7 carbon ← nitrogen → oxygen - ↑ N ↓ P Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	nitrogen, N, 7
Chemical series	nonmetals
Group, period, block	15, 2, p
Appearance	colorless gas
Standard atomic weight	14.007(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	1s2 2s2 2p3
Electrons per shell	2, 5
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Density	(0 °C, 101. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 325 kPa) 1. 251 g/L
Melting point	63. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 15 K (-210. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 00 °C, -346. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 00 °F)
Boiling point	77. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 36 K (-195. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 79 °C, -320. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 42 °F)
Critical point	126. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemistry and Condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state 21 K, 3. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 39 MPa
Heat of fusion	(N2) 0. The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 360 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	(N2) 5. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 56 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) (N2) 29. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 124 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 37 41 46 53 62 77
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	5, 4, 3, 2, 1,[1], -1, -3 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	3. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 04 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 1402. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 3 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2856 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 4578. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 1 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	65 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	56 pm
Covalent radius	75 pm
Van der Waals radius	155 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 25. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 83 × 10−3 W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound	(gas, 27 °C) 353 m/s
CAS registry number	7727-37-9
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of nitrogen iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 13N syn 9. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Nitrogen ( N)Standard atomic mass 140067(2 u Natural isotopes See also Nitrogen-14, Nitrogen-15 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 965 min ε 2. 220 13C 14N 99. 634% 14N is stable with 7 neutrons 15N 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 366% 15N is stable with 8 neutrons
References
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Nitrogen (pronounced /ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn/) is a chemical element that has the symbol N and atomic number 7 and atomic weight 14. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 0067. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78. In English to be inert is to be in a state of doing little or nothing Diatomic molecules are molecules made only of two Atoms of either the same or different Chemical elements The prefix di- means two in Greek In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made 08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five

Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and A propellant is a material that is used to move ("propel" an object An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a The very strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in converting the N₂ into useful compounds, and releasing large amounts of energy when these compounds burn or decay back into nitrogen gas.

The element nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford. Daniel Rutherford ( 3 November 1749 &ndash 15 November 1819) was a Scottish Chemist and Physician who was most Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms — it is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins, and of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters; and is a defining component of alkaloids, biological molecules produced by many organisms. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Chemical structure refers to Molecular geometry, Electronic structure and Crystal structure. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company.

Properties

Nitrogen is a nonmetal, with an electronegativity of 3. Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 0. It has five electrons in its outer shell and is therefore trivalent in most compounds. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J In Chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of Chemical bonds formed by the Atoms The triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N₂) is one of the strongest in nature. The resulting difficulty of converting (N₂) into other compounds, and the ease (and associated high energy release) of converting nitrogen compounds into elemental N₂, have dominated the role of nitrogen in both nature and human economic activities.

At atmospheric pressure molecular nitrogen condenses (liquifies) at 77 K (−195. Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 8 °C) and freezes at 63 K (−210. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. For freezing as a method of food preservation see Frozen food. 0 °C) into the beta hexagonal close-packed crystal allotropic form. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different Below 35. 4 K (−237. 6 °C) nitrogen assumes the alpha cubic crystal allotropic form. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Liquid nitrogen, a fluid resembling water, but with 80. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of 8% of the density, is a common cryogen. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals

Unstable allotropes of nitrogen consisting of more than two nitrogen atoms have been produced in the laboratory, like N₃ and N₄. As reported in the January 18 2002 Edition of ''Science'' at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Fulvio Cacace and his colleagues created a novel form of nitrogen known as ^[1] Under extremely high pressures (1. 1 million atm) and high temperatures (2000 K), as produced under diamond anvil conditions, nitrogen polymerizes into the single bonded diamond crystal structure, an allotrope nicknamed "nitrogen diamond. A diamond anvil cell (DAC consists of two opposing Diamonds with a sample compressed between the Culets Extreme pressure, which can exceed 1000000 In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in "^[2]

Occurrence

Nitrogen is the largest single constituent of the Earth's atmosphere (78. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five 082% by volume of dry air, 75. 3% by weight in dry air). It is created by fusion processes in stars, and is estimated to be the 7th most abundant chemical element by mass in the universe. Stellar nucleosynthesis is the collective term for the nuclear reactions taking place in Stars to build the nuclei of the heavier elements. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus.

Molecular nitrogen and nitrogen compounds have been detected in interstellar space by astronomers using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Interstellar Space was the one of the final studio albums recorded by the saxophonist John Coltrane before his death in 1967 originally-released posthumously The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE) is a space-based Telescope operated by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory ^[3] Molecular nitrogen is a major constituent of the Saturnian moon Titan's thick atmosphere, and occurs in trace amounts in other planetary atmospheres. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Titan (ˈtaɪtən, or as ^[4]

Nitrogen is present in all living organisms in proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules. It typically makes up around 4% of the dry weight of plant matter, and around 3% of the weight of the human body. It is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, ammonium compounds and derivatives of these nitrogenous products, which are essential nutrients for all plants that are unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into

Nitrogen occurs naturally in a number of minerals, such as saltpetre (potassium nitrate), Chile saltpetre (sodium nitrate) and sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride). Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Sodium nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaNO3 Sal ammoniac is a rare mineral composed of Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl Most of these are relatively uncommon, partly because of the minerals' ready solubility in water. See also Nitrate minerals and Ammonium minerals.

Isotopes

See also: Isotopes of nitrogen

There are two stable isotopes of nitrogen: ¹⁴N and ¹⁵N. Nitrogen ( N)Standard atomic mass 140067(2 u Natural isotopes See also Nitrogen-14, Nitrogen-15 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides By far the most common is ¹⁴N (99. 634%), which is produced in the CNO cycle in stars. The CNO cycle (for Carbon - Nitrogen - Oxygen) or sometimes Bethe-Weizsäcker-cycle, is one of two sets of fusion reactions A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Of the ten isotopes produced synthetically, ¹³N has a half life of ten minutes and the remaining isotopes have half lives on the order of seconds or less. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Biologically-mediated reactions (e. g. , assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. Assimilation is the process of taking digested food which is circulating the body and then using it to help rebuild cells Nitrification is the biological oxidation of Ammonia with oxygen into Nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into Nitrates Degradation Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process of dissimilatory nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular Nitrogen (N2 through a series of intermediate These reactions typically result in ¹⁵N enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product. A product is a substance that forms as a result of a Biological - or Chemical reaction.

0. 73% of the molecular nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere is comprised of the isotopologue ¹⁴N¹⁵N and almost all the rest is ¹⁴N₂. Isotopologues are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition

Electromagnetic spectrum

Molecular nitrogen (¹⁴N₂) is largely transparent to infrared and visible radiation because it is a homonuclear molecule and thus has no dipole moment to couple to electromagnetic radiation at these wavelengths. Significant absorption occurs at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, beginning around 100 nanometers. This is associated with electronic transitions in the molecule to states in which charge is not distributed evenly between nitrogen atoms. Nitrogen absorption leads to significant absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the Earth's upper atmosphere as well as in the atmospheres of other planetary bodies. For similar reasons, pure molecular nitrogen lasers typically emit light in the ultraviolet range. A Nitrogen laser is a Gas laser operating in the Ultraviolet range (typically 337 nm using molecular Nitrogen as its Gain medium, pumped

Nitrogen also makes a contribution to visible air glow from the Earth's upper atmosphere, through electron impact excitation followed by emission. The airglow is the very weak emission of light by the Earth's atmosphere; as a result the night sky is never completely dark This visible blue air glow (seen in the polar aurora and in the re-entry glow of returning spacecraft) typically results not from molecular nitrogen, but rather from free nitrogen atoms combining with oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]]

History

Nitrogen (Latin nitrogenium, where nitrum (from Greek nitron) means "saltpetre" (see niter), and genes means "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Niter (US or nitre (UK is the mineral form of Potassium nitrate, KNO3 also known as saltpeter (US or saltpetre (UK Daniel Rutherford ( 3 November 1749 &ndash 15 November 1819) was a Scottish Chemist and Physician who was most Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century chemist. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or phlogisticated air. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Henry Cavendish, FRS (10 October 1731 - 24 February 1810 was a British Scientist noted for his discovery of Hydrogen or what he called "inflammable Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old The phlogiston theory (from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlŏgistón "burning up" from φλόξ phlóx "fire" first stated Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as azote, from the Greek word αζωτος meaning "lifeless". In English to be inert is to be in a state of doing little or nothing Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Animals died in it, and it was the principal component of air in which animals had suffocated and flames had burned to extinction. This term has become the French word for "nitrogen" and later spread out to many other languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Argon was discovered when it was noticed that nitrogen from air is not identical to nitrogen from chemical reactions. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation.

Compounds of nitrogen were known in the Middle Ages. The alchemists knew nitric acid as aqua fortis (strong water). Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as aqua regia (royal water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold (the king of metals). Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The earliest industrial and agricultural applications of nitrogen compounds involved uses in the form of saltpeter (sodium- or potassium nitrate), notably in gunpowder, and much later, as fertilizer. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Sodium nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaNO3 Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant

Biological role

See also: nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen is an essential part of amino acids and nucleic acids, both of which are essential to all life on Earth. The nitrogen cycle is the Biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of Nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information

Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be used directly by either plants or animals, and needs to be converted into nitrogen compounds, or "fixed," in order to be used by life. Precipitation often contains substantial quantities of ammonium and nitrate, both thought to be a result of nitrogen fixation by lightning and other atmospheric electric phenomena. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or However, because ammonium is preferentially retained by the forest canopy relative to atmospheric nitrate, most of the fixed nitrogen that reaches the soil surface under trees is in the form of nitrate. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Soil nitrate is preferentially assimilated by tree roots relative to soil ammonium. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN.

Specific bacteria (e. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have g. Rhizobium trifolium) possess nitrogenase enzymes which can fix atmospheric nitrogen (see nitrogen fixation) into a form (ammonium ion) which is chemically useful to higher organisms. Rhizobia (from the Greek words rhiza = root and bios = Life are Soil bacteria that fix Nitrogen ( Diazotrophy Nitrogenase ( is the Enzyme used by some organisms to fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas (N2 Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into This process requires a large amount of energy and anoxic conditions. Such bacteria may be free in the soil (e. g. Azotobacter) but normally exist in a symbiotic relationship in the root nodules of leguminous plants (e. Azotobacter is a Genus of usually motile oval or spherical Bacteria that form thick-walled cysts and may produce large quantities of capsular slime This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with Vigna bacteria. g. clover, Trifolium species, or the soya bean plant, Glycine max). Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be symbiotic with a number of unrelated plant species. Common examples are legumes, alders (Alnus) spp. Alder is the common name of a Genus of Flowering plants ( Alnus) belonging to the Birch family (Family Betulaceae) , lichens, Casuarina, Myrica, liverworts, and Gunnera. Casuarina is a Genus of 17 species in the family Casuarinaceae, native to Australasia, southeastern Asia, and islands of the Myrica is a genus of about 35-50 species of small Trees and Shrubs in the family Myricaceae order Fagales Gunnera is a genus of Herbaceous Flowering plants some of them gigantic

As part of the symbiotic relationship, the plant subsequently converts the ammonium ion to nitrogen oxides and amino acids to form proteins and other biologically useful molecules, such as alkaloids. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. In return for the usable (fixed) nitrogen, the plant secretes sugars to the symbiotic bacteria.

Some plants are able to assimilate nitrogen directly in the form of nitrates which may be present in soil from natural mineral deposits, artificial fertilizers, animal waste, or organic decay (as the product of bacteria, but not bacteria specifically associated with the plant). Nitrates absorbed in this fashion are converted to nitrites by the enzyme nitrate reductase, and then converted to ammonia by another enzyme called nitrite reductase.

Nitrogen compounds are basic building blocks in animal biology. Animals use nitrogen-containing amino acids from plant sources, as starting materials for all nitrogen-compound animal biochemistry, including the manufacture of proteins and nucleic acids. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Some plant-feeding insects are so dependent on nitrogen in their diet, that varying the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to a plant can affect the rate of reproduction of the insects feeding on it. ^[5]

Soluble nitrate is an important limiting factor in the growth of certain bacteria in ocean waters. In many places in the world, artificial fertilizers applied to crop-lands to increase yields result in run-off delivery of soluble nitrogen to oceans at river mouths. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant This process can result in eutrophication of the water, as nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen to the point that all higher organisms die. Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur Well-known "dead zone" areas in the U. This page is about the oceanic phenomenon see Dead Zone for other uses S. Gulf Coast and the Black Sea are due to this important polluting process. The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

Many saltwater fish manufacture large amounts of trimethylamine oxide to protect them from the high osmotic effects of their environment (conversion of this compound to dimethylamine is responsible for the early odor in unfresh saltwater fish: PMID 15186102). Trimethylamine N -oxide, also known by several other names and acronyms is the Organic compound with the formula (CH33NO Osmosis is the Diffusion of a solvent (frequently water through a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential Dimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula (CH32NH In animals, the free radical molecule nitric oxide (NO), which is derived from an amino acid, serves as an important regulatory molecule for circulation. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

Animal metabolism of NO results in production of nitrite. The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3. Animal metabolism of nitrogen in proteins generally results in excretion of urea, while animal metabolism of nucleic acids results in excretion of urea and uric acid. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 The characteristic odor of animal flesh decay is caused by nitrogen-containing long-chain amines, such as putrescine and cadaverine. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Putrescine (sometimes spelled putrescin or putrescene) is an organic chemical compound N[[Hydrogen H]]2( CH sub>24NH2 Cadaverine is a foul-smelling molecule produced by Protein Hydrolysis during Putrefaction of animal tissue

Decay of organisms and their waste products may produce small amounts of nitrate, but most decay eventually returns nitrogen content to the atmosphere, as molecular nitrogen.

Reactions

Structure of [Ru(NH₃)₅(N₂)]²⁺.

Nitrogen is generally unreactive at standard temperature and pressure. N₂ reacts spontaneously with few reagents, being resilient to acids and bases as well as oxidants and most reductants. A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. When nitrogen reacts spontaneously with a reagent, the net transformation is often called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into

Nitrogen reacts with elemental lithium at STP. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made ^[6] Lithium burns in an atmosphere of N₂ to give lithium nitride:

6 Li + N₂ → 2 Li₃N

Magnesium also burns in nitrogen, forming magnesium nitride. Lithium nitride is a compound of Lithium and Nitrogen with the Formula Li3N Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2 is an Inorganic compound of Magnesium and Nitrogen.

3 Mg + N₂ → Mg₃N₂

N₂ forms a variety of adducts with transition metals. See also Adduction, one of the Anatomical terms of motion. An adduct (from the Latin adductus, "drawn toward" is The first example of a dinitrogen complex is [Ru(NH₃)₅(N₂)]²⁺ (see figure at right). A dinitrogen complex is a Coordination compound that contains the dinitrogen ligand N2 Such compounds are now numerous, other examples include IrCl(N₂)(PPh₃)₂, W(N₂)₂(Ph₂CH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂, and [(η⁵-C₅Me₄H)₂Zr]₂(μ₂,η²,η²-N₂). A bridging Ligand is an Atom or a polyatomic entity that connects two or more Metal centres in a complex. The term hapticity is used to describe how a group of contiguous atoms of a ligand are coordinated to a central atom These complexes illustrate how N₂ might bind to the metal(s) in nitrogenase and the catalyst for the Haber-Bosch Process. Nitrogenase ( is the Enzyme used by some organisms to fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas (N2 The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate ^[7] A catalytic process to reduce N₂ to ammonia with the use of a molybdenum complex in the presence of a proton source was published in 2005. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo ^[6] (see nitrogen fixation)

The starting point for industrial production of nitrogen compounds is the Haber-Bosch process, in which nitrogen is fixed by reacting N₂ and H₂ over a ferric oxide (Fe₃O₄) catalyst at about 500 °C and 200 atmospheres pressure. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Iron(III oxide —also known as ferric oxide, Hematite, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, or simply Rust —is Biological nitrogen fixation in free-living cyanobacteria and in the root nodules of plants also produces ammonia from molecular nitrogen. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of Bacteria that obtain their energy Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with Vigna bacteria. The reaction, which is the source of the bulk of nitrogen in the biosphere, is catalysed by the nitrogenase enzyme complex which contains Fe and Mo atoms, using energy derived from hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (−20. The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. Nitrogenase ( is the Enzyme used by some organisms to fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas (N2 Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a Nucleotide. It is an Ester of Pyrophosphoric acid with the Nucleoside Adenosine Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. 5 kJ/mol).

Nitrogen compounds in industry

Simple compounds

See also the category Nitrogen compounds.

The main neutral hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (NH₃), although hydrazine (N₂H₄) is also commonly used. Hydride is the name given to the negative Ion of Hydrogen, H− Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Ammonia is more basic than water by 6 orders of magnitude. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In solution ammonia forms the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺). In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Liquid ammonia (b. p. 240 K) is amphiprotic (displaying either Brønsted-Lowry acidic or basic character) and forms ammonium and the less common amide ions (NH₂^-); both amides and nitride (N^3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. In chemistry and physical sciences a substance is described as amphiprotic if it can both donate or accept a Proton, thus acting either like an Acid or a base In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a Chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds Singly, doubly, triply and quadruply substituted alkyl compounds of ammonia are called amines (four substitutions, to form commercially and biologically important quarternary amines, results in a positively charged nitrogen, and thus a water-soluble, or at least amphiphilic, compound). Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις amphis both and φιλíα Philia: love friendship is a term describing a Chemical compound possessing both Larger chains, rings and structures of nitrogen hydrides are also known, but are generally unstable. N₂²⁺ is another polyatomic cation as in hydrazine.

Other classes of nitrogen anions (negatively charged ions) are the poisonous azides (N₃^-), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide, but which bind to important iron-containing enzymes in the body in a manner more resembling cyanide. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Azide is the anion with the formula N3− It is the Conjugate base of Hydrazoic acid. Two or more molecular entities ( Atoms Molecules Ions are described as being isoelectronic with each other if they have the same number of Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Another molecule of the same structure is the colorless and relatively inert anesthetic gas dinitrogen monoxide N₂O, also known as laughing gas. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. This is one of a variety of oxides, the most prominent of which are nitrogen monoxide (NO) (known more commonly as nitric oxide in biology), a natural free radical molecule used by the body as a signal for short-term control of smooth muscle in the circulation. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] Another notable nitrogen oxide compound (a family often abbreviated NOx) is the reddish and poisonous nitrogen dioxide NO₂, which also contains an unpaired electron and is an important component of smog. Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Nitrogen molecules containing unpaired electrons show an understandable tendency to dimerize (thus pairing the electrons), and are generally highly reactive. A dimer is a Chemical or Biological entity consisting of two subunits called Monomers which are held together by either Intramolecular forces

The more standard oxides, dinitrogen trioxide N₂O₃ and dinitrogen pentoxide N₂O₅, are actually fairly unstable and explosive-- a tendency which is driven by the stability of N₂ as a product. Dinitrogen trioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N2O3 Dinitrogen pentoxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N2O5 The corresponding acids are nitrous HNO₂ and nitric acid HNO₃, with the corresponding salts called nitrites and nitrates. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3. In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms Dinitrogen tetroxide N₂O₄ (DTO) is one of the most important oxidisers of rocket fuels, used to oxidise hydrazine in the Titan rocket and in the recent NASA MESSENGER probe to Mercury. Nitrogen tetroxide ( dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen peroxide) is the Chemical compound N2O4 Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Titan was a family of US expendable Rockets used between 1959 and 2005 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry and Ranging ( MESSENGER) probe is a NASA Spacecraft, launched August 3, 2004 DTO is an intermediate in the manufacture of nitric acid HNO₃, one of the few acids stronger than hydronium and a fairly strong oxidizing agent. In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound

Nitrogen is notable for the range of explosively unstable compounds that it can produce. Nitrogen triiodide NI₃ is an extremely sensitive contact explosive. Contact explosive generally refers to any substance that will explode when relatively small quantities of Energy are applied to the substance, whether that Nitrocellulose, produced by nitration of cellulose with nitric acid, is also known as guncotton. Nitrocellulose (also cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by Nitrating Cellulose through exposure to Nitroglycerin, made by nitration of glycerin, is the dangerously unstable explosive ingredient of dynamite. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr The comparatively stable, but more powerful explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the standard explosive against which the power of nuclear explosions are measured. Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3

Nitrogen can also be found in organic compounds. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Common nitrogen functional groups include: amines, amides, nitro groups, imines, and enamines. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized An imine is a Functional group or Chemical compound containing a Carbon – Nitrogen Double bond. An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the reaction of an Aldehyde or Ketone with a Secondary amine followed by loss of H2O The amount of nitrogen in a chemical substance can be determined by the Kjeldahl method. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. The Kjeldahl method in Analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of Nitrogen in Chemical substances developed by Johan Kjeldahl

Nitrogen compounds of notable economic importance

Molecular nitrogen (N₂) in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive due to its strong bond, and N₂ plays an inert role in the human body, being neither produced or destroyed. In nature, nitrogen is converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (i. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have e. nitrogen fixing bacteria – see Biological role above). Diazotrophs are Bacteria that fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas into a more usable form such as Ammonia. Molecular nitrogen is also released into the atmosphere in the process of decay, in dead plant and animal tissues. The ability to combine or fix molecular nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemistry, where nitrogen and natural gas are converted into ammonia via the Haber process. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fertilizer, and in the synthesis of nitrated fertilizers), or as a precursor of many other important materials including explosives, largely via the production of nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The Ostwald process is a chemical process for producing Nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902

The organic and inorganic salts of nitric acid have been important historically as stores of chemical energy. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants They include important compounds such as potassium nitrate (or saltpeter used in gunpowder) and ammonium nitrate, an important fertilizer and explosive (see ANFO). Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 ANFO (or AN/FO, for ammonium nitrate / fuel oil) is a widely used Explosive mixture Various other nitrated organic compounds, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, and nitrocellulose, are used as explosives and propellants for modern firearms. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3 Nitrocellulose (also cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by Nitrating Cellulose through exposure to Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent in liquid fueled rockets. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the Hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives find use as rocket fuels and monopropellants. Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Monopropellants are Propellants composed of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which can be stored in a single container with some degree of safety In most of these compounds, the basic instability and tendency to burn or explode is derived from the fact that nitrogen is present as an oxide, and not as the far more stable nitrogen molecule (N₂) which is a product of the compounds' thermal decomposition. When nitrates burn or explode, the formation of the powerful triple bond in the N₂ which results, produces most of the energy of the reaction.

Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) was discovered early in the 19th century to be a partial anesthetic, though it was not used as a surgical anesthetic until later. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Called "laughing gas", it was found capable of inducing a state of social disinhibition resembling drunkenness. Other notable nitrogen-containing drugs are drugs derived from plant alkaloids, such as morphine (there exist many alkaloids known to have pharmacological effects; in some cases they appear natural chemical defences of plants against predation). This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Nitrogen containing drugs include all of the major classes of antibiotics, and organic nitrate drugs like nitroglycerin and nitroprusside which regulate blood pressure and heart action by mimicking the action of nitric oxide. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine Sodium nitroprusside is the Chemical compound with the formula Na2·2H2O Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]]

Dangers

Rapid release of nitrogen gas into an enclosed space can displace oxygen, and therefore represents an asphyxiation hazard. This may happen with few warning symptoms, since the human carotid body is a relatively slow and a poor low-oxygen (hypoxia) sensing system. The carotid body ( Carotid glomus or Glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of Chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork ( Bifurcation ^[8] An example occurred shortly before the launch of the first Space Shuttle mission in 1981, when two technicians lost consciousness and died after they walked into a space located in the Shuttle's Mobile Launcher Platform that was pressurized with pure nitrogen as a precaution against fire. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The Mobile Launcher Platform or MLP is a two-story structure used by NASA, along with the Crawler-Transporter, to transport the Space Shuttle The technicians would have been able to exit the room if they had experienced early symptoms from nitrogen-breathing.

When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 3 atmospheres, encountered at depths below about 30 m in scuba diving) nitrogen begins to act as an anesthetic agent. In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. It can cause nitrogen narcosis, a temporary semi-anesthetized state of mental impairment similar to that caused by nitrous oxide. Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in Consciousness in scuba divers at depth Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O.

Nitrogen also dissolves in the bloodstream and body fats. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Rapid decompression (particularly in the case of divers ascending too quickly, or astronauts decompressing too quickly from cabin pressure to spacesuit pressure) can lead to a potentially fatal condition called decompression sickness (formerly known as caisson sickness or more commonly, the "bends"), when nitrogen bubbles form in the bloodstream, nerves, joints, and other sensitive or vital areas. Decompression sickness (DCS, the diver’s disease, the bends, caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person

Direct skin contact with liquid nitrogen causes severe frostbite (cryogenic burns) within seconds, though not instantly on contact, depending on form of liquid nitrogen (liquid vs. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Frostbite ( congelatio in Medical terminology) is the Medical condition whereby damage is caused to Skin and other tissues mist) and surface area of the nitrogen-soaked material (soaked clothing or cotton causing more rapid damage than a spill of direct liquid to skin, which for a few seconds is protected by the Leidenfrost effect). The Leidenfrost effect is a Phenomenon in which a liquid in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than its Boiling point, produces an insulating Vapor

See also

• Nutrient
• Nitrogenomics
• NOx
• TKN
• Tetranitrogen

References

1. ^ A new molecule and a new signature - Chemistry - tetranitrogen. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Nitrogenomics is the branch of the study of Genomics pertaining to Nitrogen utilisation and assimilation in Organisms Nitrogen is a primary Nutrient The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen or TKN is the sum of organic Nitrogen; Ammonia (NH3 and Ammonium (NH4+ in biological wastewater As reported in the January 18 2002 Edition of ''Science'' at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Fulvio Cacace and his colleagues created a novel form of nitrogen known as Science News (February 16, 2002). Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
2. ^ Polymeric nitrogen synthesized. physorg. com (August 5, 2004). Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-08-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
3. ^ Daved M. Meyer, Jason A. Cardelli, and Ulysses J. Sofia (1997). Abundance of Interstellar Nitorgen. arXiv. Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
4. ^ Calvin J. Hamilton. Titan (Saturn VI). Solarviews. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
5. ^ Jahn, GC, LP Almazan, and J Pacia (2005). "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the intrinsic rate of increase of the rusty plum aphid, Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on rice (Oryza sativa L.)". Environmental Entomology 34 (4): 938–943.  
6. ^ ^{a b} Richard R. Schrock (2005). Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the Metathesis reaction used "Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center". Acc. Chem. Res. 38: 955–962. Accounts of Chemical Research (usually abbreviated as Acc Chem doi:10.1021/ar0501121. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
7. ^ Fryzuk, M. D. and Johnson, S. A. (2000). "The continuing story of dinitrogen activation". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 200–202: 379. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00264-2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
8. ^ Biology Safety - Cryogenic materials. The risks posed by them. University of Bath. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nitrogen
• Chemistry of the Elements, N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw. ISBN 0-08-022057-6
• Biochemistry, R. H. Garrett and C. M. Grisham. 2nd edition, 1999. ISBN 0-03-022318-0

External links

• Why high nitrogen density in explosives?
• WebElements.com – Nitrogen
• It's Elemental – Nitrogen
• Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen
• Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications
• Computational Chemistry Wiki
• Handling procedures for liquid nitrogen
• Material Safety Data Sheet