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"NIST" redirects here. For the school in India, see National Institute of Science and Technology. The National Institute of Science and Technology (abbrv NIST is an engineering college in Pallur Hills, Orissa, India, 12 km from the city of Berhampur
NIST logo
NIST logo

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901–1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth The institute's mission is to promote U. S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life. Metrology (from Ancient Greek metron (measure and logos (study of is the Science of Measurement. A technical standard is an established norm or requirement It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria methods processes and practices Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people

Contents


NIST had an operating budget for fiscal year 2007 (October 1, 2006-September 30, 2007) of about $843. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly" Financial statements in Businesses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 3 million. [1] NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates (guest researchers and engineers from American companies and foreign nations) complement the staff. In addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around the country.

Facilities

NIST's headquarters are in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Gaithersburg is a city in Montgomery County, Maryland. As of 2005, the city had an estimated total population of 57698 making it the fourth largest in It also has laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States NIST has four major programs through which it helps U. S. industry: the NIST Laboratories (physics, information technology, chemical science and technology, electronics and electrical engineering, materials science and engineering, manufacturing engineering, and building and fire research); the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (HMEP), a nationwide network of centers to assist small manufacturers; the Advanced Technology Program (ATP), a grant program where NIST and industry partners cost share the early-stage development of innovative but high-risk technologies; and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award program, the nation's highest award for performance and business excellence. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" The NIST Advanced Technology Program (ATP or NIST ATP is a United States Government ( US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is given by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology.

NIST's Boulder laboratories are best known for NIST-F1, one of the world's two most accurate atomic clocks. NIST-F1 is a Caesium fountain Atomic clock that serves as the United States ' primary Time and frequency standard An atomic clock is a type of Clock that uses an Atomic resonance Frequency standard as its timekeeping element (The other is in Paris, France). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city NIST-F1 serves as the source of the nation's official time. From its precise measurement of the natural resonance frequency of cesium—which is used to define the second —NIST broadcasts time signals via longwave radio station WWVB at Fort Collins, Colorado, and shortwave radio stations WWV and WWVH, located at Fort Collins, Colorado and Kekaha, Hawaii, respectively. Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units A time signal is a visible audible mechanical or electronic signal used as a reference to determine the time of day The longwave Radio band is a range of frequencies used for AM broadcasting, which extends from 148 For the Virginia based broadcast radio station please see WWVB-FM. The City of Fort Collins, a Home Rule Municipality situated on the Cache la Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, is the County seat Shortwave Radio operates between the frequencies of 3000 KHz (3 This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. WWV is the Callsign of NIST 's Shortwave Radio station located in Fort Collins Colorado. WWVH is the callsign of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology 's Shortwave Radio Time signal station in Kekaha, on The City of Fort Collins, a Home Rule Municipality situated on the Cache la Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, is the County seat Kekaha (literally "the place" in Hawaiian) is a Census-designated place (CDP in Kaua{{okina}}i County, Hawai{{okina}}i

Light from the NIST SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility
Light from the NIST SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility

NIST manages some of the world’s most specialized measurement facilities—including a cost effective NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) user facility where cutting edge research is done on new and improved materials, advanced fuel cells, and biotechnology. The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is the world's senior dedicated source of synchrotron radiation, in continuous operation since 1961. This article concerns the physical phenomenon of synchrotron radiation SURF III now serves as the US primary national standard for source-based radiometry throughout the generalized optical spectrum: from infrared through extreme ultraviolet.

NIST's Advanced Measurement Laboratory (AML) is among the most technically advanced research facilities of its kind in the world. The AML offers American researchers opportunities to make the most sensitive and reliable measurements. This is important as new technologies become more complex and smaller.

Based in the AML is the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST). The CNST's prime objective is to lay the technical groundwork necessary to translate nanotechnology’s many anticipated offerings into practical realities—manufacturable, market-ready products. To accomplish this goal, the center leverages and combines the diverse knowledge and capabilities of NIST, industry, academia, and other government agencies to support all phases of nanotechnology development. The CNST features a Nanofabrication (Nanofab) Facility. CNST's “clean room” is equipped with an array of state-of-the-art tools for making, testing, and characterizing prototype nanoscale devices and materials. These instruments will be available to collaborators and outside users through a proposal process.

Measurements and standards

As part of its mission, NIST supplies industry, academia, government and other users with over 1,300 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) of the highest quality and metrological value. These artifacts are certified as having specific characteristics or component content, making them valuable as calibration standards for measuring equipment and procedures, quality control benchmarks for industrial processes, and experimental control samples for all kinds of laboratories. For example, NIST SRMs for the food manufacturing sector include:

Committees

NIST has 7 standing committees:

Homeland security

NIST is currently developing government-wide identification card standards for federal employees and contractors to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to government buildings and computer systems. For the coarsely ground flour see Flour. A meal is an instance of Eating, specifically one that takes place at a specific time and includes Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness. The common name oyster is used for a number of different groups of Bivalve Mollusks most of which live in marine habitats or Brackish water. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Peanut butter is a food paste made primarily from ground roasted Peanuts with or without added oil The Technical Guidelines Development Committee (TGDC of the National Institute of Standards and Technology supports the Election Assistance Commission in the United The 2004 reauthorization of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP directed that the Director of the U An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity.

Collapse of the World Trade Center

In 2002 the National Construction Safety Team Act mandated NIST to conduct an investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center, as well as the 47-story 7 World Trade Center. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. The investigation covered three aspects, including a technical building and fire safety investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of the collapses of the WTC Towers (WTC 1 and 2) and WTC 7. Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a Fire that may result in death injury or property damage alert those in a structure NIST also established a research and development program to provide the technical basis for improved building and fire codes, standards, and practices, and a dissemination and technical assistance program to engage leaders of the construction and building community in implementing proposed changes to practices, standards and codes. NIST also is providing practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities to respond to future disasters. The investigation portion of the response plan is scheduled to be completed early in 2008 with the release of the final report on 7 World Trade Center. 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. The final report on the WTC Towers -- including 30 recommendations for improving building and occupant safety -- was released on October 26, 2005. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2]

Election technology

NIST works in conjunction with the Technical Guidelines Development Committee of the Election Assistance Commission to develop the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines for voting machines and other election technology. The Technical Guidelines Development Committee (TGDC of the National Institute of Standards and Technology supports the Election Assistance Commission in the United The Election Assistance Commission (EAC is an Independent agency of the United States Government created by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG are guidelines adopted by the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC for the certification of voting systems Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical electromechanical or electronic equipment (including Software, Firmware, and documentation required to program

Further information: certification of voting machines

People

Three researchers at NIST have been awarded Nobel Prizes for their work in physics, William D. Phillips in 1997, Eric A. Cornell in 2001 and John L. Hall in 2005. Various governments require a certification of Voting machines In the United States there is only a voluntary federal certification for Voting machines The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature William Daniel Phillips (born November 5, 1948 in Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania) is an American Physicist. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is a physicist who along with Carl E Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. John Lewis “Jan” Hall (born August 21 1934) is an American Physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Other notable people who have worked at NIST include

Directors

The director of NIST is a Presidential appointment and confirmed by the Senate. E Ward Plummer is an American Physicist. His main contributions are in surface physics of Metals E Jacob Rabinow (1910 - 1999 was an Engineer who led a truly prolific career as an inventor Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly ( September 24 1898 &ndash March 3 1990) was an American Astronomer. Irene Anne Stegun (b February 9, 1919) was a mathematician at the National Bureau of Standards who with Milton Abramowitz, edited William Stone (b 1952) known as Bill Stone, is one of the world's foremost expeditionary Cavers exploring deep Caves sometimes with Thirteen persons have held the position (in addition to three acting directors who served temporarily). They are:

See also

References

  1. ^ NIST budget, planning and economic analysis. Dr Arden L Bement Jr (born May 22, 1932 in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania) is an American Engineer and Scientist, and is Dr William Jeffrey was the 13th Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST sworn into the office on July 26 2005 The National Software Reference Library (NSRL a project of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is supported by the United States Department of Justice ICSD is a database of Inorganic Crystal structure data It was founded in 1978 by G The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one ISO/IEC 17025 is the main Standard used by testing and calibration laboratories National Institute of Standards and Technology (2006-08-02). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Retrieved on 2006-12-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes
  2. ^ Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2005).

External links

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