| North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord | |
|---|---|
| |
| Formation | 4 April 1949 |
| Type | Military alliance |
| Headquarters | Brussels, Belgium |
| Membership | 26 member states and 14 major allies |
| Official languages | English, French[2] |
| Secretary General | Jaap de Hoop Scheffer |
| Chairman of the Military Committee | General Raymond Henault |
| Website | |
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); French: Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN); (also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A military alliance is an agreement between two or more military factions related to Wartime planning commitments or contingencies such agreements can be both The North Atlantic Treaty is the Treaty that brought NATO into existence signed in Washington DC on April 4, 1949. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium,[3] the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Collective defense (also collective defence) is an arrangement usually formalized by a treaty and an organization among participant states that commit support in defense of
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U. S. supreme commanders. The first NATO Secretary General Lord Ismay, famously described the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down". The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the General Hastings Lionel Ismay 1st Baron Ismay KG GCB CH DSO PC (21 June 1887–17 December 1965 was a British The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [4] Throughout the Cold War doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion - doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure from 1966. The force de frappe (literally Strike Force; meant for dissuasion, i
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the organization became drawn into the Balkans while building better links with former potential enemies to the east, which culminated with the former Warsaw Pact states - except Albania - joining the alliance in 1999 and 2004. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new challenges and has deployed troops to Afghanistan and trainers to Iraq. The NATO Training Mission - Iraq is a NATO mission assisting the training of the Iraqi Police and Military of Iraq in conjunction with MNF-I.
Contents |
History
Beginnings
The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. This article is on the 1948 treaty which served as a basis for the Western Union Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defense Organization in September 1948. The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. The Western European Union ( WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 [5] However, participation of the United States was thought necessary in order to counter the military power of the USSR, and therefore talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
These talks resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. The North Atlantic Treaty is the Treaty that brought NATO into existence signed in Washington DC on April 4, 1949. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Support for the Treaty was not unanimous; Iceland suffered an anti-NATO riot in March 1949 which may have been Communist-inspired. The Icelandic NATO riot of March 30 1949 is one of the most famous riots in Icelandic history Three years later, on 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
| “ | The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. | ” |
Such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force does not necessarily mean that other member states will respond with military action against the aggressor(s). Rather they are obliged to respond, but maintain the freedom to choose how they will respond. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels (which founded the Western European Union) which clearly states that the response must include military action. It is however often assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily. Further, the article limits the organization's scope to Europe and North America, which explains why the invasion of the British Falkland Islands did not result in NATO involvement. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the
The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat level greatly (all Communist countries were suspected of working together) and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the [6] The 1952 Lisbon conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to 96 divisions. A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly 35 divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO could call on about fifteen ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia. [7] Also at Lisbon, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization's chief civilian was also created, and Baron Hastings Ismay eventually appointed to the post. The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the General Hastings Lionel Ismay 1st Baron Ismay KG GCB CH DSO PC (21 June 1887–17 December 1965 was a British [8] Later, in September 1952, the first major NATO maritime exercises began; Operation Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway. Exercise Mainbrace was NATO 's first large naval exercise conducted over twelve days in September 1952 Meanwhile, while this overt military preparation was going on, covert stay-behind arrangements to continue resistance after a successful Soviet invasion ('Operation Gladio'), initially made by the Western European Union, were being transferred to NATO control. Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind The Western European Union ( WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 Ultimately unofficial bonds began to grow between NATO's armed forces, such as the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery. The NATO Tiger Association or the Association of Tiger Squadrons was established in 1959 The Canadian Army Trophy ( CAT) was a Tank gunnery competition established to foster excellence and competition among the armoured forces of the NATO
In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. [9] The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected this proposal.
The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Halvard Manthey Lange (1902 - 1970 was a Norwegian diplomat politician and statesman [10] A major reason for Germany's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower, it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to to resist a Soviet invasion. [11] Indeed, one of its immediate results was the creation of the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and East Germany, as a formal response to this event, thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
The unity of NATO was breached early on in its history, with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle's presidency of France from 1958 onward. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French De Gaulle protested the United States' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom, and also for the expansion of NATO's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France, most notably Algeria, where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's
Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory, and in order to give France, in the event of a East German incursion into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate peace with the Eastern bloc instead of being drawn into a NATO-Warsaw Pact global war, de Gaulle began to build an independent defence for his country. On 11 March 1959, France withdrew its Mediterranean fleet from NATO command; three months later, in June 1959, de Gaulle banned the stationing of foreign nuclear weapons on French soil. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A fleet, or naval fleet is a large formation of Warships, and the largest formation in any Navy. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. This caused the United States to transfer two hundred military aircraft out of France and return control of the ten major air force bases that had operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967. During the early years of the Cold War, the United States Air Force deployed thousands of personnel and hundreds of combat aircraft to France to counter the buildup
In the meantime, France had initiated an independent nuclear deterrence programme, spearheaded by the "Force de frappe" ("Striking force"). France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or Mutual assured destruction ( MAD; sometimes written as mutually assured destruction) is a Doctrine of military Strategy in which a full-scale The force de frappe (literally Strike Force; meant for dissuasion, i France tested its first nuclear weapon, Gerboise Bleue, on 13 February 1960, in (what was then) French Algeria. Gerboise Bleue ("blue jerboa" was the name of the first French nuclear test. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems
Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defence by removing France's Atlantic and Channel fleets from NATO command. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. In 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATO's integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. This withdrawal forced the relocation of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) from Paris to Casteau, north of Mons, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Casteau is a village of Belgium in the French-speaking region Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. France remained a member of the alliance, and committed to the defence of Europe from possible Communist attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout this period. France rejoined NATO's Military Committee in 1995, and has since intensified working relations with the military structure. France has not, however, rejoined the integrated military command and no non-French NATO troops are allowed to be based on its soil. The policies of current French President Nicolas Sarkozy appear to be aimed at eventual re-integration. Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced,
The creation of NATO brought about some standardisation of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, which in many cases meant European countries adopting U. Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. Military terminology refers to the terms and language of Military organizations and Personnel as belonging to a discrete category as distinguishable by S. practices. The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAGs) codifies the standardisation that NATO has achieved. STANAG is the NATO abbreviation for Standardization Agreement, which set up processes procedures terms and conditions for common Military or technical Hence, the 7.62×51 NATO rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries. The 762x51mm NATO is a Rifle cartridge developed in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among NATO countries Fabrique Nationale's FAL became the most popular 7. Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, more often abbreviated as Fabrique Nationale or simply FN, is a Belgian manufacturer of Firearms The official The Fusil Automatique Léger (Light Automatic Rifle or FAL is a 7 62 NATO rifle in Europe and served into the early 1990s. Also, aircraft marshalling signals were standardized, so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Aircraft marshalling is visual signalling between ground personnel and pilots on an Airport, Aircraft carrier or Helipad. Other standards such as the NATO phonetic alphabet have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use. The NATO phonetic alphabet, more formally the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used Spelling alphabet.
Détente
During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature: NATO argued that its nuclear weapons sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as U. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT or NNPT) is a Treaty to limit the spread Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO 's policy of nuclear deterrence, which involves member countries without Nuclear weapons of their own in the planning S. forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they were not challenged.
On 30 May 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue détente. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race. The term arms race, in its original usage describes a competition between two or more parties for real or apparent military supremacy
On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of U. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) S. GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The Ground Launched Cruise Missile, or GLCM, (officially designated BGM-109G Gryphon was a ground-launched Cruise missile developed by the United States A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Pershing was a family of solid-fueled two-stage Medium-range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the Redstone missile as The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position in regard to nuclear disarmament. This policy was called the Dual Track policy. The NATO Double-Track Decision is the decision of the NATO from December 12, 1979 to offer the Warsaw Pact a mutual limitation of Medium-range Similarly, in 1983–84, responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact SS-20 medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war. This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe. A peace movement is a Social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or
KAL 007 and NATO deployment of missiles in W. Europe
With the background of the build-up of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, NATO decided, under the impetus of the Reagan presidency, to deploy Pershing II and cruise missiles in Western Europe, primarily West Germany. These missiles were theatre nuclear weapons intended to strike targets on the battlefield if the Soviets invaded West Germany. Yet support for the deployment was wavering and many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained. But on Sept. 1, 1983, the Soviet Union shot down a Korean airliner, loaded with passengers, when it crossed into Soviet airspace - an act which Reagan characterized as a "massacre". Korean Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007, was a Korean Air Lines civilian Airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors The barbarity of this act, as the U. S. and indeed the world understood it, galvanized support for the deployment - which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhael Gorbachev.
The membership of the organization in this time period likewise remained largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure, but, with Turkish cooperation, were readmitted in 1980. The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot On 30 May 1982, NATO gained a new member when, following a referendum, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
In November 1983, NATO manoeuvres simulating a nuclear launch caused panic in the Kremlin. The Soviet leadership, led by ailing General Secretary Yuri Andropov, became concerned that the manoeuvres, codenamed Able Archer 83, were the beginnings of a genuine first strike. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov) ( &ndash 9 February 1984 was a Soviet politician Able Archer 83 was a ten-day NATO Command post exercise starting on November 2 1983 that spanned Western Europe, centred on SHAPE's In Nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force In response, Soviet nuclear forces were readied and air units in East Germany and Poland were placed on alert. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Though at the time written off by U. S. intelligence as a propaganda effort, many historians now believe that the Soviet fear of a NATO first strike was genuine.
Post Cold War
The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. This caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature and tasks. In practice this ended up entailing a gradual (and still ongoing) expansion of NATO to Eastern Europe, as well as the extension of its activities to areas that had not formerly been NATO concerns. The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, (or the Two Plus Four Agreement) was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east.
The scholar Stephen F. Cohen argued in 2005 that a commitment was given that NATO would never expand further east,[12] but according to Robert B. Zoellick, then a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, this appears to be a misperception; no formal commitment of the sort was made. Stephen Frand Cohen (born 1938 is an American scholar of Russian studies. Robert Bruce Zoellick (zʌlɪk (born July 25, 1953) is the eleventh President of the World Bank, a position he has held since July 1 [13] On May 7, 2008, The Daily Telegraph held an interview with Gorbachev in which he repeated his view that such a commitment had been made. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Gorbachev said "the Americans promised that NATO wouldn't move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War but now half of central and eastern Europe are members, so what happened to their promises? It shows they cannot be trusted. "[14]
As part of post-Cold War restructuring, NATO's military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established. The Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, ( HQ ARRC or ARRC) was created in 1992 in Bielefeld based on the former British I Corps The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe agreed between NATO and the Warsaw Pact and signed in Paris in 1990, mandated specific reductions. The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ( CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, signed some years later. The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post-Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE signed on November
The first NATO military operation caused by the conflict in the former Yugoslavia was Operation Sharp Guard, which ran from June 1993–October 1996. Operation Sharp Guard was a joint operation between NATO and the Western European Union beginning on 15 June 1993, suspended 19 June It provided maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. An arms embargo is an Embargo that applies to weaponry It may also include "dual use" items Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first military action, shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating a U. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) N. -mandated no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. A no-fly zone is a territory over which Aircraft are not permitted to fly Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Operation Deny Flight, the no-fly-zone enforcement mission, had begun a year before, on 12 April 1993, and was to continue until 20 December 1995. Operation Deny Flight was NATO 's enforcement of the Bosnian No-fly zone which began April 12, 1993 and ended December 20, 1995 Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 NATO air strikes that year helped bring the war in Bosnia to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement, which in turn meant that NATO deployed a peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, first named IFOR and then SFOR, which ran from December 1996 to December 2004. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol Operation Joint Endeavour was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization deployment of the peacekeeping force IFOR to Bosnia beginning in December 1995 The Implementation Force ( IFOR) was a NATO -led multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one year mandate from 20 December The Stabilisation Force (SFOR was a NATO -led multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Agreement. Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations. The NATO Medal is an International military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up, like the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former The Mediterranean Dialogue first launched in 1994, is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC) a NATO institution is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO, which finally happened in 1999. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In 1998, the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council was established.
A NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force, began in August, 1995, against the Army of Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica massacre. The 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (code-named by NATO Operation Deliberate Force) was a sustained air campaign conducted by the The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica On 24 March 1999, NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign, which NATO called Operation Allied Force, against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in an effort to stop Serbian-led ethnic cleansing. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (code-named Operation Allied Force) was NATO 's military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state A formal declaration of war never took place (in common with all wars since World War II). The conflict ended on 11 June 1999, when Yugoslavian leader Slobodan Milošević agreed to NATO’s demands by accepting UN resolution 1244. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 authorised an international civil and military presence in Kosovo, then part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. [15] NATO then helped establish the KFOR, a NATO-led force under a United Nations mandate that operated the military mission in Kosovo. The Kosovo Force ( KFOR) is a NATO -led international force responsible for establishing a safe and secure environment in Kosovo, the self-proclaimed independent The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security In August–September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia. Operation Essential Harvest (or Task Force Harvest) was a deployment mission in the Republic of Macedonia by NATO, officially launched on August 22 The Republic of Macedonia (Република
The United States, the United Kingdom, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the U. N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the ongoing action against Yugoslavia, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed U. N. approval. The U. S. /U. K. side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian
After the September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in its history. Poiana Braşov Brassópojána is the most popular Romanian Ski resort and an important touristic center preferred by many tourists not only from Romania but also The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [16] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included : Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour. Following the attacks of September 11 2001, Operation Eagle Assist began on October 9, 2001 after the North Atlantic Council's October Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general. It began on October 4, 2001.
Despite this early show of solidarity, NATO faced a crisis little more than a year later, when on 10 February 2003, France and Belgium vetoed the procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Germany did not use its right to break the procedure but said it supported the veto.
On the issue of Afghanistan on the other hand, the alliance showed greater unity: On 16 April 2003 NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all 19 NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO’s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Canada had originally been slated to take over ISAF by itself on that date. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
In January 2004, NATO appointed Minister Hikmet Çetin, of Turkey, as the Senior Civilian Representative (SCR) in Afghanistan. Hikmet Çetin (born 1937 in Diyarbakır, Turkey) is a Turkish politician former minister of foreign affairs and was leader of the Republican Minister Cetin is primarily responsible for advancing the political-military aspects of the Alliance in Afghanistan. In August 2004, following U. S. pressure, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission - Iraq, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the U. The NATO Training Mission - Iraq is a NATO mission assisting the training of the Iraqi Police and Military of Iraq in conjunction with MNF-I. S. led MNF-I. This page is about the military command, for more general discussion of the coalition forces see Multinational force in Iraq or Iraq War. [17]
On 31 July 2006, a NATO-led force, made up mostly of troops from Canada, Great Britain, Turkey and the Netherlands, took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a U. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In January 2006 NATO ’s focus in southern Afghanistan was to form Provincial Reconstruction Teams with the British leading in Helmand Province and the S. -led anti-terrorism coalition.
Expansion and restructuring
New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished: The NATO Response Force (NRF) was launched at the 2002 Prague Summit on 21 November. The NATO Response Force (NRF is a "coherent high readiness joint multinational force package" of approximately 25000 troops that is "technologically advanced The 2002 Prague Summit was a NATO summit where the heads of state and government of the NATO member states met Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. On 19 June 2003, a major restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command, Allied Command Transformation (ACT), was established in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO). Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Allied Command Transformation (ACT is a military command, which was originally formed in 1952 as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO, whilst ACO is responsible for current operations.
Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries to NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague Summit, and joined NATO on 29 March 2004, shortly before the 2004 Istanbul Summit. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The 2004 Istanbul summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 28 to June 29 2004 The same month, NATO's Baltic Air Policing began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia by providing fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. The Baltic air-policing mission is a NATO air defence Quick Reaction Alert (QRA in order to guard the airspace over the three Baltic states Four fighters are based in Lithuania, provided in rotation by virtually all the NATO states. Operation Peaceful Summit temporarily enhanced this patrolling during the 2006 Riga Summit. The 2006 Riga summit or the 19th NATO Summit was a NATO summit held in Riga, Latvia from November 28 until November 29 2006 [18]
The 2006 NATO summit was held in Riga, Latvia, which had joined the Atlantic Alliance two years earlier. The 2006 Riga summit or the 19th NATO Summit was a NATO summit held in Riga, Latvia from November 28 until November 29 2006 Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It is the first NATO summit to be held in a country that was part of the Soviet Union, and the second one in a former COMECON country (after the 2002 Prague Summit). A NATO summit is a summit meeting that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and Heads of Government of NATO member countries The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The 2002 Prague Summit was a NATO summit where the heads of state and government of the NATO member states met Energy Security was one of the main themes of the Riga Summit. [19]
At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest, Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of Croatia and Albania and invited them to join. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they will eventually become members (see NATO#Future Enlargement of NATO below). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The North Atlantic Treaty [20]
Involvement in Afghanistan: Taking over ISAF
In August 2003, NATO commenced its first mission ever outside Europe when it assumed control over International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, However, some critics feel that national caveats or other restrictions undermine the efficiency of ISAF. A national caveat is a restriction that North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO members place on the use of their forces For instance, political scientist Joseph Nye stated in a 2006 article that "many NATO countries with troops in Afghanistan have 'national caveats' that restrict how their troops may be used. Joseph S Nye Jr (born 1937 is the co-founder along with Robert Keohane, of the International relations theory neoliberalism developed in their 1977 While the Riga summit relaxed some of these caveats to allow assistance to allies in dire circumstances, Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, and the U. S. are doing most of the fighting in southern Afghanistan, while French, German, and Italian troops are deployed in the quieter north. Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, France has recently allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to Khandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Kandahar International Airport (more commonly known as Kandahar Airport) is located 10 miles (16 kilometers south-east of Kandahar City in Afghanistan [21] It is difficult to see how NATO can succeed in stabilizing Afghanistan unless it is willing to commit more troops and give commanders more flexibility. "[22] If these caveats were to be eliminated, it is argued that this could help NATO to succeed.
NATO missile defence talks controversy
For some years, the United States negotiated with Poland and the Czech Republic for the deployment of interceptor missiles and a radar tracking system in the two countries. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Both countries' governments indicated that they would allow the deployment. The proposed American missile defence site in Central Europe is believed to be fully operational in 2015 and would be capable of covering most of Europe except part of Romania plus Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. [23]
In April 2007, NATO's European allies called for a NATO missile defence system which would complement the American National Missile Defense system to protect Europe from missile attacks and NATO's decision-making North Atlantic Council held consultations on missile defence in the first meeting on the topic at such a senior level. National missile defense (NMD as a generic term is a type of Missile defense: a military strategy and associated systems to shield an entire country against incoming [23]
In response, Russian president Vladimir Putin claimed that such a deployment could lead to a new arms race and could enhance the likelihood of mutual destruction. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia He also suggested that his country should freeze its compliance with the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)—which limits military deployments across the continent—until all NATO countries had ratified the adapted CFE treaty. The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ( CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post-Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE signed on November [24]
Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer said the system would not affect strategic balance or threaten Russia, as the plan is to base only 10 interceptor missiles in Poland with an associated radar in the Czech Republic. Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer (/jɑːp də hoːp ˈsxɛfər/ born 3 April 1948 is a Dutch Politician and the 11th NATO Secretary Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [25]
On July 14, 2007, Russia notified its intention to suspend the CFE treaty, effective 150 days later. [26][27]
Membership
There are currently 26 members within NATO.
| Date | Country | Enlargement | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| April 4, 1949 | .svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium | Founders | |
 Canada | |||
 Denmark | |||
 France | France withdrew from the integrated military command in 1966 to pursue an independent defence system. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. However, there are now plans for it to rejoin sometime in 2008. [28] | ||
 Iceland | Iceland, the sole member that does not have its own standing army, joined on the condition that it would not be expected to establish one. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( However, its strategic geographic position in the Atlantic made it an invaluable member. It has a Coast Guard and has recently provided troops trained in Norway for NATO peacekeeping. The Icelandic Coast Guard is the armed service responsible for Iceland's coastal defense and maritime search and rescue | ||
 Italy | |||
 Luxembourg | |||
 Netherlands | |||
 Norway | |||
 Portugal | |||
 United Kingdom | |||
 United States | |||
| 18 February 1952 |  Greece | First | Greece withdrew its forces from NATO’s military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-Turkish tensions following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greece-Turkey relations have been marked by alternating periods of mutual hostility and reconciliation ever since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot |
 Turkey | |||
| 9 May 1955 |  Germany | Second | Joined as West Germany; Saarland reunited with it in 1957 and the territories of Berlin and the former German Democratic Republic reunited with it on 3 October 1990. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) |
| 30 May 1982 |  Spain | Third | |
| 12 March 1999 |  Czech Republic | Fourth | |
 Hungary | |||
 Poland | |||
| 29 March 2004 |  Bulgaria | Fifth | |
 Estonia | |||
 Latvia | |||
 Lithuania | |||
 Romania | |||
 Slovakia | |||
 Slovenia | |||
| TBD April 2009 [29] |  Albania | Sixth | |
 Croatia |
At the NATO summit in Bucharest (April 2008) Albania and Croatia were officially invited to start accession talks with the alliance. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between [30][31]
Future enlargement
| Current members Invited members Promised invitation | Intensified Dialogue Membership not goal Undeclared intent |
In addition to the above listed members, the Republic of Macedonia/former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,[32] was under consideration to enter NATO in 2009 but was not agreed upon. Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO is the process of including new member states in NATO. The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Republic of Macedonia (Република FYROM is likely to enter the alliance at some point, with Jane's Defence Weekly commenting on 16 April 2008 that resolution to the naming issue that is holding up entry is 'likely by the end of this year [2008] and no later than the 2009 summit. "JDW" redirects here For the biologist with the same initials see James D '[33] At the same 2008 summit in Bucharest, the communique explicitly said that Georgia and Ukraine 'will become members of NATO. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. '
Other potential candidate countries include, in South-eastern Europe, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Other possible, long neutral countries that might become members are Finland and Sweden. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Russia, as referred to above, continues to oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and U. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician S. President George H. W. Bush which allowed for a peaceful unification of Germany. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany NATO's expansion policy is seen as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia. [34]
Cooperation with non-member states
Euro-Atlantic Partnership
A double framework has been established to help further co-operation between the 26 NATO members and 23 "partner countries". Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC) a NATO institution is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in
- The Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation. The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership. [35]
- The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all 49 participants. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar [36]
The 24 partner countries are the following:
|
Individual Partnership Action Plans
Launched at the November 2002 Prague Summit, Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAPs) are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان taajikestaan officially the Republic of Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Republic of Macedonia (Република NATO launched Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAPs at the 2002 Prague Summit. [37]
Currently IPAPs are in implementation with the following countries:
Georgia (29 October 2004)
Azerbaijan (27 May 2005)
Armenia (16 December 2005)
Kazakhstan (31 January 2006)
Moldova (19 May 2006)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (10 January 2008)
Structures
The NATO website divides the internal NATO organization into political structures, military structures, and agencies & organizations immediately subordinate to NATO headquarters. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The main headquarters of NATO is located on Boulevard Léopold III, B-1110 BRUSSELS, which is in Haren, part of the City of Brussels. The City of Brussels ( French: Bruxelles-Ville or Ville de Bruxelles, Dutch: Stad Brussel) is the largest Municipality of [38]
Political structure
Like any alliance, NATO is ultimately governed by its 26 member states. However, the North Atlantic Treaty, and other agreements, outline how decisions are to be made within NATO. Each of the 26 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those [39] The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador (and holding that diplomatic rank). See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country
Together the Permanent Members form the North Atlantic Council (NAC), a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective political authority and powers of decision in NATO. North Atlantic Council is the most senior political governing body of NATO established by Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty. From time to time the Council also meets at higher levels involving Foreign Ministers, Defence Ministers or Heads of State or Government (HOSG) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO’s policies are generally taken. A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the Foreign policy of a sovereign nation A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations However, it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision-making, and its decisions have the same status and validity, at whatever level it meets. NATO summits also form a further venue for decisions on complex issues, such as enlargement. A NATO summit is a summit meeting that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and Heads of Government of NATO member countries
The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General of NATO and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord. The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO) is the chair of the North Atlantic Council, the supreme decision-making organisation of the There is no voting or decision by majority. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.
The second pivotal member of each country's delegation is the Military Representative, a senior officer from each country's armed forces. Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee (MC), a body responsible for recommending to NATO’s political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area. Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders, whose representatives attend its meetings, and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Council. Like the council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of defence, the most senior military officer in each nation's armed forces. The Defence Planning Committee excludes France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from NATO's integrated military structure. [40] On a practical level, this means that issues that are acceptable to most NATO members but unacceptable to France may be directed to the Defence Planning Committee for more expedient resolution. Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [41]
The current Chairman of the NATO Military Committee is Ray Henault of Canada (since 2005). General Raymond (Ray Roland Joseph Henault, CMM, CD (born Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada in 1949 was the Chief of the Defence Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
The NATO Parliamentary Assembly, presided by José Lello, is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as 13 associate members. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly ( NATO-PA) formerly the North Atlantic Assembly, is an inter-parliamentary organization of legislators [42] It is however officially a different structure from NATO, and has as aim to join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies.
Subordinate to the political structure are the International Staff and International Military Staff, which administer NATO programmes and carry out high-level political, military, and also civil emergency planning. [43]
Over the years, non-governmental citizens' groups have grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement. Atlantic Councils (also called Atlantic Associations, Atlantic Clubs, or Euro-Atlantic Councils) are non-profit, Non-governmental organizations The Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA is an Umbrella organization which acts as a network facilitator in the Euro-Atlantic and beyond
List of officials
| # | Name | Country | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sergio Balanzino | Italy | 1994–2001 |
| 2 | Alessandro Minuto Rizzo | Italy | 2001–present |
Military structure
- See also: Category:Military units and formations of NATO
NATO's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, and split into two Strategic Commands both commanded by a senior US officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Chairman of the Military Committee's authority stems from the Military Committee to which he is responsible in the performance of his duties The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command. The Chairman of the Military Committee's authority stems from the Military Committee to which he is responsible in the performance of his duties
Before 2003 the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) but the current arrangement is to separate command responsibility between Allied Command Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces, and Allied Command Operations, responsible for NATO operations world wide. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT was one of two supreme commanders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard or the Medina standard, is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of Allied Command Transformation (ACT is a military command, which was originally formed in 1952 as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces
The commander of Allied Command Operations retained the title "Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)", and is based in the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces Casteau is a village of Belgium in the French-speaking region The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian This is about 80 km (50 miles) south of NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. ACO is headed by SACEUR, a US four star general with the dual-hatted role of heading US European Command, which is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces Composition The main combat power of EUCOM is formed around the US Seventh Army, US Sixth Fleet and Third Air Force. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. SHAPE was in Paris until 1966, when French president Charles de Gaulle withdrew French forces from the Atlantic Alliance. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French NATO's headquarters were then forced to move to Belgium, while many military units had to move.
ACO includes Joint Force Command Brunssum in the Netherlands, Joint Force Command Naples in Italy, and Joint Command Lisbon, all multinational headquarters with many nations represented. Joint Force Command Brunssum is the NATO military command based at Brunssum, the Netherlands. Allied Joint Force Command Naples or JFC Naples is a NATO military command Joint Command Lisbon or JC Lisbon is one of the three main subdivisions of NATO 's Allied Command Operations. JFC Brunssum has its land component, Allied Land Component Command Headquarters Heidelberg at Heidelberg, Germany, its air component at Ramstein in Germany, and its naval component at the Northwood Headquarters in the northwest suburbs of London. Joint Force Command Brunssum is the NATO military command based at Brunssum, the Netherlands. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Allied Air Forces Central Europe (AAFCE was the headquarters for NATO air forces in Central Europe from 1953 to 1967 and from 1974 to 1993 Northwood Headquarters is a Military Headquarters facility of the British Armed Forces in Eastbury, Three Rivers, Hertfordshire London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. JFC Naples has its land component in Madrid, air component at Izmir, Turkey, and naval component in Naples, Italy. It also directs KFOR in Kosovo. JC Lisbon is a smaller HQ with no subordinate commands. Lajes Field, in the Portuguese Azores, is an important transatlantic staging post. Lajes Field or Lajes Air Base (Base Aérea das Lajes officially designated Air Base No Directly responsible to SACEUR is the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen in Germany where a jointly funded fleet of E-3 Sentry AWACS airborne radar aircraft is located. NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, located near Geilenkirchen, Germany, is the main operating Airfield of the NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The C-17s of the NATO Strategic Airlift Capability, to be made operational in the next few years, will be based at Pápa airfield in Hungary, and probably come under SACEUR's control. The NATO Strategic Airlift Capability is an initiative of several NATO members and two partner countries Sweden and Finland, which signed Letters of Intention to Pápa is a historical Town in Veszprém county Hungary, located close to the northern edge of the Bakony Hills and noted for its baroque architecture Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
Allied Command Transformation (ACT) is based in the former Allied Command Atlantic headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Allied Command Transformation (ACT is a military command, which was originally formed in 1952 as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Allied Command Atlantic, usually known as SACLANT (Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic), after its commander, became ACT in 2003. The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT was one of two supreme commanders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO It is headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), a US four-star general or admiral with the dual-hatted role as commander US Joint Forces Command (COMUSJFCOM). United States Joint Forces Command ( USJFCOM) is one of ten Unified Combatant Commands of the United States military. There is also an ACT command element located at SHAPE in Mons, Belgium.
Subordinate ACT organizations include the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) located in Stavanger, Norway (in the same site as the Norwegian NJHQ); the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) in Bydgoszcz, Poland; the Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre (JALLC) in Monsanto, Portugal; and the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC),[45] La Spezia, Italy. The Joint Warfare Centre ( JWC) is a NATO establishment headquartered in Stavanger, Norway. The Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC is a new NATO Headquarters located in Bydgoszcz in Poland responsible to Allied Command Transformation at Norfolk Bydgoszcz (Bromberg Bydgostia is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers with Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Organizations and Agencies
The NATO website lists forty-three different agencies and organizations and five project committees/offices as of 15 May 2008. [46] They include:
- nine logistics bodies (including five pipeline and one medical), which include the:
- NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency
- Central European Pipeline System
- NATO Pipeline System
- five production logistics bodies, including the:
- four standardisation bodies, including the NATO Standardization Agency
- three civil emergency planning bodies
- five Air Defence & Air Traffic Control bodies, including the:
- NATO ACCS Management Agency (NACMA), based in Brussels, manages around a hundred persons in charge of the Air Control and Command System (ACCS) due for 2009. The NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (Agence OTAN d'entretien et d'approvisionnement abbreviated to NAMSA, is the main Logistics agency of the North Atlantic The NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency is the prime customer and management body for the four nation Eurofighter Typhoon Weapon System programme NACMA is the NATO ACCS Management Agency. It is responsible for the management of the NATO Air Command and Control System (ACCS programme which is a $500M project ACCS is the $500M NATO Air Command and Control System programme which is intended to replace the existing air command and control systems in Europe from 2009 onwards
- NATO Programming Centre
- one AEW body, the NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control Programme Management Organization
- eight communications & information systems bodies, including the:
- NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A),[47] reporting to the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organization (NC3O). NPC is the NATO Programming Centre. It is responsible for system support and maintenance of NATO 's Air Command and Control Systems The NATO Consultation Command and Control Agency ( NC3A) was formed in 1996 from the merging of the previous SHAPE Technical Centre (STC in The Hague, The SHAPE Technical Centre (STC) in The Hague (Netherlands) merged in 1996 with the NATO Communications and Information Systems Operating and Support Agency (NACOSA) based in Brussels (Belgium), forming the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A). The SHAPE Technical Centre or Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Technical Centre (STC was formerly known as the SHAPE Air Defence Technical Centre (SADTC The NATO Consultation Command and Control Agency ( NC3A) was formed in 1996 from the merging of the previous SHAPE Technical Centre (STC in The Hague, The agency comprises around 650 staff, of which around 400 are located in The Hague and 250 in Brussels. It reports to the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Board (NC3B).
- NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency (NCSA),[48] based in Mons (BEL), was established in August 2004 from the former NATO Communications and Information Systems Operating and Support Agency (NACOSA). The NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency NCSA, is a service provider to its NATO and national customers Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian
- one electronic warfare agency
- one meteorological body, the Military Committee Meteorological Group (MCMG)
- one oceanography body, the Military Oceanography (MILOC) Group
- the Research and Technology Agency (RTA),[49] reporting to the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO);
- four education & training bodies, including the NATO School and NATO Defence College
- five project committees and offices:
- Alliance Ground Surveillance Capability Provisional Project Office (AGS/PPO)
- Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System (BICES)
- NATO Continuous Acquisition and Life Cycle Support Office (CALS)
- NATO FORACS Office
- Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center (MSIAC)
NATO Centres of Excellence
NATO has a total of 17 Centres of Excellence (COEs), esentially multinational research, development, and evaluation bodies. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The NATO Defence College was established in 1951 Since 1999 it has been at Cecchignola, near Rome, Italy, having previously been at Viale della Civilta The Organization says they 'provide recognised subject matter expertise in support of transformation and interoperability, especially in the fields of doctrine and concept development and validation, training, education and exercises, as well as analysis and lessons learned. '[50]
They are funded nationally or multinationally and have individual relationships with NATO formalized through memoranda of understanding.
NATO has nine fully accredited COEs. [51]
- The Center for Analysis & Simulation for the Preparation of Air Operations (CASPOA) COE in Taverny Air Base, France
- The Civil - Military Cooperation (CIMIC) COE in Budel, The Netherlands
- The Cold Weather Operations (CWO) COE in Stavanger, Norway
- The Combined Joint Operations from the Sea (CJOS) COE in United States
- The Command & Control (C2) COE in Ede, The Netherlands
- Defense Against Terrorism (DAT) COE in Ankara, Turkey
- The Joint Air Power Competence Center (JAPCC) COE in Kalkar, Germany See also: I2KM
- The Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiation, & Nuclear Defence (JCBRN Defence) COE in Vyškov, Czech Republic
- The Naval Mine Warfare NMW (EGUERMIN) COE in Oostende, Belgium
and eight not fully accredited COEs:
- The Cooperative Cyber Defence (CCD) COE in Tallinn, Estonia[52]
- Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters (CSW) COE in Kiel, Germany
- Counter Improvised Explosive Devices (CIED) COE in Spain
- Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) COE in Trenčín, Slovakia
- Human Intelligence (HUMINT) COE in Romania
- Medical (MED) COE in Hungary
- Military Engineering (MILENG) COE in Germany
- Mountain Warfare (MW) COE in Slovenia
References
- ^ The official Emblem of NATO. Taverny Air Base ( Base Aérienne 921 "Frères Mahé" de Taverny) is located in the communities of Taverny and Bessancourt in the Val This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Budel is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Cranendonck, 25 km outside Eindhoven. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands is a city and municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ede is a Municipality and a town in the center of The Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Kalkar is a municipality in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. I2KM is a NATO Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) of Kalkar (Germany project-requirement Vyškov (ˈvɪʃkof (German Wischau, until 1918 is a city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited ||-||-||} Ostend ( Oostende, French and German Ostende) is a Belgian City and municipality located in the Flemish The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Cyber-warfare (also known as cybernetic war, or cyberwar) is the use of Computers and the Internet in conducting Warfare in Cyberspace Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Littoral combat in military and naval warfare refers to operations in the littoral area within a certain distance of shore including surveillance mine-clearing and support For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Bomb disposal is the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe Trenčín ( also known under alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the Mountains or similarly rough terrain Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west NATO. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ "English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ", Final Communiqué following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council on September 17, 1949. "(. . )the English and French texts [of the Treaty] are equally authentic(. . . )"The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 14
- ^ Boulevard Leopold III-laan, B-1110 BRUSSELS, which is in Haren, part of the City of Brussels. The City of Brussels ( French: Bruxelles-Ville or Ville de Bruxelles, Dutch: Stad Brussel) is the largest Municipality of NATO homepage. Retrieved on 2006-03-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ cited in Reynolds, The origins of the Cold War in Europe. International perspectives, p 13
- ^ David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985, p. 13
- ^ David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985, p. 13-14
- ^ Robert E. Osgood, 'NATO: The Entangling Alliance,' University Press, Chicago, 1962, p. 76, in William Park 'Defending the West,' Wheatsheaf Books, 1986, p. 28
- ^ Time magazine, The Man with the Oilcan, March 24, 1952
- ^ Fast facts. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
- ^ BBC On This Day "West Germany accepted into Nato" bbc. co. uk
- ^ David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985, p. 15
- ^ Gorbachev's Lost Legacy by Stephen F. Cohen (link) The Nation, February 24, 2005
- ^ Robert B. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zoellick, The Lessons of German Unification, The National Interest, September 22, 2000
- ^ Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War Telegraph Retrieved on May 22, 2008
- ^ NATO website describing AFOR
- ^ NATO Update: Invocation of Article 5 confirmed - 2 October 2001
- ^ NATO Training Mission - Iraq, Introduction, 17 September 2007
- ^ L. The National Interest ( NI) is a prominent conservative American bi-monthly International affairs journal published by the Nixon The NATO Training Mission - Iraq is a NATO mission assisting the training of the Iraqi Police and Military of Iraq in conjunction with MNF-I. NEIDINGER "NATO team ensures safe sky during Riga Summit" in Air Force Link, December 8, 2006, [1]
- ^ Nazemroaya, Mahdi Darius (May 17, 2007). Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "The Globalization of Military Power: NATO Expansion". . Centre for Research on Globalization
- ^ U.S. wins NATO backing for missile defense shield - CNN.com
- ^ LeMonde.fr : La France et l'OTAN
- ^ J. NYE, "NATO after Riga", 14 December 2006, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/nye40
- ^ a b Xinhua - English
- ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | Russia in defence warning to US
- ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | Nato chief dismisses Russia fears
- ^ BBC NEWS, "Russia suspends arms control pact", July 14, 2007
- ^ Y. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ZARAKHOVICH, "Why Putin Pulled Out of a Key Treaty" in Time, July 14, 2007
- ^ Marquand, Robert. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "U.S., Europe gulf opens at NATO summit", The Christian Science Monitor, 2008-04-04. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ "NATO wants Albania and Croatia in by 2009 summit", International Herald Tribune, 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ "Nato denies Georgia and Ukraine", BBC News, 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ "Croatia & Albania Invited Into NATO", BalkanInsight, 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Retrieved on 2008-04-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
- ^ In NATO official statements, the country is always referred to as the FYROM, with a footnote stating that Turkey 'recognises the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name. '
- ^ Jim Dorschner & Radu Tudor, 'Questions remain after NATO summit,' JDW 16 April 2008, p. 18
- ^ NATO Seeking to Weaken CIS by Expansion — Russian General (link) MosNews 01. 12. 2005 and Ukraine moves closer to NATO membership By Taras Kuzio (Link) Jamestown Foundation and Global Realignment [2] and Condoleezza Rice wants Russia to acknowledge USA's interests on post-Soviet space, Pravda 04. Pravda (Правда "The Truth" was a leading Newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the 05. 2006
- ^ http://www.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-date.html
- ^ NATO Topics: The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
- ^ NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans
- ^ NATO homepage. Retrieved on 2006-03-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ National delegations to NATO What is their role?. NATO (2007-06-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Retrieved on 2007-07-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final
- ^ Espen Barth, Eide; Frédéric Bozo (Spring 2005). Should NATO play a more political role?. Nato Review. NATO. Retrieved on 2007-07-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final
- ^ Fuller, Thomas (2003-02-18). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Reaching accord, EU warns Saddam of his 'last chance'. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved on 2007-07-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final
- ^ NATO PA - About the NATO Parliamentary Assembly
- ^ NATO Handbook 2001, [3]
- ^ a b NATO Who's who? - Secretaries General of NATO
- ^ NURC Home
- ^ NATO, Organizations and Agencies, accessed May 2008
- ^ NATO C3 Agency
- ^ NATO Communication and Information Systems Agency
- ^ NATO Research & Technology Organization
- ^ NATO opens new centre of excellence on cyber defence - Contributing to transformation
- ^ Nato Centres of Excellence
- ^ Nato creates cyber-defence command
References and Further reading
- David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd 1985
Further Reading - Early period
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. Vols. 12 and 13: NATO and the Campaign of 1952 : Louis Galambos et al. , ed. Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1989. 1707 pp. in 2 vol.
- Gearson, John and Schake, Kori, ed. The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 209 pp.
- John C. Milloy. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1948–1957: Community or Alliance? (2006), focus on non-military issues
- Smith, Joseph, ed. The Origins of NATO Exeter, UK U. of Exeter Press, 1990. 173 pp.
Further Reading- Late Cold War period
- Smith, Jean Edward, and Canby, Steven L. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer The Evolution of NATO with Four Plausible Threat Scenarios. Canada Department of Defense: Ottawa, 1987. 117 pp.
Further Reading - Post Cold War period
- Asmus, Ronald D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era Columbia U. Press, 2002. 372 pp.
- Bacevich, Andrew J. and Cohen, Eliot A. War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age. Columbia U. Press, 2002. 223 pp.
- Daclon, Corrado Maria Security through Science: Interview with Jean Fournet, Assistant Secretary General of NATO, Analisi Difesa, 2004. no. 42
- Gheciu, Alexandra. NATO in the 'New Europe' Stanford University Press, 2005. 345 pp.
- Hendrickson, Ryan C. Diplomacy and War at NATO: The Secretary General and Military Action After the Cold War Univ. of Missouri Press, 2006. 175 pp.
- Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War in Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment Santa Monica, Calif. : RAND, 2001. 250 pp.
Further Reading - General histories
- Kaplan, Lawrence S. The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years. Praeger, 1999. 262 pp.
- Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance. Praeger, 2004. 165 pp.
- Létourneau, Paul. Le Canada et l'OTAN après 40 ans, 1949–1989 Quebec: Cen. Québécois de Relations Int. , 1992. 217 pp.
- Powaski, Ronald E. The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security, 1950–1993. Greenwood, 1994. 261 pp.
- Telo, António José. Portugal e a NATO: O Reencontro da Tradiçoa Atlântica Lisbon: Cosmos, 1996. 374 pp.
- Sandler, Todd and Hartley, Keith. The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the 21st Century. Cambridge U. Press, 1999. 292 pp.
- Zorgbibe, Charles. Histoire de l'OTAN Brussels: Complexe, 2002. 283 pp.
Further Reading - Other Issues
- Kaplan, Lawrence S. , ed. American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance. Kent State U. Press, 1991. 192 pp.
External links
General
- NATO including Basic NATO Documents
- NATO: A Pledge for Peace and Progress - Canadian War Museum
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding NATO
- History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance—UK Government site
- NATO searches for defining role
- The Globalization of Military Power: NATO Expansion (CRG)
- CBC Digital Archives—One for all: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
- NATO at Fifty: New Challenges, Future Uncertainties U.S. Institute of Peace Report, March 1999
- NATO at 50
- The Impact of NATO forces in Afghanistan An analysis of the effects of the U. The United States Institute of Peace or USIP, established in 1984, is an independent nonpartisan national institution established and funded by the United States S. led occupation on the political and social climate of Afghanistan.
- "Will Turkey be complicit in another war against another neighbour?", CASMII, February 24, 2008. Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII is a group of people especially academics students and professionals of both Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds
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