The term national bank has several meanings:
- especially in developing countries, a bank owned by the state
- an ordinary private bank which operates nationally (as opposed to regionally or locally or even internationally)
- in the United States, an ordinary private bank operating within a specific regulatory structure, which may or may not operate nationally. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated In Economics, a financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy and sell ( Trade) financial Securities (such as stocks and bonds There are two basic financial market participant categories Investor vs Corporate finance is an area of Finance dealing with the financial decisions Corporations make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions Personal finance is the application of the principles of Finance to the monetary decisions of an individual or family unit Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities Financial regulations are a form of Regulation or supervision which subjects Financial institutions to certain requirements restrictions and guidelines aiming to A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states An advising bank (also known as a notifying bank advises a Beneficiary (exporter that a Letter of credit (L/C opened by an issuing bank for an A commercial bank is a type of Financial intermediary and a type of Bank. In the United States, Community development banks (CDBs are Banks designed to serve residents and spur economic development in low- to moderate-income (LMI geographical In Finance, a custodian bank, or simply custodian, refers to a Financial institution responsible for safeguarding a firm's or individual's financial assets A depository bank ( US usage is a bank organized in the United States which provides all the stock transfer and agency services in connection with a Investment banks profit from companies and governments by raising money through issuing and selling Securities in the Capital markets (both equity and Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law ( Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics In banking, a merchant bank is a financial institution primarily engaged in international finance and long-term loans for multinational corporations and governments A mutual savings bank is a Financial institution chartered through a state or federal government to provide a safe place for individuals to save and to Invest A mutual savings bank is a Financial institution chartered through a state or federal government to provide a safe place for individuals to save and to Invest An offshore bank is a Bank located outside the country of residence of the depositor typically in a low tax jurisdiction (or Tax haven) that provides financial Private banks are Banks that are not incorporated. A non-incorporated bank is owned by either an individual or a general partner(s with limited partner(s A savings bank is a Financial institution whose primary purpose is accepting Savings deposits Banking in Switzerland is characterized by stability privacy and protection of clients' assets and information Bank secrecy (or bank privacy) is a legal principle under which Banks are allowed to protect personal information about their customers through the use of Numbered A deposit account is a current account at a Banking institution that allows money to be deposited and withdrawn by the account holder with the transactions and resulting balance Money creation is the process by which Money is produced or issued A loan is a type of Debt. This article focuses exclusively on monetary loans although in practice any material object might be lent This is a list of Banks throughout the world Africa Central Bank Bank Government Bank of Canada (Central Bank Business Development Bank of Canada The "Big Six" Canada's Hong Kong maintains a three-tier system of deposit-taking institutions licensed banks restricted licence banks and deposit-taking companies This is a list of Banks with operations in Singapore. Location of incorporation is provided in brackets for foreign banks A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.
In the past, the term "national bank" has been used synonymously with "central bank", but it is no longer used in this sense today. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states Some central banks may have the words "National Bank" in their name; conversely if a bank is named in this way, it is not automatically considered a central bank. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states Example: National-Bank AG in Essen, Germany is a privately owned commercial bank, just like National Bank of Canada of Montreal, Canada. National Bank of Canada ( Banque Nationale du Canada) ( is the sixth largest Bank in Canada. On the other side, National Bank of Ethiopia is the central bank of Ethiopia and National Bank of Cambodia is the central bank of Cambodia
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Australia
The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded by an Australian Act of Parliament in 1911. The National Bank of Ethiopia is the Central bank of the African country of Ethiopia. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The National Bank of Cambodia, located in Phnom Penh, is the Central bank of Cambodia. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Commonwealth Bank of Australia ( is the largest bank in Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Bank Nationalisation was the policy of the Andrew Fisher Labor Government. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Andrew Fisher (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928 was an Australian Politician and the fifth Prime Minister of Australia. In a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a Federal Government guarantee.
In 1958 and 1959, there was a controversy concerning the dual function of the bank as the central bank on the one hand and a general bank on the other. As a result of this, the bank was split, giving the reserve bank function to the Reserve Bank of Australia and the general bank function to the Commonwealth Banking Corporation. The Reserve Bank of Australia came into being on 14 January 1960 to operate as Australia 's Central bank and banknote issuing authority
The Commonwealth bank was privatised in the 1990s by the Keating Labor government. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944 was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, from 1991 to 1996 At present it is the second largest bank in Australia, after the National Australia Bank which has always been privately owned. National Australia Bank (or NAB) is the second largest financial institution by market capitalisation in Australia after Commonwealth Bank.
Colombia
The national bank in Colombia is the Bank of the Republic. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Bank of the Republic (Banco de la República is the Central bank of the Republic of Colombia. Its primary role is to control the flow of money inside and outside the country and to issue the Colombian currency, the peso. only the letters that would be capitalized in that language in the middle of a sentence
India
The National Bank for Rural and Agricultural Development (NABARD) was established on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar)
It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of the Reserve Bank of India, and the Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). The Reserve Bank of India (RBI भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक is the Central bank of India, and was established on April
Activities
- 1. serving as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas;
- 2. taking measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. ;
- 3. co-ordinating the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation; and
- 4. undertaking monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.
NABARD’s refinance is available to State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDBs), State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs) and other financial institutions approved by RBI.
While the ultimate beneficiaries of investment credit can be individuals, partnership concerns, companies, State-owned corporations or co-operative societies, production credit is generally given to individuals.
NABARD operates throughout the country through its 28 Regional Offices and one Sub-office, located in the capitals of all the states/union territories. It has 336 District Offices across the country, one Sub-office at Port Blair and one special Cell at Srinagar. It also has 6 training establishments.
New Zealand
State-owned banks
New Zealand currently has one state-owned bank, Kiwibank created by Labour-Alliance coalition government. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A government-owned corporation, state-owned enterprise or government business enterprise is a legal entity created by a Government to undertake commercial Kiwibank Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of the State-owned enterprise New Zealand Post Limited. The New Zealand Labour Party is a New Zealand political party The Alliance, in New Zealand politics, is a Left-wing political party
The New Zealand government formerly owned two other banks in New Zealand: The Bank of New Zealand, from 1945 to 1992 when it was privatized by Bolger's National government, and the Post Office Savings Bank from when it was created by separating New Zealand Post's functions to when it was privatized and sold to ANZ New Zealand in 1989. Bank of New Zealand (BNZ is one of New Zealand 's largest banks Rt Hon James Brendan "Jim" Bolger, ONZ (born 31 May 1935) was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997 The New Zealand National Party ("National" or "the Nats" currently forms the second-largest (in terms of parliamentary seats Political party PostBank was the trading name of the Post Office Bank Limited a Bank owned by the New Zealand Government. New Zealand Post Limited is the dominant Postal operator in New Zealand. ANZ became known as ANZ-PostBank before later becoming completely assimilated.
National Bank of New Zealand
The National Bank of New Zealand is a private bank corporation which has been purchased by ANZ 2003 from its former owner, Lloyds TSB. The National Bank of New Zealand ( NBNZ) is one of New Zealand 's largest banks. The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited () commonly called ANZ, is the fourth largest Bank in Australia, after the National Australia Lloyds TSB Group plc () is a leading British Financial institution with its Group Head office in London and its registered office
Pakistan
National Bank of Pakistan is a major bank in Pakistan. The National Bank of Pakistan has its headquarters in Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
Serbia
National Bank of Serbia is the state-owned central bank in Serbia which regulates the currency Serbian dinar. National Bank of Serbia (Народна банка Србије or Narodna banka Srbije) is the Central bank of the Republic of Serbia and as such its main Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The dinar (genitive plural dinara, Serbian: динар динара is the currency of Serbia.
United States
In the United States, the term "national bank" originally referred to the revolutionary era Bank of North America, its successor First Bank of the United States, or its successor the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank of North America was chartered on December 31, 1781 by the Congress of the Confederation and opened on January 7, 1782, at The First Bank of the United States was a Bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816 five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. All are now defunct.
In the modern U. S. the term "national bank" has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), an agency in the U. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (or OCC) is a US federal agency established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to Charter S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. The National Bank Act (ch 58 12 Stat 665 February 25 1863) was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for Banks The inclusion of the word "National" in the bank's name or the designation "National Association" or its abbreviation "N. A. " is a required part of the distinguishing legal title of a national bank, as in "Bank of America, N. A. " Many "state banks," by contrast, are chartered by the applicable State Government (usually the State's Department of Banking), although the banks are still typically regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), who insures their deposits. A state bank is generally a Bank that is chartered by a State. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC) is a United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933
Notwithstanding the name, not all "national banks" have nationwide operations. Some "national banks" have operations in only one state. Further, some state-chartered banks have nationwide operations, but are not properly called "national banks. " "National banks" should also be distinguished from federal savings associations (which include federal savings & loans and federal savings banks), which are financial institutions chartered by the Office of Thrift Supervision, another agency in the U. The Office of Thrift Supervision ( OTS) an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury, is the primary regulator of Federal savings associations S. Treasury Department. The Federal Reserve is a fine example of a centralized or national bank.
External links
- Alexander Hamilton: FOR THE BANK (Feb 23 1791)
- James Madison Debates the Constitutionality of a National Bank
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