series of three Novels and two interludes by John Galsworthy. " |
| 1933 | Ivan Bunin | Russia (in exile) | Russian | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing. Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin ( Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин) (— November 8, 1953) was the first Russian writer to win the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages " |
| 1934 | Luigi Pirandello | Italy | Italian | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art. Luigi Pirandello ( June 28, 1867 — December 10, 1936) was an Italian Dramatist Novelist, and short Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1935 | [no award] | |||
| 1936 | Eugene O'Neill | United States | English | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1937 | Roger Martin du Gard | France | French | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault. Roger Martin du Gard ( March 23, 1881 - August 22, 1958) was a French author and winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1938 | Pearl S. Buck | United States | English | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces. Pearl S Buck ( Traditional Chinese: 賽珍珠 Simplified Chinese: 赛珍珠 Pinyin: Sài Zhēnzhū ( June 26, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1939 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Finland | Finnish | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature. Sillanpää redirects here For other meanings see Sillanpää (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside " |
| 1940-'43 | [no award] | |||
| 1944 | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen | Denmark | Danish | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, in Denmark always called Johannes V Jensen, ( January 20, 1873 — November 25, 1950) was a Danish The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the " |
| 1945 | Gabriela Mistral | Chile | Spanish | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world. Gabriela Mistral ( April 7, 1889 — January 10, 1957) was the Pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the " |
| 1946 | Hermann Hesse | Germany,[21] 1923: Switzerland[21] | German | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style. Hermann Hesse (ˈhɛʀman ˈhɛsə ( 2 July, 1877 — 9 August, 1962) was a German - Swiss poet novelist and painter Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1947 | André Gide | France | French | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1948 | T. S. Eliot | United States,[22] 1927: United Kingdom[22] | English | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1949 | William Faulkner | United States | English | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1950 | Bertrand Russell | United Kingdom | English | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1951 | Pär Lagerkvist | Sweden | Swedish | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind. Pär Fabian Lagerkvist ( May 23, 1891 — July 11, 1974) was a Swedish "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the " |
| 1952 | François Mauriac | France | French | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life. François Mauriac ( October 11, 1885 — September 1, 1970) was a French Author; member of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1953 | Winston Churchill | United Kingdom | English | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1954 | Ernest Hemingway | United States | English | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Old Man and the Sea is a Novella (just over 100 pages in length by Ernest Hemingway, written in Cuba in 1951 and published in " |
| 1955 | Halldór Laxness | Iceland | Icelandic | "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland. Halldór Kiljan Laxness ( (born Halldór Guðjónsson) ( April 23, 1902 — February 8, 1998) was a 20th century Icelandic Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. " |
| 1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Spain | Spanish | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity. Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón ( Moguer, Spain, 24 December, 1881 – Santurce, Puerto Rico, 29 May, 1958 Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " |
| 1957 | Albert Camus | France | French | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times. Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1958 | Boris Pasternak (declined the prize)[1] | Soviet Union | Russian | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к ( — May 30, 1960) was a Nobel Prize -winning Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages " |
| 1959 | Salvatore Quasimodo | Italy | Italian | "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times. Salvatore Quasimodo ( August 20, 1901 - June 14, 1968) was an Italian author Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1960 | Saint-John Perse | France | French | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time. Saint-John Perse (pseudonym of Alexis Léger, also Alexis Saint-Léger Léger) ( 31 May, 1887 &ndash 20 September, 1975 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1961 | Ivo Andrić | Yugoslavia | Serbo-Croat | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country. Ivo Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић October 9, 1892 &ndash March 13, 1975) was a novelist Short story See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem " |
| 1962 | John Steinbeck | United States | English | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception. John Steinbeck III (February 27 1902—December 20 1968 was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1963 | Giorgos Seferis | Greece | Greek | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture. Giorgos Seferis (Γιώργος Σεφέρης ( March 13, 1900, or February 29 according to the Julian calendar then in use September 20 Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly " |
| 1964 | Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the prize)[2] | France | French | "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1965 | Mikhail Sholokhov | Soviet Union | Russian | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people. Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov ( Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Шо́лохов mʲɪxɐˈil əlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈʂoləxəf ( – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages " |
| 1966* | Shmuel Yosef Agnon | Israel | Hebrew | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. Shmuel Yosef Agnon ( Hebrew: שמואל יוסף עגנון, August 8, 1887 - February 17, 1970) was a Nobel Prize For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. " |
| 1966* | Nelly Sachs | Germany,[23][24] 1952: Sweden[23] | German | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength. Nelly Sachs, ( 10 December, 1891 – 12 May, 1970) was a German Poet and Dramatist whose Nazi experience Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1967 | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Guatemala | Spanish | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19 1899 – June 9 1974 was a Nobel Prize –winning Guatemalan Poet, Novelist, and Diplomat Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest " |
| 1968 | Yasunari Kawabata | Japan | Japanese | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind. was a Japanese Short story writer and novelist whose spare lyrical subtly-shaded prose won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 the first Japanese author For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities " |
| 1969 | Samuel Beckett | Ireland | English/French | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation. Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1970 | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Soviet Union | Russian | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature. Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ( Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын) (December 11 1918 – August 3 2008 was a Russian Novelist The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages " |
| 1971 | Pablo Neruda | Chile | Spanish | "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the " |
| 1972 | Heinrich Böll | West Germany | German | "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature. Heinrich Theodor Böll ( December 21, 1917 — July 16, 1985) was one of Germany 's foremost post- World War II writers West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1973 | Patrick White | Australia | English | "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature. Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 — 30 September 1990 was an Australian author who was widely regarded as a major English-language novelist of the 20th century For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1974* | Eyvind Johnson | Sweden | Swedish | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom. Eyvind Johnson, ( July 29, 1900 — August 25, 1976) was a Swedish Author. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the " |
| 1974* | Harry Martinson | Sweden | Swedish | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos. Harry Martinson ( May 6, 1904 — February 11, 1978) was an author and poet "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the " |
| 1975 | Eugenio Montale | Italy | Italian | "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions. Eugenio Montale ( October 12, 1896 — September 12, 1981) was an Italian Poet, prose writer editor and translator Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1976 | Saul Bellow | Canada,[25] 1941: United States. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [26] | English | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1977 | Vicente Aleixandre | Spain | Spanish | "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars. Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo (April 26 1898 — December 13 1984 was a Spanish Poet who was born in Seville. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " |
| 1978 | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Poland,[27] 1943: United States[27] | Yiddish | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life. Isaac Bashevis Singer (יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער (November 21 1902 (see notes below – July 24 1991 was a Nobel Prize -winning Polish -born Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High " |
| 1979 | Odysseas Elytis | Greece | Greek | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness. Odysseas Elytis (Οδυσσέας Ελύτης (November 2 1911—March 18 1996 is a legendary Greek poet,regarded as one of the most important representatives Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly " |
| 1980 | Czesław Miłosz | Poland, 1970: United States,[28] 1992: Lithuania (honorary)[29] | Polish | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. " |
| 1981 | Elias Canetti | Bulgaria,[30] 1952: United Kingdom[30] | German | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power. Elias Canetti ( 25 July 1905, Rousse, Bulgaria – 14 August 1994, Zurich, Switzerland) was a The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Colombia | Spanish | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts. Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. " |
| 1983 | William Golding | United Kingdom | English | "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today. Sir William Gerald Golding ( 19 September, 1911 – 19 June, 1993) was a British novelist poet and Nobel Prize for Literature The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1984 | Jaroslav Seifert | Czechoslovakia | Czech | "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man. Jaroslav Seifert (ˈjaroslaf ˈsajfr̩t ( September 23, 1901 – January 10, 1986) was a Nobel Prize winning Czech Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the " |
| 1985 | Claude Simon | France | French | "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition. Claude Simon ( 10 October, 1913 — 6 July, 2005) was a French novelist and the 1985 Nobel Laureate in Literature. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people " |
| 1986 | Wole Soyinka | Nigeria | English | "in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1987 | Joseph Brodsky | Soviet Union,[31] 1977: United States[31] | Russian/English | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity. Joseph Brodsky ( May 24, 1940 — January 28, 1996) born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (Иосиф Александрович Бродский The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1988 | Naguib Mahfouz | Egypt | Arabic | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind. Naguib Mahfouz (نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ ( December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian Novelist This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language " |
| 1989 | Camilo José Cela | Spain | Spanish | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability. Don Camilo José Cela Trulock Marquis of Iria Flavia (Don Camilo José Cela Trulock marqués de Iria Flavia ( May 11, 1916 — January Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. " |
| 1990 | Octavio Paz | Mexico | Spanish | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity. Octavio Peazy Paz " ( March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican Writer, Poet, and diplomat The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. " |
| 1991 | Nadine Gordimer | South Africa | English | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity. Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923 is a South African Writer, Political activist and Nobel laureate. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1992 | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | English | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment. Derek Alton Walcott (born January 23, 1930) is a West Indies poet playwright writer and visual artist who writes mainly in English. Saint Lucia (ˌseɪnt ˈluːʃɪə is an Island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1993 | Toni Morrison | United States | English | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality. Toni Morrison (born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18 1931 is a Nobel Prize -winning American author editor and professor The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1994 | Kenzaburo Oe | Japan | Japanese | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today. is a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His works strongly influenced by French and American literature and Literary theory, engage with political social For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities " |
| 1995 | Seamus Heaney | Ireland[32] [33] | English | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 1996 | Wisława Szymborska | Poland | Polish | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality. Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. " |
| 1997 | Dario Fo | Italy | Italian | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden. Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. " |
| 1998 | José Saramago | Portugal | Portuguese | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality. José de Sousa Saramago, GColSE (ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu born November 16, 1922) is a Nobel-laureate Portuguese Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. " |
| 1999 | Günter Grass | Germany | German | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history. Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927 is a Nobel Prize -winning German Author and Playwright. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 2000 | Gao Xingjian | People's Republic of China,[34][35] | Chinese | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama. Gao Xingjian (pron káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n; Wade-Giles: Kao Hsing-chien born January 4 1940 is a French Chinese émigré Novelist Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. " |
| 2001 | Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul | Trinidad and Tobago,[36] United Kingdom | English | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories. Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul Kt, TC (born August 17, 1932 in Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago) better known The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 2002 | Imre Kertész | Hungary | Hungarian | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history. Imre Kertész (imrɛ ˈkɛrteːs (born November 9, 1929, Budapest) is a Hungarian Jewish author Holocaust Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. " |
| 2003 | J. M. Coetzee | South Africa, 2006: Australia[37] | English | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 2004 | Elfriede Jelinek | Austria | German | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power. Elfriede Jelinek (ˀɛlˈfʀiːdɛ ˈjɛlinɛk (born 20 October, 1946) is an Austrian feminist Playwright and Novelist Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " |
| 2005 | Harold Pinter | United Kingdom | English | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
| 2006 | Orhan Pamuk | Turkey | Turkish | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. " |
| 2007 | Doris Lessing | United Kingdom | English | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny. Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States " |
* Years with multiple motivations for a Nobel Prize.
See also
- Nobel Prize
- List of literary awards
- Nobel Library
- Nobel laureates by country
- Praemium Imperiale, awarded for other fine arts
Notes
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature This is a list of literary awards from around the world Worldwide in scope Nobel Prize in Literature Neustadt International Prize The Nobel Library ( Swedish: Nobelbiblioteket or officially Svenska Akademiens Nobelbibliotek, e The Praemium Imperiale ( jap 高松宮殿下記念世界文化賞 Takamatsu no miya denka kinen sekai bunka-shō lit nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ a b c John Sutherland. "Ink and Spit", Guardian Unlimited Books, The Guardian, October 13, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Literature. Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ a b c Kjell Espmark. "The Nobel Prize in Literature", Nobelprize. org, 1999-12-03. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Retrieved on 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ a b c Neil Smith. "'Political element' to Pinter Prize", BBC News, 2005-10-13. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. "Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of the Times Literary Supplement. The Times Literary Supplement (or TLS, on the front page from 1969 is a weekly literary review published in London by News International 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed. ' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights. '"
- ^ Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ The Nobel Prize Amount. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ Harold Orlans, "Self-Centered Translating: Why W. H. Auden Misinterpreted 'Markings' When Translating It from Swedish to English", Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning (published by Heldref Publications for The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), May 1, 2000, Highbeam Encyclopedia, encyclopedia. Heldref Publications is a Nonprofit Publishing house whose diverse publications are devoted to Higher education, Political science, History Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Education, founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and Chartered in 1906 by an Act of Congress, is a Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. com, accessed April 26, 2008: "Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "
- ^ Alex Hunnicutt, "Dag Hammarskjöld", glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (Heldref Publications, 2004), glbtq. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Heldref Publications is a Nonprofit Publishing house whose diverse publications are devoted to Higher education, Political science, History com, accessed August 11, 2006: "Unless some hidden manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation, it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjöld's sexual experience. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. W. H. Auden, who translated Markings, was convinced of his [Hammarsköld's] homosexuality; it is thought that saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize for Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W "
- ^ Stig Fredrikson, "How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR", nobelprize. org, February 22, 2006, accessed October 12, 2006. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Alex Duval Smith. "A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy", The Independent, news. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. independent. co. uk, 2005-10-14. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. "Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy. "
- ^ Colm Tóibín. Colm Tóibín ( (born 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an multi award winning Irish novelist and critic "Don’t Abandon Me", The London Review of Books, 2006-05-11. The London Review of Books (or LRB) is a Fortnightly British literary and political magazine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ "Pippi Longstocking Wreaks Havoc at the Ballet", The Local, 2005-05-13. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ Julie Carroll, " 'Pope and Witch' Draws Catholic Protests", The Catholic Spirit, February 27, 2007, accessed October 13, 2007. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Nobel Stuns Italy's Left-wing Jester", The Times, October 10, 1997, rpt. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar in Archives of a list at hartford-hwp. com, accessed October 17, 2007. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest", BBC News Online, BBC, 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ a b Associated Press, "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree", MSNBC, October 11, 2005, accessed October 13, 2007. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Dan Kellum, "Lessing's Legacy of Political Literature: The Nation: Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win, But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power", CBS News, rpt. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. from The Nation (column), October 14, 2007, accessed October 17, 2007. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Herman Hesse (1946). Hermann Hesse (ˈhɛʀman ˈhɛsə ( 2 July, 1877 — 9 August, 1962) was a German - Swiss poet novelist and painter Hermann Hesse: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “In 1923, I resigned German and acquired Swiss citizenship. ”
- ^ a b T.S. Eliot: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948: Biography. nobelprize. org (1948). Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) was born in St. Louis, Missouri . . . In 1927, Eliot became a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church. ”
- ^ a b Nelly Sachs Biography. Art Directory GmbH. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “The German writer and poet Nelly Sachs, whose original name was Leonie Sachs, was born to Jewish parents on December 10, 1891 in Berlin-Schöneberg. . . . Due to the threat of Nazism Nelly Sachs and her mother decided to emigrate to Sweden in 1940. . . . In 1950 Nelly's mother died and she wrote poems dealing with the loss. Two years later Sachs received Swedish citizenship. ”
- ^ Nelly Sachs. Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the “In 1940, after learning that she was destined for a forced-labour camp, she escaped to Sweden with the help of the Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf, with whom she had corresponded and who interceded with the Swedish royal family on her behalf. ”
- ^ Michael J. Bandler (April 7, 2005). Author Saul Bellow Dead At 89: Nobel laureate Was One of America's Great 20th Century Novelists. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Canadian by birth — the son of a Russian émigré businessman and a social worker — and Chicagoan by residence and perspective and affection for most of his life, Bellow, a naturalized U. S. citizen, was part of the generation of writers. . . ”
- ^ Elinor Slater and Robert Slater, "Saul Bellow: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature", Great Jewish Men (Jonathan David Company, 1996) 41, ISBN 0824603818: "Bellow became a naturalized American citizen in 1941. "
- ^ a b Isaac Bashevis Singer: Biographical Sketch. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Isaac Bashevis Singer was born Icek-Hersz Zynger on July 14, 1904, in Leoncin, Poland. . . . In 1943, Singer became a United States citizen. ”
- ^ Czeslaw Milosz. Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures “Milosz became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1970. ”
- ^ Czeslaw Milosz. University of California. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures “He was made an honorary citizen of Lithuania in 1992. . . ”
- ^ a b Elias Canetti: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981: Curriculum Vitae. nobelprize. org. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures “1905 Born on 25 July in Ruse, Bulgaria. 1952 Receives British citizenship. ”
- ^ a b Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Often called the best Russian poet of his generation, Brodsky was born and raised in the former Soviet Union and became an American citizen in 1977. ”
- ^ Seamus Heaney: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995: Biography. nobelprize. org (1995). Retrieved on 2007-10-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
- ^ Seamus Heaney: He's seen it all. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death “Heaney was born in Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom), but lives full time in Dublin in the Republic of Ireland and has taken Irish citizenship. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. He is an avowed Irish nationalist and is referenced as Irish by the Nobel committee in their citation. ”
- ^ Gao Xingjian: The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000: Biography. nobelprize. org (2000). Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.
- ^ a b Gao Xingjian 1940-. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Gao Xingjian (pronounced gow shing-jen) was born on January 4, 1940, in Ganzhou, China. . . . His next plays received negative reactions from the Chinese government, causing Gao to emigrate to France in 1987 during a trip to Germany on an artistic fellowship. . . . He became a naturalized French citizen in 1998. . . ”
- ^ V. S. Naipaul 1932-. eNotes. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. “Naipaul was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, in 1932, the second generation descendant of an East Indian grandfather who came to the West Indies in the early 1900s as an indentured laborer in the British colonial administration. ”
- ^ "JM Coetzee Becomes an Australian Citizen", Mail & Guardian, March 6, 2006, accessed August 14, 2007. The Mail & Guardian is a South African weekly investigative newspaper published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a strong focus Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
External links
- "All Nobel Laureates in Literature" – Index page on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature" – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
- "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
- "What the Nobel Laureates Receive" – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
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