Newt Gingrich
58th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office January 4, 1995 – January 3, 1999
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Tom Foley
Succeeded by	Dennis Hastert
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 6th district
In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1999
Preceded by	Jack Flynt
Succeeded by	Johnny Isakson
Born	June 17, 1943 (age 64) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Jackie Battley (1962-1981) Marianne Ginther (1981-2000) Callista Bisek (2000-current)
Alma mater	Emory University Tulane University
Religion	Southern Baptist
Signature

Newton Leroy Gingrich, (born June 17, 1943), served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Thomas Stephen Foley (born March 26, 1929 in Spokane Washington) is an American politician of the Democratic Party See also Illinois's 14th congressional district special election 2008 John Dennis "Denny" Hastert (born January 2, 1942) is an The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Georgia's 6th Congressional District has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by Tom Price ( Republican) since 2005 Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) John James Flynt Jr ( November 8, 1914 &ndash June 24, 2007) was a United States Representative from Georgia. John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (born December 28 1944) is an American politician who has been the Republican junior United States Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Harrisburg is the Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the United States of America Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, Tulane University is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives. In 1995, Time magazine selected him as the Person of the Year for his role in leading the Republican Revolution in the House, ending 40 years of Democratic Party majorities in that body. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles The term can also refer to the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. During his tenure as Speaker he represented the public face of the Republican opposition to Bill Clinton. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States

A college history professor, conservative political leader, and prolific author, Gingrich twice ran unsuccessfully for the House before first winning a seat in November 1978. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined He was re-elected 10 times, and his activism as a member of the House's Republican minority eventually enabled him to succeed Dick Cheney as House Minority Whip in 1989. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. A whip in the United States House of Representatives is a member of the party leadership who comes second in line after the party's Floor leader, which As a co-author of the 1994 Contract with America, Gingrich was in the forefront of the Republican Party's dramatic success in the 1994 Congressional elections and subsequently was elected Speaker. The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign Gingrich's leadership in Congress was marked by opposition to many of the policies of the Clinton Administration, culminating in the impeachment of President Clinton. The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the Federal Shortly after the 1998 elections, where Republicans lost 5 seats in the House, Gingrich announced his resignation as Speaker.

After resigning his seat, Gingrich has maintained a career as a political analyst and consultant and continues to write works related to government and other subjects, such as historical fiction. Historical fiction is a sub-genre of Fiction that often portrays alternate accounts or dramatization of historical figures or events Recently he founded the non-partisan think tank American Solutions. The organization is active in working in areas it believes a majority of Americans agree upon, such as strong national defense, the revitalization of values, and the modernization and improvement of American government.

Early life and education

Newt Gingrich was born Newton Leroy McPherson on June 17, 1943 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to nineteen-year-old Newton Searles McPherson and sixteen-year-old Kathleen Daugherty, who were married in September 1942. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Harrisburg is the Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the United States of America ^[1][2] His mother raised him by herself until she married Robert Gingrich, who then adopted Newt. Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born Gingrich has a younger half-sister, Candace Gingrich, a gay and lesbian rights activist who was born when Newt was already a young adult. Candace Gingrich (born June 2, 1966) is an LGBT rights Activist at the Human Rights Campaign.

Gingrich was the child of a career military family, moving a number of times while growing up and attending school at various military installations. He ultimately graduated from Baker High School in Columbus, Georgia in 1961. Columbus is a City in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He received a B.A. degree from Emory University in Atlanta in 1965. Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, He received an M.A. in 1968 and a Ph.D in 1971 in Modern European History from Tulane University in New Orleans. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Tulane University is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana

Gingrich taught history at University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia from 1970 to 1978, although he was untenured. The University of West Georgia is a comprehensive residential State University located in Carrollton Georgia, approximately 50 miles (80 km West of Atlanta Carrollton is a city in west central Georgia, in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. ^[3] Newt also taught a class, Renewing American Civilization, at Kennesaw State University in 1993. Kennesaw State University, also referred to as KSU or Kennesaw State, is a Public, Coeducational, Comprehensive University ^[4]

Personal life

Newt Gingrich has been married three times. He married Jackie Battley, his former high school geometry teacher, when he was 19 years old (she was seven years his senior at 26 years old). ^[5][6] After an alleged affair in 1977 with Ann Manning, then the wife of a West Georgia professor, Gingrich sought a divorce from Battley. That was finalized in 1981. Newt refused to pay both alimony and child support. The local First Baptist church took up collections for support of Jackie and their children. ^[7] In 1981, Gingrich wed Marianne Ginther,^[8] to whom he remained married until 2000, the same year Gingrich had an affair with a then 33-year-old Congressional staffer, Callista Bisek. He and Bisek were married in 2000 and currently reside in Virginia. Gingrich has two daughters, Kathy and Jackie from his marriage to Jackie Battley, two sons-in-law and two grandchildren. ^[9]

Although college peers noted Gingrich's preference to discuss politics more than his personal life,^[10] Gingrich’s personal life has been the subject of much attention from both the media and his political opponents over the years. In 1992, his Democratic opponent, Tony Center, ran an ad claiming that Gingrich had "delivered divorce papers to his wife the day after her cancer operation," which was not strictly true, although friends have acknowledged that he discussed divorce terms with his estranged wife while visiting her in the hospital. ^[11]

Positions

Illegal immigration

From Gingrich's five challenges: "No serious nation in the age of terror can afford to have wide-open borders with millions of illegal aliens crossing at will. "

Although a source of friction in the conservative wing of the GOP (and some pro-union "blue dog" democrats), Gingrich supports a "guest worker program" for Mexican citizens, meaning that an undetermined number of Mexican citizens would be allowed to come to the United States and work for a period of time, then return to Mexico. Gingrich also supports the idea of allowing some of these guest workers to become citizens. In his book Winning the Future, he says:

"Along with total border control, we must make it easier for people who enter the United States legally, to work for a set period of time, obey the law, and return home. The requirements for participation in a worker visa program should be tough and uncompromising. The first is essential: Everyone currently working in the United States illegal must return to their home country to apply for the worker visa program. Anything less than requiring those who are here illegally to return home to apply for legal status is amnesty, plain and simple. "

Global warming

In April 2007, Gingrich held an open debate on climate change with Senator John Kerry. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator In this debate, he stated that he believes that global warming is indeed an occurring phenomenon: "My message, I think, is that the evidence is sufficient that we should move toward the most effective possible steps to reduce carbon loading in the atmosphere. " Gingrich's environmental ideas were revealed in his book, A Contract with the Earth. Gingrich supports tax breaks to mitigate carbon emissions instead of regulations such as cap-and-trade. Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for ^[12]

United States Representative

Early elections

In 1974 and 1976, Gingrich made two unsuccessful runs for Congress in Georgia's sixth congressional district, which stretched from the southern Atlanta suburbs to the Alabama border. The US House election 1974 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1974 that occurred in the wake of the Watergate scandal, which The US House election 1976 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1976 which coincided with Jimmy Carter 's election as President These are tables of congressional delegations from Georgia to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Gingrich lost both times to incumbent Democrat Jack Flynt. John James Flynt Jr ( November 8, 1914 &ndash June 24, 2007) was a United States Representative from Georgia. Flynt was a conservative Democrat who had served in Congress since 1955 and never faced a serious challenge prior to Gingrich's two runs against him. In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a Democratic Party member with conservative political views However, Gingrich nearly defeated Flynt in 1974, a year that was otherwise a very bad year for Republicans due to Watergate. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's A 1976 rematch was similarly close, despite the presence of favorite Jimmy Carter on the presidential ballot. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002

Flynt chose not to run for re-election in 1978, and the Democrats fielded state senator Virginia Shapard in his place. The US House election 1978 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1978 which occurred in the middle of President Jimmy Carter Shapard's support of the Equal Rights Amendment [1] backfired against her in the socially conservative district, and Gingrich defeated her by almost 9 points. The Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA) is a failed proposed amendment to the United States Constitution intended to guarantee equal rights under the

Gingrich was reelected six times from this district, facing only one truly difficult race. In the House elections of 1990, he defeated Democrat David Worley by only 974 votes. The US House election 1990 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1990 which occurred in the middle of President George H [2]

Pre-speakership congressional activities

In 1981, Gingrich co-founded the Congressional Military Reform Caucus (MRC) as well as the Congressional Aviation and Space Caucus. In 1983 he founded the Conservative Opportunity Society, a group that included young conservative House Republicans. In 1983, Gingrich demanded the expulsion of fellow representatives Dan Crane and Gerry Studds for their roles in the Congressional Page sex scandal. Daniel Bever Crane (born January 10, 1936) is an American Politician. Gerry Eastman Studds ( May 12 1937 – October 14 2006) (ˈɡɛri was an American Democratic Congressman The 1983 Congressional Page sex scandal was a Political scandal in the United States involving members of the United States House of Representatives.

In May 1988, Gingrich (along with 77 other House members and Common Cause) brought ethics charges against Democratic Speaker Jim Wright, who was alleged to have used a book deal to circumvent campaign-finance laws and House ethics rules and eventually resigned as a result of the inquiry. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Common Cause is a nonpartisan nonprofit citizens' lobby and advocacy organization James Claude Wright Jr (born December 22, 1922) usually known as Jim Wright, is a former Democratic U Gingrich's success in forcing Wright's resignation was in part responsible for his rising influence in the Republican caucus. In 1989, after House Minority Whip Dick Cheney was appointed Secretary of Defense, Gingrich was elected to succeed him. A whip in the United States House of Representatives is a member of the party leadership who comes second in line after the party's Floor leader, which Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Gingrich and others in the house, especially the newly minted Gang of Seven, railed against what they saw as ethical lapses in the House, an institution that had been under Democratic control for almost 40 years. The Gang of Seven refers to a group of Republican US Representatives, elected in 1990. The House banking scandal and Congressional Post Office Scandal were emblems of the corruption exposed. The House banking scandal broke in early 1992 when it was revealed that the United States House of Representatives allowed members to overdraw their House checking The Congressional Post Office Scandal is a phrase used to refer to the discovery of corruption among various Congressional Post Office employees and members of the United

Election of 1992

See also: U.S. House election, 1992

During the 1990s round of redistricting, Georgia picked up an additional seat as a result of the 1990 United States Census. The US House election 1992 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1992 which coincided with the election of Bill Clinton as However, the Democratic-controlled General Assembly split Gingrich's old territory among three other districts. The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U Gingrich's home in Carrollton was drawn into the Columbus-based 3rd District, represented by five-term Democrat Richard Ray. Carrollton is a city in west central Georgia, in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. Columbus is a City in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States. Richard Belmont Ray ( February 02, 1927 – May 29, 1999) was an American politician from Georgia.

At the same time, they created a new 6th District in Fulton and Cobb counties in the wealthy northern suburbs of Atlanta — an area Gingrich had never represented. Fulton County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. Cobb County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. Its County seat and largest city is Marietta, located in the center However, Gingrich sold his home in Carrollton, moved to Marietta in the new 6th and won a very close Republican primary. Marietta is a City located in central Cobb County Georgia, and is its County seat. The primary victory was tantamount to election in the new, heavily Republican district. Also, Ray narrowly lost to Republican state senator Mac Collins. Michael Allen "Mac" Collins (born October 15 1944) American politician was a Republican member of the United States House

Speaker of the House

The Contract with America and rise to Speaker

From Left to Right: Al Gore, Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich — 1997

Main article: Contract with America

In the 1994 campaign season, in an effort to offer a concrete alternative to shifting Democratic policies and to unite distant wings of the Republican Party, Gingrich presented Dick Armey's and his Contract with America. The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign The US House election 1994 was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 8 1994, in the middle of President Richard Keith "Dick" Armey (born July 7, 1940 in) is a former U The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign The contract was signed by himself and other Republican candidates for the House of Representatives. The contract ranged from issues with broad popular support, including welfare reform, term limits, tougher crime laws, and a balanced budget law, to more specialized legislation such as restrictions on American military participation in U. Welfare reform is a movement for policy change in countries with a state-administered social welfare systems See also Rotation in office A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment From a Keynesian point of view a balanced Budget in the Public sector is achieved when the government has enough fiscal discipline to be able to equate N. missions. In the November 1994 elections, Republicans gained 54 seats and took control of the House for the first time since 1954.

Longtime House Minority Leader Bob Michel of Illinois had not run for re-election in 1994, giving Gingrich, as the highest-ranking Republican returning to Congress, the inside track to becoming Speaker. Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door (private Caucus. Robert Henry "Bob" Michel (born March 2 1923 in Peoria Illinois) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Legislation proposed by the 104th United States Congress included term limits for Congressional Representatives, tax cuts, welfare reform, and a balanced budget amendment, as well as independent auditing of the finances of the House of Representatives and elimination of non-essential services such as the House barbershop and shoe-shine concessions. A tax cut is a reduction in taxes. Economic stimulus via tax cuts along with interest rate intervention and deficit spending are one of the central tenets of Keynesian economics Welfare reform is a movement for policy change in countries with a state-administered social welfare systems From a Keynesian point of view a balanced Budget in the Public sector is achieved when the government has enough fiscal discipline to be able to equate The most general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person organization system process project or product Congress fulfilled Gingrich's Contract promise to bring all ten of the Contract's issues to a vote within the first 100 days of the session, even though most legislation was held up in the Senate, vetoed by President Bill Clinton, or substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. The Contract was criticized by the Sierra Club and by Mother Jones magazine as a Trojan horse tactic that, while deploying the rhetoric of reform, would have the real effect of allowing corporate polluters to profit at the expense of the environment;^[13] it was referred to by opponents, including President Clinton, as the "Contract on America". Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and Mother Jones is an independent Nonprofit Magazine rooted in liberal political values and known for its Investigative reporting The Trojan Horse was part of the Trojan War, as told in Virgil 's Latin Epic poem The Aeneid. ^[14]

However, most parts of the Contract eventually became law in some fashion and represented a dramatic departure from the legislative goals and priorities of previous Congresses. See Implementation of the Contract for a detailed discussion of what was and was not enacted. The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign

Government shutdown and the "snub"

Main article: Federal government shutdown of 1995

The momentum of the Republican Revolution stalled in late 1995 and early 1996 as a result of a budget fight between Congressional Republicans and President Bill Clinton. The 1995 shutdown of the United States federal government was a major political crisis in which the U The term can also refer to the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that led to the establishment of the Republic of China. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Speaker Gingrich and the new Republican majority wanted deep cuts to government spending, which Clinton flatly rejected. Without enough votes to override President Clinton's veto, Gingrich led the Republicans not to submit a revised budget, allowing the previously approved appropriations to expire on schedule, and causing parts of the Federal government to shut down for lack of funds. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. The 1995 shutdown of the United States federal government was a major political crisis in which the U

Newt Gingrich as a "Cry Baby" on the cover of the New York Daily News. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137

Gingrich inflicted a blow to his public image by seeming to suggest that the Republican hard-line stance over the budget was in part due to his feeling "snubbed" by the President the day before following his return from Yitzhak Rabin's funeral in Israel. Gingrich was lampooned in the media as a petulant figure with an inflated self-image, and at least one editorial cartoon depicted him as having thrown a temper tantrum. ^[15] Democratic leaders took the opportunity to attack Gingrich's motives for the budget standoff, and some say the shutdown might have contributed to Clinton's re-election in November 1996. ^[16][17]

Tom DeLay recounts the event in his book, No Retreat, No Surrender, that Gingrich "made the mistake of his life" and says the following of Gingrich's mis-step of the shutdown:^[18]

"He told a room full of reporters that he forced the shutdown because Clinton had rudely made him and Bob Dole sit at the back of Air Force One. Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8 1947 is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Sugar Land, Texas. . . Newt had been careless to say such a thing, and now the whole moral tone of the shutdown had been lost. What had been a noble battle for fiscal sanity began to look like the tirade of a spoiled child. . The revolution, I can tell you, was never the same. "

In her autobiography Living History, former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton shows a picture of Bill Clinton, Dole, and Gingrich laughing on the plane. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" Living history is an activity that incorporates historical tools activities and dress into an interactive presentation that seeks to give observers and participants a sense of Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26 1947 is the junior United States Senator from Gingrich claims in his book Lessons Learned the Hard Way that the picture was taken on the plane going to Yitzhak Rabin's funeral in Israel rather than on the return trip from Israel, contradicting Clinton's claim.

Ethics sanctions

Eighty-four ethics charges were filed against Speaker Gingrich during his term, including claiming tax-exempt status for a college course run for political purposes. Following an investigation by the House Ethics Committee, Gingrich was sanctioned for US$300,000^[19] after the House Ethics Committee concluded that inaccurate information supplied to investigators represented "intentional or . The Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, often known simply as the Ethics Committee, is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives . . reckless" disregard of House rules. ^[20] Special Counsel James M. Cole concluded that Gingrich violated federal tax law and had lied to the ethics panel in an effort to force the committee to dismiss the complaint against him. However, the full panel refused to reach a conclusion about whether Gingrich had violated federal tax law and instead decided to leave that finding up to the IRS. The ^[21] In 1999, the IRS cleared the organizations connected with the "Renewing American Civilization" courses under investigation for possible tax violations, which suggests that Gingrich did not use tax-exempt money for political purposes. ^[22]

Leadership challenge

In the summer of 1997, a few House Republicans had come to see Gingrich's public image as a liability and attempted to replace him as Speaker. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar According to Time, the conspiracy was engineered by several Republican backbenchers, including Steve Largent of Oklahoma, Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Mark Souder of Indiana. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Steven Michael Largent, born September 28, 1954 in Tulsa Oklahoma, is a retired American football player enshrined in the Pro Football Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American Politician from South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Mark Edward Souder (born July 18 1950) is an American politician who is serving his seventh term in the United States House of Representatives The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union They soon gained the support of the four Republicans who ranked directly below Gingrich in the House leadership — Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Republican conference chairman John Boehner of Ohio, and Republican leadership chairman Bill Paxon of New York. A whip in the United States House of Representatives is a member of the party leadership who comes second in line after the party's Floor leader, which Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8 1947 is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Sugar Land, Texas. John Andrew Boehner ˈbeɪnɚ born November 17, 1949, is an American politician of the Republican Party who is currently serving as the Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads L William Paxon (born April 29, 1954) commonly known as Bill Paxon, is a former U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

On July 9, DeLay, Boehner and Paxon had the first of several secret meetings to discuss the rebellion. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The next night, DeLay met with 20 of the plotters in Largent's office, and appeared to assure them that the leadership was with them.

Under the plan, Armey, DeLay, Boehner and Paxon were to present Gingrich with an ultimatum — resign or be voted out. Combined with the votes of the Democrats, there appeared to be enough votes to vacate the chair. However, the rebels decided that they wanted Paxon to be the new Speaker. At that point, Armey backed out, and told his chief of staff to warn Gingrich about the coup.

In response, Gingrich forced Paxon to resign his post, but backed off initial plans to force a vote of confidence in the rest of the Republican leadership. ^[23]

Fall from speakership, resignation from the House

Gingrich's official portrait as Speaker

By 1998, Gingrich had become a highly visible and polarizing figure in the public's eye, making him an easy target for Democratic congressional candidates across the nation. In 1997 a strong majority of Americans believed Gingrich should have been replaced as Speaker of the House, and he held an all-time low job approval rating of 28%. ^[24] During this period, Gingrich focused on the perjury charges against Clinton as a unifying campaign theme in national Republican advertising. While Republicans believed this theme would ensure gains in the 1998 midterm elections, they instead lost five seats in the House — the worst performance in 64 years for a party that didn't hold the presidency. Polls showed that Gingrich and the Republican Party's attempt to remove President Clinton from office was widely unpopular among the American public. ^[25]

Gingrich suffered much of the blame for the election loss. Facing another rebellion in the Republican caucus, he announced on November 6 that he would not only stand down as Speaker, but would leave the House as well. He had been handily reelected to an 11th term in that election, but declined to take his seat. According to Newsweek, he had lost control over his caucus long before the election, and it was possible that he would not have been reelected as Speaker in any case. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. ^[26]

Post-congressional life

Newt Gingrich with Trent Lott at the 2004 Republican National Convention

Gingrich has since remained involved in national politics and public policy debate. Chester Trent Lott Sr (born October 9, 1941) is a former United States Senator from Mississippi and a member of the Republican Party He is a senior fellow at the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute, focusing on health care (he has founded the Center for Health Transformation), information technology, the military, and politics. A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Gingrich is also a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the conservative think tank Hoover Institute, focusing on U. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U S. politics, world history, national security policy, and environmental policy issues. He sometimes serves as a commentator, guest or panel member on television news shows, mostly on the Fox News Channel. He is listed as a contributor by Fox News Channel, and frequently appears as a guest on the channel; he has also hosted occasional specials for the Fox News Channel.

In late September of 2007, Gingrich founded the non-partisan organization American Solutions. The stated mission of the group is to become the "leading grassroots movement to recruit, educate, and empower citizen activists and elected officials to develop solutions to transform all levels of government. " Gingrich spoke of the group and its non-partisan objectives at the CPAC conference of 2008 and currently serves as its General Chairman. ^[27]

In June 2006, Gingrich publicly called for Congressman Jack Murtha to be censured by the United States Congress for what Gingrich claims was Murtha's statement that America was a greater threat to world stability than Iran or North Korea. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. John Patrick “Jack” Murtha Jr (born 17 June 1932 is an American politician from the U The paper that originally printed the statement has recently backed away and admitted that Murtha had been misquoted and was merely citing a poll that showed the world believed the United States was a greater threat than either of those nations. Gingrich, however, has refused to apologize or retract his call for Murtha to be censured.

Besides politics Gingrich has written a book, Rediscovering God in America. Rediscovering God in America is a book written by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Since Gingrich has, "dedicated much of his time to calling America back to our Christian heritage", Jerry Falwell invited him to be the speaker, for the second time, at Liberty University's graduation, May 19, 2007. ^[28]

Recently, he has responded to Geraldine Ferraro's comments about Barack Obama's success by saying they are "childish" but "true".

Alternate history collaboration with William R. Forstchen

In 1995, Gingrich collaborated with William R. Forstchen on the alternate history novel 1945, describing a World War II in which the US fought against (and defeated) Japan only, while Nazi Germany defeated the Soviet Union, and the two confront each other in a cold war that swiftly turns hot. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 William R Forstchen (born 1950 is an American Science fiction author who began publishing in 1983 with the novel Ice Prophet. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction 1945 is an alternate history co-authored by Newt Gingrich and William R World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

Some years later, Gingrich and Forstchen turned to co-authoring an alternate history trilogy of the American Civil War, in which the Confederacy wins the battle of Gettysburg. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The trilogy consists of Gettysburg (2003), Grant Comes East (2004), and Never Call Retreat (2005). Gettysburg A Novel of the Civil War is an Alternate history novel written by Newt Gingrich and William R Grant Comes East A Novel of the Civil War is a New York Times bestseller written by former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Never Call Retreat Lee and Grant The Final Victory is the conclusion of an Alternate history trilogy by former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

In 2007 they published Pearl Harbor: A Novel of December 8th, the first of a new series. Pearl Harbor A Novel of December 8th (2007 is an Alternate history novel written by Newt Gingrich and William R The next year he published the sequel Days of Infamy, an alternate history with an identical title and similar basis as successful alternate history novelist Harry Turtledove's own Pacific War novel. Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and Days of Infamy is a novel by Harry Turtledove. Days of Infamy is a re-imagining of the Pacific War.

Possible 2008 presidential run

Between 2005 and 2007, Gingrich expressed interest in being a candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for the Presidency. ^{[29][30][31][32]} On September 28, 2007, Gingrich announced that if his supporters pledged $30 million to his campaign (until October 21), he would compete for the nomination. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In Heraldry, supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up ^[33]

However, on September 29 spokesman Rick Tyler said that Gingrich would not seek the presidency in 2008 because he could not continue to serve as chairman of American Solutions. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. "It is legally impermissible for him to continue on as chairman of American Solutions (for Winning the Future) and to explore a campaign for president," Tyler said. ^[34]

Books authored

Nonfiction

• The Government's Role in Solving Societal Problems. Associated Faculty Press, Incorporated. January 1982 ISBN 0-86733-026-0
• Window of Opportunity. Tom Doherty Associates, December 1985. ISBN 0-312-93923-X
• Contract with America (co-editor). Times Books, December 1994. ISBN 0-8129-2586-6
• Restoring the Dream. Times Books, May 1995. ISBN 0-8129-2666-8
• Quotations from Speaker Newt. Workman Publishing Company, Inc. , July 1995. ISBN 0-7611-0092-X
• To Renew America. Farrar Straus & Giroux, July 1996. ISBN 0-06-109539-7
• Lessons Learned The Hard Way. HarperCollins Publishers, May 1998 ISBN 0-06-019106-6
• Presidential Determination Regarding Certification of the Thirty-Two Major Illicit Narcotics Producing and Transit Countries. DIANE Publishing Company, September 1999. ISBN 0-7881-3186-9
• Saving Lives and Saving Money. Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, April 2003. ISBN 0-9705485-4-0
• Winning the Future. Winning the Future is a book by former US Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich that outlines what Gingrich thinks needs to be done in America Regnery Publishing, January 2005. Regnery Publishing in Washington DC is a Publisher which specializes in conservative books characterized on their website as "contrary to those ISBN 0-89526-042-5
• Rediscovering God in America: Reflections on the Role of Faith in Our Nation's History and Future. Rediscovering God in America is a book written by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Integrity Publishers, October 2006. ISBN 1-59145-482-4
• A Contract with the Earth, (Newt on the environment) Johns Hopkins Press, October 1, 2007. A Contract with the Earth is a book by Newt Gingrich and Terry L Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ISBN 0-8018-8780-2
• Real Change: From the World That Fails to the World That Works. Regnery Publishing, January 2008. ISBN 978-1596980532

Alternate History

Alternate history is a subgenre of speculative fiction that is set in a world in which history has diverged from history as it is generally known. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of Fiction Genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology In discussion of Counterfactual history, a divergence point (DP also referred to as a departure point or point of divergence ( POD) is a historical Gingrich co-wrote the following alternate history novels and series of novels with William R. Forstchen. William R Forstchen (born 1950 is an American Science fiction author who began publishing in 1983 with the novel Ice Prophet.

• 1945 Baen Books, August 1995 ISBN 978-0671877392

Civil War Series

• Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War Thomas Dunne Books, June 2003 ISBN 978-0312309350
• Grant Comes East Thomas Dunne Books, June 2004 ISBN 0-312-30937-6
• Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory Thomas Dunne Books, June 2005 ISBN 0-312-34298-5

Pacific War Series

• Pearl Harbor: A Novel of December 8th Thomas Dunne Books, May 2007 ISBN 0-312-36350-8
• Days of Infamy Thomas Dunne Books, April 2008 ISBN 0-312-36351-6

References

Books

• Fenno Jr. , Richard F. (2000). Congress at the Grassroots: Representational Change in the South, 1970–1998. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-4855-7.  

Journals

• Little, Thomas H. (1998). "On the Coattails of a Contract: RNC Activities and Republicans Gains in the 1994 State Legislative Elections". Political Research Quarterly 51 (1): 173–190.  

Web

• GINGRICH, Newton Leroy — Biographical Information. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on February 4, 2003.
• Titles List. Library of Congress Online Catalog. Retrieved on December 5, 2005.

External links

• Newt's glass house
• The official home page of Newt Gingrich

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
• Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
• Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
• Senior Fellow at AEI, The American Enterprise Institute
• Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institute, The Hoover Institute
• Winning the Future, a weekly column by Gingrich at Human Events
• The Genuine Danger of Terrorism — Gingrich Speech in New Hampshire
• The New York Times — Newt Gingrich News news stories and commentary
• Profile: Newt Gingrich, Notable Names Database
• On the Issues — Newt Gingrich issue positions and quotes
• The Long March of Newt Gingrich PBS Frontline, Peter Boyer and Stephen Talbot, January 16, 1996. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The Federal Election Commission (or FEC) is an independent regulatory agency that was founded in 1975 by the United States Congress to regulate the The Center for Responsive Politics (CRP is a nonpartisan research group based in Washington D Project Vote Smart ( PVS) is a Non-profit, Non-partisan research organization that collects and distributes information on candidates for public office in The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Human Events is a weekly conservative Magazine founded in 1944. The Notable Names Database ( NNDB) produced by Soylent Communications, is an Online database of biographical details of over 33000 people The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Frontline is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston Massachusetts, and distributed through the Stephen Henderson Talbot (born February 28, 1949, in Los Angeles California) is an American award-winning TV Reporter, Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) transcript chronology interviews work and writings
• Washington Post — The Presidential Field: Newt Gingrich profile and collected Post coverage
• Newt Gingrich at the Open Directory Project
• Mother Jones expose detailing the earliest days of Gingrich's political career, November 1, 1984
• Gingrich comment on shutdown labeled 'bizarre' by White House CNN, November 16, 1995
• Newt Gingrich's 1996 GOPAC memo — A Key Mechanism of Control
• Salon contemporary comments on Gingrich's resignation as Speaker, November, 1998
• Salon on Gingrich's resignation, November, 1998
• PBS Gingrich interview on the Tavis Smiley show, January 30, 2006
• The Gingrich RX ScribeMedia. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Tavis Smiley (born September 13, 1964) is an author journalist political commentator and Talk show host Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. org, December 15, 2006
• Gingrich wants to restrict freedom of speech?

Grassroots campaigns

• VoteNewt.net — campaign for people to vote Newt in 2008