Citizendia

Nanai
Нанай (Nanaj)
Spoken in:Russia, China 
Region:Siberia, Heilongjiang
Total speakers:5,772
Language family:Altaic[1] (controversial)
 Tungusic
  Southern
   Southeastern
    Nanaj
     Nanai
Language codes
ISO 639-1:none
ISO 639-2:gld
ISO 639-3:gld
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. The Southern Tungusic languages belong to the Tungusic family and are spoken in the extreme southeast of Russia ( Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Nanai language is spoken by the Nanai people in Siberia, and to a much smaller extent in China's Heilongjiang province, where it is known as Hezhe. The Nanai people (self name нани tr "nani" Russian: нанайцы tr Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern The language has about 5,772 speakers out of 11,000 members of the ethnicity, but most of them (especially younger generations) are also fluent in Russian or Chinese (depending on the country where they live), and mostly use one of those languages for communication. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages [2]

Contents

Nomenclature

In China, the language is referred to as hè zhé yǔ (Chinese: 赫哲语). The Nanai people there variously refer to themselves as /na nio/, /na bəi/, /na nai/ (which all mean "local people"), /ki lən/, and /χə ɖʐən/, the last being the source of the Chinese ethnonym Hezhe. [3]

Distribution

The language is distributed across several distantly-located areas:

It is though that in Russia, the Nanai language has been best preserved in the Nanai District of Khabarovsk Krai, because of the active Nanai-speaking community there, which has been active in working on the publication of books in Nanai, as well as textbooks on the language, and also because of the ethnic autonomous status of the Nanai District. Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Комсомо́льск-на-Аму́ре often transliterated directly as Komsomolsk-na-Amure) is a city located in Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk Krai (Хаба́ровский край Khabarovsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Russian Far Khabarovsk (Хаба́ровск xʌ'barɘfsk) is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. The Kur River (Кур is a river in the Khabarovsk Krai, 434 km long The Urmi River (Урми is a river in Khabarovsk Krai of Russia. Khabarovsk Krai (Хаба́ровский край Khabarovsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Russian Far Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) The Ussuri River is a River in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. According to Stolyarov's data, the world-wide Nanai population is 11,883, of whom 8,940 live in rural localities of Khabarovsk Krai. However, only 100-150 native speakers of the language remain there. [6] The 2002 Census recorded 12,194 people who claimed to speak the language, 90% in Khabarovsk Krai, 3. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried 5% in Primorsky Krai, 1. Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) 3% in Sakhalin Oblast, and no more than 0. Sakhalin Oblast (Сахали́нская о́бласть Sakhalinskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) comprising 5% in any other area; of those, only 49, almost all in Khabarovsk Krai, were not also bilingual in Russian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages [7] Three ethnic Nanai villages remain, those being Dzhuen, Ulika, and Dada; in the remaining populated areas, the proportion of Nanais among local residents is much smaller. [8]

Even in Russia, the situation for language preservation is not favorable: the carriers of language are scattered in different villages and often isolated from each other. The Nanai language continues to be used in the sphere of everyday contact among people older than 40. In their contact with people their age or younger, they prefer the Russian language, using Nanaian only for contact with elderly people aged 70 or older. On the whole, the Nanai language has been superseded by Russian in almost all spheres of communication; drastic measures are required for language preservation.

Scholars in China have traditionally presented less fine-grained dialect classifications; An identified only two, Hezhen and Qile'en, the former referring to all varieties of the language spoken in Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending He conducted his studies in Jiejinkou, Bacha, And Sipai villages in Heilongjiang; at the time of his survey in 1982, the youngest fluent speaker was 55, and the oldest 72. [9]

Historical dialect classifications

There are several classifications of Nanai dialects. Early classifications tended to be areal and paid less attention to criteria for the differentiation of dialects. Lipskoy-Val'rond's classification, which distinguishes seven dialects, is one example of this; he distinguished the Sungari, Upper Amur, Ussuri, Urmi, Kur, Central Amur, and Lower Amur dialects. The Songhua River (also known as the Sungari River in English a name which comes from the Manchu language meaning White River) is a River in The Ussuri River is a River in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. The Urmi River (Урми is a river in Khabarovsk Krai of Russia. The Kur River (Кур is a river in the Khabarovsk Krai, 434 km long [10] In the 1920s, the period of initial studies of the Nanai language, the area of settlement of the Nanai people was more extensive than at present; many dialects, which had not yet been classified by researchers, later disappeared, and remain unnamed.

The next period of studies did not begin until after a 20-year interruption, at the end of the 1940s; by then, the number of dialects had grown, and subsequent classifications distinguished as many as ten. Also, the distribution of the Nanai language had sharply narrowed; many Lower Amur and Ussuri dialects remained unstudied. The Ussuri River is a River in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. According to Sunik's classification, which emphasizes morphological and phonetic features,[11] "Nanaian language forms two groups, which are decomposed into a number of dialects". [12]

  1. Upper Amur: Sakachi-Alyan, Naykhin, Bolon, Dzhuen, Garin
  2. Central Amur: Kur-Urmi, Bikin, Right-bank Amur, Sungari, Ussuri

Avrorin divided the language into three varieties: Sungari (aka Upper Amur), (Lower) Amur, and Kur-Urmi, further subdividing them into a number of dialects. The basic difference with Sunik's classification concerns the Amur and Upper Amur groups: Avrovin considered Bolon and Dzhuen under Naykhin, while separating Kur-Urmi as its own group, while Sunik viewed Kur-Urmi as a dialect. [13] Sem, in contrast, classified Nanai into Upper, Central, and Lower Amur groups, each divided into a number of dialects; he counted a total of ten dialects. [14]

  1. Upper Amur: Right-bank Amur, Sungari, Bikin (Ussuri), Kur-Urmi
  2. Central Amur: Sakachi-Alyan, Naykhin, Dzhuen
  3. Lower Amur: Bolon, Ekon, Gorin

It should be noted that among the contemporary carriers of Nanaian language (middle and lower Amur dialects), dialect levelling and mixing has occurred due to extensive population migrations and the system of teaching of Nanai language (based on the Naykhin dialect); therefore it is difficult to differentiate the dialects in contemporary language data. Dialect levelling is the means by which Dialect differences decrease

Pedagogy

The Nanai language is taught in secondary schools in Russia, mainly in Nanai villages in Khabarovsk Krai. Khabarovsk Krai (Хаба́ровский край Khabarovsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Russian Far [15] The duration of instruction and weekly contact hours vary; a standard curriculum used in 7 villages. Furthermore, in the villages of Belgo, Nizhnie Khalby (Lower Khalby), and Verkhnyaya Ekon (Upper Ekon), there is an experimental teaching programe in Nanaian language with a greater number of contact hours. Normally there are one to two contact hours per week; in different schools, the duration of instruction varies from 4 to 10 years, beginning from the first year. In the schools with the experimental program, the language is taught from years 1 through 9 with a larger number of contact hours.

Textbooks on the Nanai language, fairy tales, and artistic literature are used in Nanai language teaching. Sometimes teachers took the initiative to use oral folklore as well. However, there is a shortage of teaching and auxiliary materials, as well as difficulty in motivating students. Nanai language textbooks follow the model of Russian language textbooks aimed at native speakers, rather than emphasising instruction in the language itself, and in the theoretical/practical grammar. This model is not adequate for the situation of heritage language preservation. Home language is a term widely used for a language spoken in the home that is different from the main language spoken in the society Moreover the existing language teaching materials are oriented predominantly (or only) towards the development of reading habits; however, the number of publications in the Nanaian language does not exceed one-two ten, mostly collections of folklore or artistic works of the historical-biographical genre, publishing in limited print runs. Instruction in spoken language is not conducted sufficiently and is not reinforced by teaching aids.

In China, the Nanai (Hezhe) people use Chinese for writing. The number of speakers has been in continual decline for decades; by the 1980s, the use of the language was restricted to special situations and communication with family members. [16] In an effort to reverse this decline, a text book for Hezhe schoolchildren discussing the Hezhe language was published in 2005 (in pinyin transcription). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use [17]

Orthography

The first books in the Nanai language were printed by Russian Orthodox missionaries in the late 19th century in a Cyrillic orthography. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by In the 1920s-30s, after several false starts, the modern written form of the Nanai language was created by a team of Russian linguists led by Valentin Avrorin. Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977 to a family of teachers was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert [18]

А аБ бВ вГ гД дЕ еЁ ёЖ ж
З зИ иЙ йК кЛ лМ мН нО о
П пР рС сТ тУ уФ фХ хЦ ц
Ч чШ шЩ щЪ ъЫ ыЬ ьЭ эЮ ю
Я я


Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2002 is shown below. [19]

Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2-4)
Nanai (Cyrillic)TransliterationEnglish (NIV)
² Нёани дахамдичии уӈкини: «Кэсивэ гэлэйдуэри туй ундусу: „Боаду, уйлэ би, Эндур Ама! Гэбукуди гэрбуси бигини. The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The New International Version is an English Translation of the Christian Bible. Си боа яловани далачайси эрин исигини! Наду-да, боаду-да Си чихалайси бигини!² Nǒani dahamdičii uŋkini: "Kesive geleĭdueri tuĭ undusu: 'Boadu, uĭle bi, Endur Ama! Gebukudi gerbusi bigini. Si boa ǎlovani dalačaĭsi erin isigini! Nadu-da, boadu-da Si čihalaĭsi bigini!² He said to them, "When you pray, say: 'Father, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
³ Ини таондоани сиагопова эпэмбэ бунду буру. ³ Ini taondoani ciagopova epembe bundu buru. ³ Give us each day our daily bread.
⁴ Буэ оркимпова гудиэсигуру, буэ-дэ оркиӈку, наӈдаку гурумбэ гудиэсиэпу, буэ мурумпувэ-дэ эди памаванда, хай-да дялимбани, оркимбани эди дял дяпаванда“». ⁴ Bue orkimpova gudiesiguru, bue-de orkiŋku, naŋdaku gurumbe gudiesiepu, bue murumpuve-de edi pamavanda, haĭ-da dǎlimbani, orkimbani edi dǎl dǎpavanda. '"⁴ Forgive us our sins, for we also forgive everyone who sins against us. And lead us not into temptation"

Phonology

Vowels and vowel harmony

The Nanai language has seven phonemic vowels: /i, u, y, o, œ, a, ə/. There are twelve allowed diphthongs: /ai, ao, əi, əo, ia, iə, io, iu, ua, ui, uo, oi, ya, yə/; there are also two allowed triphthongs: /iao, uai/. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with In Phonetics, a triphthong (from Greek τρίφθογγος, "triphthongos" literally "with three sounds" or "with three Phonemic vowels change as follows based on surrounding consonants:[20]

The following table summarises the rules of vowel harmony. In Phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by

Vowel harmony in Nanai[21]
ClassGroupMembersNotes
Yang vowelsGroup 1[a]
Group 2[o, œ]Do not appear after [i, u, y]; also [o] does not appear after [œ]
Yin vowelsGroup 3[ə]After [a, o], becomes neutral and can harmonise with any vowel
Neutral vowelsGroup 4[i]
Group 5[u, y][y] will not appear again after [y]

Consonants

As for consonants, there are twenty-eight:

 LabialDental /
alveolar		Retroflex(Alveolo-)
Palatal		VelarUvular
Plosivespbtd    kɡqɢ
Affricates  tsdzʈʂɖʐtɕdʑ    
Fricativesf s ʂʐɕ x χ 
Nasals m n     ŋ  
Approximants   l   j w  
Rhotic   r        

Phonemic consonants may optionally change as follows:[22]

Dialects

Phonology of the various dialects of Nanai has been influenced by surrounding languages. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants In Phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) Consonants are palatalized postalveolar Fricatives articulated with Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds are non-lateral Liquid consonants This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically though most of them share Tolskaya specifically noted several phonological peculiarities of Bikin dialect which may indicate influence from Udege, including monopthongisation of diphthongs, denasalisation of nasal vowels, deletion of reduced final vowels, epenthetic vowel preventing consonant final words, and the deletion of intervocalic [w]. The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language) is a language of the Tungusic family. A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. In Phonology, epenthesis (/əˈpɛnθəsɪs/ Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις - epenthesis from epi "on" + en "in" [23]

Lexicon

An noted a variety of loanwords from Chinese in his survey, such as [ʐi. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation li] "calendar" from Chinese 日曆 (Pinyin: rìlì); a few also came from other languages, such as [pomidor] (tomato), almost certainly from Russian помидор, though the exact route of transmission is not attested and it may have been reborrowed from other neighbouring languages rather than directly from Russian. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages [24] There is also some vocabulary shared with Mongolian and the Turkic languages, such as:

These too are likely loanwords, though proponents of the Altaic hypothesis may take these as evidence of a genetic relationship. The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants natively kk Qazaq tili, kk Қазақ тілі; pronounced tˈlə is a Turkic language closely related to Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Genetic, in Linguistics, means due to descent from a common ancestor language rather than borrowing at some time in the past between languages that were not necessarily descended [25] Conversely, the Nanai language itself has also contributed some loanwords to the Udege language, supplanting Udege vocabulary:

A large degree of mutual assimilation of the two languages has been observed in the Bikin region;[26] the Udege language itself only has about one hundred speakers left. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Bikin (Бики́н is a town in Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, located on the Bikin River ( Ussuri 's tributary some 230 km southwest of [27]

Notes

  1. ^ Gordon, 2005 (Altaic)
  2. ^ Gordon 2005 (Nanai)
  3. ^ An 1986, p1
  4. ^ Sem 1976, p24
  5. ^ Stolyarov 1994
  6. ^ Stolyarov 1994
  7. ^ Russian Census (2002), Table 4.3
  8. ^ Ministry of Trade and Economic Development, 2002
  9. ^ An 1986, pp. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried 1-2
  10. ^ Sem 1976: 21. Initially published in Дальневосточной энцинклопедии, 1927.
  11. ^ Sunik 1962, p23
  12. ^ «нанайский язык образует два наречия, распадающиеся на ряд говоров»
  13. ^ Avrovin 1955, pp. 7-8
  14. ^ Sem 1976, p24
  15. ^ Gordon 2005 (Nanai)
  16. ^ He and Wu, 2005
  17. ^ Li, 2005
  18. ^ Gordon 2005 (Nanai)
  19. ^ Gospel of Luke in Nanai Language, 2002 [1]
  20. ^ An 1986, p8-10
  21. ^ An 1986, p13-15
  22. ^ An 1986, p11-13
  23. ^ Tolskaya 2001, p24
  24. ^ An, p7-11
  25. ^ An, p17
  26. ^ Tolskaya 2001, p24
  27. ^ Gordon 2005, Udege

Sources

Further reading

General works

Texts in Nanai

Dictionaries

External links

v • d • e
Tungusic languages
Northern
Even | Evenki | Manegir | Negidal | Oroqen | Solon
Southern
Southeastern: Akani | Birar | Kile | Nanai | Oroch
Orok | Samagir | Udege | Ulch
Southwestern: Jurchen | Manchu | Xibe
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. The Northern Tungusic languages belong to the Tungusic family and are spoken in far eastern Russia and northeastern China. The Even language (also known as Lamut Ewen Eben Orich Ilqan is a Tungusic language spoken by the Evens in Siberia Evenki (also known as Ewenki Ewenke Owenke Solon Suolun is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages, a group which also includes the Even Negidal (also known as Negidaly Neghidal is a language of the Tungusic family spoken in the Russian Far East along the lower reaches of the Amur River Oroqen (also known as Orochon Oronchon Olunchun Elunchun Ulunchun is a Tungusic language spoken in the People's Republic of China. Evenki (also known as Ewenki Ewenke Owenke Solon Suolun is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages, a group which also includes the Even The Southern Tungusic languages belong to the Tungusic family and are spoken in the extreme southeast of Russia ( Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language) is a language of the Tungusic family. The Ulch language, or Olcha, is a language spoken by the Ulch people in Siberia. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin The Xibe language (also Sibo language, Xibo language) is a language of the Tungusic family spoken by members of the Xibe ethnic group in
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic