The establishment of nautical standard times, nautical standard time zones and the nautical date line were recommended by the Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea in 1917. The Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea was held in London in June 1917 The Conference recommended that the standard apply to all ships, both military and civilian. These zones were adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many independent merchant ships until World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
The nautical time zone system is an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system for use on high seas. International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas Under the system time changes are required for changes of longitude in one-hour steps. Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement The one-hour step corresponds to a time zone width of 15° longitude. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7. Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London 5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line. The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian defined as 180° longitude Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most
Time on a ship's clocks and in a ship's log had to be stated along with a "zone description", which was the number of hours to be added to zone time to obtain GMT, hence zero in the Greenwich time zone, with negative numbers from −1 to −12 for time zones to the east and positive numbers from +1 to +12 to the west (hours, minutes, and seconds for nations without an hourly offset). These signs are opposite to those given below because ships must obtain GMT from zone time, not zone time from GMT. All zones were pole-to-pole staves 15° wide, except −12 and +12 which were each 7. 5° wide, with the 180° meridian separating them. Unlike the zig-zagging land-based International Date Line, the nautical International Date Line follows 180° except where it is interrupted by territorial waters and the lands they border, including islands.
About 1950, a letter suffix was added to the zone description, assigning Z to the Zero Zone, and A–M (except J) to the east and N–Y to the west (J may be assigned to local time in non-nautical applications; zones M and Y have the same clock time but differ by 24 hours: a full day). These were to be vocalized using a phonetic alphabet which pronounces the letter Z as Zulu, leading sometimes to the use of the term "Zulu Time". The NATO phonetic alphabet, more formally the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used Spelling alphabet. The Greenwich time zone runs from 7. 5°W to 7. 5°E longitude, while zone A runs from 7. 5°E to 22. 5°E longitude, etc.
These nautical letters have been added to some time zone maps, like the map of Standard Time Zones by Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office (NAO), which extended the letters by adding an asterisk (*) or dagger (†) for areas that do not use a nautical time zone, and a double dagger (‡) for areas that do not have a legal standard time (Greenland's ice sheet and all of Antarctica. Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office ( HMNAO) now part of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, was established in 1832 on the site of the Royal Greenwich A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the An ice sheet is a mass of Glacier Ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50000 km² (20000 mile²) The United Kingdom specifies UTC−3 for the Antarctic Peninsula, but no other country recognizes that). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica, and almost the only part of that continent that extends outside the Antarctic Circle They conveniently ignore any zone that does not have an hour or half-hour offset, so a double dagger (‡) has been co-opted for these zones in the list of time zones. This is a list of Time zones sorted by Time offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC
In maritime usage, GMT retains its historical meaning of UT1, the mean solar time at Greenwich. UTC, atomic time at Greenwich, is too inaccurate, differing by as much as 0. 9 s from UT1, creating an error of 0. 4 km in longitude at the equator. However, DUT can be added to UTC to correct it to within 50 ms of UT1, reducing the error to only 20 m. The time correction DUT1 (sometimes also written DUT) is the difference between Universal Time ( UT1) which is defined by Earth's rotation
A ship is required to adopt the standard time of a country when it is in its territorial waters, but must revert to nautical time as soon as it leaves territorial waters. Standard time is the result of synchronizing clocks in different geographical locations within a Time zone to the same time rather than using the local meridian as
In reality nautical times are used only for radio communication etc. Internally on the ship, e. g. for work and meal hours, the ship may use a suitable time of its own choosing. The captain is permitted to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's entry into another time zone — he often chose midnight. Long distance going ships change time zone onboard at suitable times. Ships on short distance journeys do not change time zone at all, even if they go between different time zones, like between the UK and the continent. Passenger ships often use both time zones on signs. In time tables and communication with land, the land time zone has to be used.
For airplanes similar principles are used.
Pre 1920
Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the sun crossed the ship's meridian. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Solar times are measures of the apparent position of the Sun on the Celestial sphere. The local apparent noon is 12 noon.
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