See also: Music history of Italy

The music of Italy ranges across a broad spectrum of opera and instrumental classical music, the traditional styles of the country's different regions, and a body of popular music drawn from both native and imported sources. The modern state of Italy did not come into being until 1861 though the roots of music on the Italian peninsula can be traced back to the music of Ancient Rome. Art Music "Art music" is a somewhat broader term than "classical music" and may be defined for the purposes of this article as "establishment" music Italian opera is both the art of Opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Rock and pop Italian Popular Music has produced pop stars including: Anthony Tortorich, Paola & Chiara, Lucio Dalla, Renato Zero Italy is a European country and has had a long relationship with Rock and roll, a style of music which spread to the country by the early 1960s from the United There was a dynamic Italian Hardcore punk scene in the 1980s. Hip hop music and culture in Italy is an evolution of the way in which Italian youth make known their dissatisfaction for the current social and economic issues that are presented to them Italian folk music has a deep and complex history National unification came quite late to the Italian peninsula, so its many hundreds of separate cultures remained Italian jazz. James Reese Europe 's military concerts in France in World War I in 1919 are claimed to have introduced Europeans to a new "syncopated" The Italian progressive rock scene was born in the early 70s mostly inspired by the progressive movement in Britain, but with certain features of its own The modern state of Italy did not come into being until 1861 though the roots of music on the Italian peninsula can be traced back to the music of Ancient Rome. Time line for Music of Italy Dates for musical periods such as Baroque Classical Romantic etc Italian music awards There are a great number of music competitions that offer prizes for performance and composition in both classical and popular music The FIMI (short for Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana Federation of the Italian Music Industry in English) is an umbrella organization that keeps track of virtually Italian music festivals Below is a list of major Music festivals in Italy with links to the appropriate external websites Arena di Verona Outdoor opera The Festival della canzone italiana (in English Italian song festival) is a popular Italian song contest running since 1951 and held annually in the city of Sanremo The Umbria Jazz Festival is one of the most important jazz festivals in the world and has been held annually since 1973 usually in July in the city of Perugia, Italy The Ravello Festival is also popularly known as the "Wagner Festival" and is an annual summer festival of music and the arts held in the town of Ravello on the For the Spoleto Festival USA see Spoleto Festival USA and for the Spoleto Festival Melbourne see Melbourne International Arts Festival. The Festivalbar is an Italian singing competition that takes place in the most important Italian squares during summer such as the Piazza del Duomo Milan; the first There is an abundance of print on-line and broadcast media in Italy that cover all kinds of music A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Il Canto degli Italiani ( The Song of the Italians) is the Italian National anthem. The development of music in the Aosta Valley region of Italy similar to nearby Piedmont, has much to do with the presence of medieval monasteries that preserved At first glance the Music of Abruzzo seems less defined than other regional music in Italy The music of Basilicata is sparse at the moment There is little theatrical or staged musical tradition and the facilities have not yet fully recovered from the powerful earthquake The music of Calabria is part of the Italian musical tradition. Music of Campania The capital city of the Campania region of Italy is Naples; there is a separate article dealing with the Music of Naples. The Music of Emilia-Romagna has the reputation of being one of the richest in Europe; there are six music conservatories alone in the region and the While Florence, itself "needs no introduction" as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, the music of Florence may in fact need such an introduction The musical fortunes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Furlanija - Julijska krajina are closely tied to its political fortunes over the course of centuries all having (For music outside of the city and province of Genoa in the Liguria region of Italy see Music of Liguria. ( Latium (Lazio is a region in central Italy that includes the city and province of Rome. The Music of Liguria flourished in the 19th century for a number of reasons This article is about the Music of Lombardy outside of the city and province of Milan The music of the Marche, a region of Italy, has been shaped by the fact that the entire region is a collection of small centers of population The music of Milan has ancient roots The Ambrosian chants are among the first codified music in Western culture which fact led to the later development of our concept While it is one of the smallest regions of Italy the Music of Molise is active Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries not just in the Music of Italy, but in the general history of western European musical traditions The Piedmont has played an important role in the development of music in general in Italy due to the presence of medieval monasteries in that area institutions that The Music of Puglia has had some glorious history as well as some very hard times The Musica of Rome is intensely active The venues for live music include the Theater of the Opera the theater was built in the 1880s in the building boom to expand Sardinia is probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy and musically is best-known for the Tenores Polyphonic chant sacred songs The Music of Sicily refers to music created by peoples from the isle of Sicily. The Music of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol reflects the multilingual and multiethnic make-up of the region (This article is about the Music of Tuscany outside of the city and province of Florence There are 70 community bands 110 community Choirs and about 20 secondary music schools The music of Veneto has much to offer Venice See also Music of Venice Venues The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the Music of Italy. Opera houses are listed by continent then by country with the name of the opera house and city the opera company is sometimes named for clarity Below is an alphabetical list by city of those music conservatories in Italy that maintain webpages This is an article on the terminology used to describe the Music of Italy. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Music has traditionally been one of the cultural markers of Italian national and ethnic identity and holds an important position in society and in politics. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The politics of Italy take place in a framework of a parliamentary, democratic Republic, and of a Multi-party system. Italian innovation in musical scales, harmony, notation, and theatre enabled the development of opera in the late 16th century, and much of modern European classical music, such as the symphony and concerto. In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. See also Modern musical symbols Music notation or musical notation is any system which represents aurally perceived Music through the use Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. The term Concerto (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a three part musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an Orchestra

Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Opera is integral to Italian musical culture, and has become a major segment of popular music. Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more The Neapolitan song, canzone Napoletana, and the cantautori singer-songwriter traditions are also popular domestic styles that form an important part of the Italian music industry, alongside imported genres like jazz, rock and hip hop. Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily Cantautori (Italian plural the singular is cantautore) is the Italian expression corresponding to Singer-songwriters in English Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Italian folk music is an important part of the country's musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances.

Characteristics

Like other elements of Italian culture, Italian music is generally eclectic. The Culture of Italy can be found in the Roman ruins remaining in much of the country the precepts of the Roman Catholic Church, the spirit of the No parochial protectionist movement has ever attempted to keep Italian music pure and free from foreign influence, except briefly under the Fascist regime of the 1920s and 30s. ^[1] As a result, Italian music has kept elements of the many peoples that have dominated or influenced the country, including Germanic tribes, Arabs, Greeks, French and Spanish. Forms of German-language music include Neue Deutsche Welle ( NDW) Krautrock, Hamburger Schule, Volksmusik, German Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their France has long been considered a center for European Art and Music. Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with Flamenco, an Andalusian musical genre which contrary to popular belief is not widespread outside that region The country's historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of musical notation and Gregorian chant. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto See also Modern musical symbols Music notation or musical notation is any system which represents aurally perceived Music through the use History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions

Immigrant populations from around the Mediterranean, especially Greece, the Balkans and North Africa, have established large communities in the southern peninsula over the last thousand years. ^[2] As a result, folk music on Sicily and the southern Italian mainland display features typical of elsewhere in the Mediterranean. These include an excessive nasality in the voice and an extremely ornamental approach to pitch. In Music, ornaments are musical flourishes that are not necessary to carry the overall line of the melody (or harmony but serve instead to decorate or "ornament" Pitch represents the perceived Fundamental frequency of a sound ^[3] Lomax's description of southern Italian singing is widely cited: "A voice as pinched and strangulated and high-pitched as any in Europe. The singing expression is one of true agony, the throat is distended and flushed with strain, the brow knotted with a painful expression. Many tunes are long and highly ornamented in Oriental style. "^[4] Melody has typically been important in most Italian musical forms, even at the expense of lyrics and harmonic complexity. Lyrics (in singular form Lyric) are a set of words that accompany music either by speaking or singing In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. This is true in opera, popular music and even, to some extent, in modern text-centered styles such as Italian hip hop and the music of the cantautori singer-songwriters. Hip hop music and culture in Italy is an evolution of the way in which Italian youth make known their dissatisfaction for the current social and economic issues that are presented to them Cantautori (Italian plural the singular is cantautore) is the Italian expression corresponding to Singer-songwriters in English ^[5]

Social identity

Italy was not unified politically until the 19th century. The drive towards unification led to efforts to create a sense of Italian identity, famously described by the Italian statesman Massimo d’Azeglio: “We have created Italy; now we have to create Italians. Massimo Taparelli marquis d'Azeglio ( October 24, 1798 - January 15, 1866) was an Italian Statesman, Novelist ”^[6] Abroad, Italian culture and society are often stereotyped, associating all Italian music with certain styles. For example, some years ago the Mayor of Venice banned gondoliers from singing Neapolitan songs for the tourists, most of whom requested "‘O sole mio" and other songs typical only of Naples but widely regarded abroad as characteristic of all Italian music. Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily "' ^[7]

Allegiance to music is integrally woven into the social identity of Italians but no single style has been considered a characteristic "national style". Most folk musics are localized, and unique to a small region or city. ^[8][9] Italy's classical legacy, however, is an important point of the country's identity, particularly opera; traditional operatic pieces remain a popular part of music and an integral component of national identity. The musical output of Italy remains characterized by "great diversity and creative independence (with) a rich variety of types of expression". ^[9]

With the growing industrialization that accelerated during the 20th century, Italian society gradually moved from an agricultural base to an urban and industrial center. This change weakened traditional culture in many parts of society; a similar process occurred in other European countries, but unlike them, Italy had no major initiative to preserve traditional musics. Immigration from North Africa, Asia, and other European countries led to further diversification of Italian music. Traditional music came to exist only in small pockets, especially as part of dedicated campaigns to retain local musical identities:^[8])

Politics

Music and politics have been intertwined for centuries in Italy. Just as many works of art in the Italian Renaissance were commissioned by royalty and the Roman Catholic Church, much music was likewise composed on the basis of such commissions—incidental court music, music for coronations, for the birth of a royal heir, royal marches, and other occasions. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Composers who strayed ran certain risks. Among the best known of such cases was the Neapolitan composer Domenico Cimarosa, who composed the Republican hymn for the short-lived Neapolitan Republic of 1799. Domenico Cimarosa ( 17 December 1749 – 11 January 1801) was an Italian Opera Composer of the Neapolitan The Parthenopaean Republic (Italian Repubblica Partenopea) was a French -supported Republic in the territory of the Kingdom of Naples, formed When the republic fell, he was tried for treason along with other revolutionaries. Cimarosa was not executed by the restored monarchy, but he was exiled. ^[10]

Music also played a role in the unification of the peninsula. During this period, some leaders attempted to use music to forge a unifying cultural identity. One example is the chorus "Va Pensiero" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Nabucco. Nabucco (short for Nabucodonosor, English Nebuchadnezzar) is an Opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto The opera is about ancient Babylon, but the chorus contains the phrase "O mia Patria", ostensibly about the struggle of the Israelites, but also a thinly veiled reference to the destiny of a not-yet-united Italy; the entire chorus became the unofficial anthem of the Risorgimento, the drive to unify Italy in the 19th century. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Even Verdi's name was a synonym for Italian unity because "Verdi" could be read as an acronym for Vittorio Emanuele Re d'Italia, Victor Emanuel King of Italy, the Savoy monarch who eventually became Victor Emanuel II, the first king of united Italy. For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Thus, "Viva Verdi" was a rallying cry for patriots and often appeared in graffiti in Milan and other cities in what was then part of Austro-Hungarian territory. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Verdi had problems with censorship before the unification of Italy. His opera Un ballo in maschera was originally entitled Gustavo III and was presented to the San Carlo opera in Naples, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, in the late 1850s. Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball, is an Opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi with text by Antonio Somma. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. The Neapolitan censors objected to the realistic plot about the assassination of Gustav III, King of Sweden, in the 1790s. Gustav III ( – 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a Even after the plot was changed, the Neapolitan censors still rejected it. ^[11]

Later, in the Fascist era of the 1920s and 30s, government censorship and interference with music occurred, though not on a systematic basis. Prominent examples include the notorious anti-modernist manifesto of 1932^[12] and Mussolini's banning of G. F. Malipiero's opera La favola del figlio cambiato after one performance in 1934. ^[13] The music media often criticized music that was perceived as either politically radical or insufficiently Italian. ^[9] General print media, such as the Enciclopedia Moderna Italiana, tended to treat traditionally favored composers such as Giacomo Puccini and Pietro Mascagni with the same brevity as composers and musicians that were not as favored—modernists such as Alfredo Casella and Ferruccio Busoni; that is, encyclopedia entries of the era were mere lists of career milestones such as compositions and teaching positions held. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini ( December 22, 1858 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Pietro Mascagni ( December 7, 1863 &ndash August 2, Alfredo Casella ( Turin, July 25 1883 - Rome, March 5 1947) was an Italian Composer. Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni (April 1 1866 &ndash July 27 1924 was an Italian Composer, Pianist, musical educator and conductor. Even the conductor Arturo Toscanini, an avowed opponent of Fascism,^[14] gets the same neutral and distant treatment with no mention at all of his "anti-regime" stance. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arturo Toscanini (ɑrˈturɔ ˌtɔskɑˈnini (March 25 1867 &ndash January ^[15] Perhaps the best-known episode of music colliding with politics involves Toscanini. He had been forced out of the musical directorship at La Scala in Milan in 1929 because he refused to begin every performance with the fascist song, Giovinezza. The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. For this insult to the regime, he was attacked and beaten on the street outside the Bologne opera after a performance in 1931. ^[16] During the Fascist era, political pressure stymied the development of classical music, although censorship was not as systematic as in Nazi Germany. A series of "racial laws" was passed in 1938, thus denying to Jewish composers and musicians membership in professional and artistic associations. ^[17] Although there was not a massive flight of Italian Jews from Italy during this period (compared to the situation in Germany)^[18] composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, an Italian Jew, was one of those who emigrated. Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco ( April 3, 1895 &ndash March 16, 1968) was an Italian composer. Some non-Jewish foes of the regime also emigrated—Toscanini, for one. ^[1][19]

More recently, in the later part of the 20th century, especially in the 1970s and beyond, music became further enmeshed in Italian politics. ^[19] A roots revival stimulated interest in folk traditions, led by writers, collectors and traditional performers. A roots revival ( folk revival) is a trend which includes young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors ^[9] The political right in Italy viewed this roots revival with disdain, as a product of the "unprivileged classes". ^[20] The revivalist scene thus became associated with the opposition, and became a vehicle for "protest against free-market capitalism". ^[9] Similarly, the avant-garde classical music scene has, since the 1970s, been associated with and promoted by the Italian Communist Party, a change that can be traced back to the 1968 student revolts and protests. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) ^[8]

Classical music

Main article: Italian classical music

Italy has long been a center for European classical music, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Italian classical music had forged a distinct national sound that was decidedly Romantic and melodic. As typified by the operas of Verdi, it was music in which ". . . The vocal lines always dominate the tonal complex and are never overshadowed by the instrumental accompaniments. . . "^[21] Italian classical music had resisted the "German harmonic juggernaut"^[22]—that is, the dense harmonies of Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss. Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted Italian music also had little in common with the French reaction to that German music—the impressionism of Claude Debussy, for example, in which melodic development is largely abandoned for the creation of mood and atmosphere through the sounds of individual chords. Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. ^[23]

European classical music changed greatly in the 20th century. New music abandoned much of the historical, nationally developed schools of harmony and melody in favor of experimental music, atonality, minimalism and electronic music, all of which employ features that have become common to European music in general and not Italy specifically. Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 Atonality in its broadest sense describes Music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production ^[24] These changes have also made classical music less accessible to many people. Important composers of the period include Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, Luigi Dallapiccola, Carlo Jachino, Gian Carlo Menotti, Jacopo Napoli, and Goffredo Petrassi. Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 24, 1925 &ndash May 27, 2003) was an Italian Composer. Luigi Nono ( January 29, 1924 – May 8, 1990) was an Italian Avant-garde Composer of Classical music Luigi Dallapiccola ( February 3, 1904 &ndash February 19, 1975) was an Italian Composer known for his lyrical twelve-tone Carlo Jachino ( 1887 - 1971) was a prominent Italian composer of the 20th century Jacopo Napoli (b August 26, 1911 in Naples; d 1994 in Ascea) was an Italian composer of the 20th century Goffredo Petrassi ( 16 July 1904 &ndash 3 March 2003) was an Italian Composer of Modern classical music,

Opera

Main article: Italian opera

Opera originated in Italy in the late 1500s during the time of the Florentine Camerata. Italian opera is both the art of Opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists Musicians Poets and Intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered Through the centuries that followed, opera traditions developed in Venice and Naples; the operas of Claudio Monteverdi, Alessandro Scarlatti, and, later, of Gioacchino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gaetano Donizetti flourished. Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2 1660 &ndash October 24 1725 was an Italian Baroque Composer especially famous for his Operas and chamber Cantatas Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini ( November 3, 1801 &ndash September 23, 1835) was a Sicilian Opera Composer Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. Opera has remained the musical form most closely linked with Italian music and Italian identity. This was most obvious in the 19th century through the works of Giuseppe Verdi, an icon of Italian culture and pan-Italian unity. Italy retained a Romantic operatic musical tradition in the early 20th century, exemplified by composers of the so-called Giovane Scuola, whose music was anchored in the previous century, including Arrigo Boito, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Pietro Mascagni, and Francesco Cilea. Giovane Scuola ("Young School" was a group of Italian composers (mostly operatic which included Puccini, Mascagni, Leoncavallo, Giordano Arrigo Boito ( February 24, 1842 &ndash June 10, 1918) aka Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito Pseudonym Tobia Gorrio was an Italian Ruggero (Ruggiero Leoncavallo (23 April 1857- 9 August 1919 was an Italian Opera Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Pietro Mascagni ( December 7, 1863 &ndash August 2, Francesco Cilea (also Cilèa ( July 23, 1866 &ndash November 20, 1950) was an Italian Composer.

After World War I, however, opera declined in comparison to the popular heights of the 19th and early 20th centuries. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Causes included the general cultural shift away from Romanticism and the rise of the cinema, which became a major source of entertainment. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the A third cause is the fact that "internationalism" had brought contemporary Italian opera to a state where it was no longer "Italian". ^[8] This was the opinion of at least one prominent Italian musicologist and critic, Fausto Terrefranca, who, in a 1912 pamphlet entitled Giaccomo Puccini and International Opera, accused Puccini of "commercialism" and of having deserted Italian traditions. Fausto Terrefranca (1880-1955 Italian musicologist and critic Traditional Romantic opera remained popular; indeed, the dominant opera publisher in the early 20th century was Casa Ricordi, which focused almost exclusively on popular operas until the 30s, when the company allowed more unusual composers with less mainstream appeal. Casa Ricordi is a classical music publishing company founded in 1808 as G The rise of relatively new publishers such as Carisch and Suvini Zerboni also helped to fuel the diversification of Italian opera. Carish is an Italian music publishing house founded in Milan in 1887 by the Swiss, G Suvini Zerboni (ESZ Italian music publishing house founded in 1907 in Milan taking its name from the theater society of the same name ^[8] Opera remains a major part of Italian culture; renewed interest in opera across the sectors of Italian society began in the 1980s. Respected composers from this era include the well-known Aldo Clementi, and younger peers such as Marco Tutino and Lorenzo Ferrero. Aldo Clementi (born May 25, 1925 in Catania Italy) is an Italian composer Marco Tutino (born 1954) is an Italian composer His emergence during the late 1970s was as the spearhead of an Italian Neo-Romantico group founded with two WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951 in Turin) is a contemporary Italian composer ^[8]

Sacred music

Italy, being one of Catholicism's seminal nations, has a long history of music for the Roman Catholic Church. Until approximately 1800, it was possible to hear Gregorian Chant and Renaissance polyphony, such as the music of Palestrina, Lasso, Anerio, and others. History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) is an ancient city and Comune (municipality with a population of about 18000 in Lazio, c Reata redirects here For the comic book character see Reata (comics A lasso, lariat, or riata (from the Spanish reata The brothers Anerio were two notable composers of Italy Felice Anerio (1560-1614 Giovanni Francesco Anerio (c Approximately 1800 to approximately 1900 was a century during which a more popular, operatic, and entertaining type of church music was heard, to the exclusion of the aforementioned chant and polyphony. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto In the late 1800s, the Cecilian Movement was started by musicians who fought to restore this music. The Cecilian Movement of Church reform was centered in Italy but received great impetus from Regensburg, Germany, where Franz Xaver Haberl This movement gained impetus not in Italy but in Germany, particularly in Regensburg. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany The movement reached its apex around 1900 with the ascent of Don Lorenzo Perosi and his supporter (and future saint), Pope Pius X. Monsignor Lorenzo Perosi ( 21 December 1872 - 12 October 1956) was an Italian Composer of Sacred music and the only Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the ^[25] The advent of Vatican II, however, nearly obliterated all Latin-language music from the Church, once again substituting it with a more popular style. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[26]

Instrumental music

The dominance of opera in Italian music tends to overshadow the important area of instrumental music. ^[27] Historically, such music includes the vast array of sacred instrumental music, instrumental concertos, and orchestral music in the works of Andrea Gabrielli, Giovanni Gabrielli, Tomaso Albinoni, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Luigi Boccherini, Luigi Cherubini and Domenico Scarlatti. Andrea Gabrieli (1532/1533? – August 30, 1585) was an Italian Composer and Organist of the late Renaissance. Giovanni Gabrieli (c 1554/1557 &ndash August 12 1612 was an Italian Composer and organist. Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (June 8 1671 Venice, Republic of Venice &ndash January 17 1751 Venice, Republic of Venice) was a Venetian WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Arcangelo Corelli (February 17 1653 &ndash January 8 1713 was a French Violinist Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini ( February 19, 1743 &ndash May 28, 1805) was a classical era Composer and cellist Luigi Cherubini ( September 8 or September 14, 1760 &ndash March 15, 1842) was an Italian born composer who spent most of his Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26 1685 – July 23 1757 was a Neapolitan Composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. (Even opera composers occasionally worked in other forms—Giuseppe Verdi's String Quartet in E minor, for example. Even Donizetti, whose name is identified with the beginnings of Italian lyric opera, wrote 18 string quartets. Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece ) In the early 20th century, instrumental music began growing in importance, a process that started around 1904 with Giuseppe Martucci's Second Symphony, a work that Malipiero called "the starting point of the renascence of non-operatic Italian music. Giuseppe Martucci ( January 6 1856 &ndash June 1 1909) was an Italian Composer, conductor, Pianist "^[28] Several early composers from this era, such as Leone Sinigaglia, used native folk traditions. Leone Sinigaglia (born Turin, 14 August 1868; died Turin, 16 May 1944) was an Italian Composer

The early 20th century is also marked by the presence of a group of composers called the generazione dell'ottanta (generation of 1880), including Franco Alfano, Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero, Ildebrando Pizzetti, and Ottorino Respighi. Franco Alfano ( March 8, 1875 &ndash October 27, 1954) was an Italian composer and pianist. Alfredo Casella ( Turin, July 25 1883 - Rome, March 5 1947) was an Italian Composer. Gian Francesco Malipiero ( Venice, March 18, 1882 - Asolo ( Treviso) August 1, 1973) was an Italian Ildebrando Pizzetti ( Parma, September 20, 1880; Rome, February 13, 1968) was an Italian Composer For the astronomer see Lorenzo Respighi (1824—1889 For the crater named after Lorenzo Respighi see Respighi (crater. These composers usually concentrated on writing instrumental works, rather than opera. Members of this generation were the dominant figures in Italian music after Puccini's death in 1924. ^[8] New organizations arose to promote Italian music, such as the Venice Festival of Contemporary Music and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. Venice Festival of Contemporary Music (Complete Italian name Festival Internazionale di Musica Contemporanea della Biennale di Venezia) Maggio Musicale Fiorentino is an annual opera festival which was founded in April 1933 by conductor Vittorio Gui with the aim of presenting contemporary Guido Gatti's founding of the periodical il Piano and then La ressegna musicale also helped to promote a broader view of music than the political and social climate allowed. Guido M Gatti. (1892-1973 Italian music critic and founder of the journal Rassegna musicale in 1928 Most Italians, however, preferred more traditional pieces and established standards, and only a small audience sought new styles of experimental classical music. ^[8]

Ballet

Italian contributions to ballet are less known and appreciated than in other areas of classical music. Italy, particularly Milan, was the European center of court choreography as early as the 1400s in the form of such things as ritual masked balls. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. See also, Choreography (literally "dance-writing" from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance see chorea) and "γραφή" Early choreographers and composers of ballet include Fabrizio Caroso and Cesare Negri. Fabritio Caroso da Sermoneta (1526/1535 - 1605/1620 was an Italian Renaissance dancing master. Cesare Negri (c 1535 - c 1605 Italian dancer and choreographer The style of ballet known as the "spectacles all’italiana" imported to France from Italy caught on, and the first ballet performed in France (1581), Ballet comique de la Royn, was composed by an Italian, Baltazarini di Belgioioso,^[29] better known by the French version of his name, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx. Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx (dc 1587) was an Italian Violinist whose Ballet Comique de la Reine, first performed at the Louvre Early ballet was accompanied by considerable instrumentation, with the playing of horns, trombones, kettle drums, dulcimers, bagpipes, etc. Although the music has not survived, there is speculation that dancers, themselves, may have played instruments onstage. ^[30] Then, in the wake of the French Revolution, Italy again became a center of ballet, largely through the efforts of Salvatore Viganò, a choreographer who worked with some of the most prominent composers of the day. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Salvatore Viganò ( March 25 1769 &ndash August 10 1821) was an Italian Choreographer, Dancer and Composer He was made the balletmaster of La Scala in 1812. The Teatro alla Scala (or La Scala, as it is known in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous Opera houses The theatre was ^[31] The best-known example of Italian ballet from the 19th century is probably Excelsior, with music by Romualdo Marenco and choreography by Luigi Manzotti. Romualdo Marenco ( March 1 1841 &ndash October 9 1907) was an Italian composer primarily noted for ballet music Luigi Manzotti (1835 &ndash 1905 was a renowned Italian choreographer, best remembered for his choreography of the ballet Excelsior (1881 music by Romualdo It was composed in 1881 and is a lavish tribute to the scientific and industrial progress of the 19th century. It is still performed and was staged as recently as 2002.

Currently, major Italian opera theaters maintain ballet companies. They exist to provide incidental and ceremonial dancing in many operas, such as Aida or La Traviata. This article is about the marketing term AIDA For other uses of the term see Aida (disambiguation. La traviata is an Opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian Libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. These dance companies usually maintain a separate ballet season and perform the standard repertoire of classical ballet, little of which is Italian. The Italian equivalent of the Russian Bolshoi Ballet and similar companies that exist only to perform ballet, independent of a parent opera theater is La Scala Ballet, which is under the direction of Frèdèric Olivieri. The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр Bol'shoy Teatr Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect Since 1979 there has existed in Italy a modern dance company, the Aterballetto, based in Reggio Emilia. The company performs worldwide under the leadership of choreographer Mauro Bigonzetti. See also Mauro Bigonzetti (born 1960 is an Italian contemporary dancer and choreographer

Experimental music

Experimental music is a broad, loosely-defined field encompassing musics created by abandoning traditional classical concepts of melody and harmony, and by using the new technology of electronics to create hitherto impossible sounds. In Italy, one of the first to devote his attention to experimental music was Ferruccio Busoni, whose 1907 publication, Sketch for a New Aesthetic of Music, discussed the use of electrical and other new sounds in future music. Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni (April 1 1866 &ndash July 27 1924 was an Italian Composer, Pianist, musical educator and conductor. He spoke of his dissatisfaction with the constraints of traditional music:

“We have divided the octave into twelve equidistant degrees…and have constructed our instruments in such as way that we can never get in above or below or between them…our ears are no longer capable of hearing anything else…yet Nature created an infinite gradation—infinite! Who still knows it nowadays?”^[32]

Similarly, Luigi Russolo, the Italian Futurist painter and composer, wrote of the possibilities of new music in his 1913 manifestoes The Art of Noises and Musica Futurista. Luigi Russolo ( April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and Composer, and the author of Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century He also invented and built instruments such as the intonarumori, mostly percussion, which were used in a precursor to the style known as musique concrète. Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural One of the most influential events in early 20th century music was the return of Alfredo Casella from France in 1915; Casella founded the Società Italiana di Musica Moderna, which promoted several composers in disparate styles, ranging from experimental to traditional. Alfredo Casella ( Turin, July 25 1883 - Rome, March 5 1947) was an Italian Composer. The Società Italiana di Musica Moderna (Italian Italian Society for Modern Music an organization founded in 1917 by Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero After a dispute over the value of experimental music in 1923, Casella formed the Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche to promote modern experimental music. The Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche (Italian Corporation for new music]] was founded in 1923 by Alfredo Casella as a successor organization to his early Società Italiana ^[8]

In the 1950s, Luciano Berio experimented with instruments accompanied by electronic sounds on tape. Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 24, 1925 &ndash May 27, 2003) was an Italian Composer. In modern Italy, one important organization that fosters research in avantgarde and electronic music is CEMAT, the Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers. CEMAT (Italian acronym for Centri musicali attrezzati --lit "Equipped musical centers thus the Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers It was founded in 1996 in Rome and is a member of the CIME, the Confédération Internationale de Musique Electroacoustique. CEMAT promotes the activities of the “Sonora” project, launched jointly by the Department for Performing Arts, Ministry for Cultural Affairs and the Directorate for Cultural Relations, Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the object of promoting and diffusing Italian contemporary music abroad.

Classical music in society

Italian classical music grew gradually more experimental and progressive into the mid-20th century, while popular tastes have tended to stick with well established composers and compositions of the past. ^[8] The 2004-2005 program at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples is typical of modern Italy: of the eight operas represented, the most recent was Puccini. The Teatro di San Carlo is an Opera house in Naples, Italy. It is the oldest continuously active such venue in Europe and it is recognized as a In symphonic music, of the 26 composers whose music was played, 21 of them were from the 19th century or earlier, composers who use the melodies and harmonies typical of the Romantic era. This focus is common to other European traditions, and is known as postmodernism, a school of thought that draws on earlier harmonic and melodic concepts that pre-date the conceptions of atonality and dissonance. Postmodern music is music which follows the postmodern ideology Atonality in its broadest sense describes Music that lacks a tonal center, or key. ^[33] This focus on popular historical composers has helped to maintain a continued presence of classical music across a broad spectrum of Italian society. When music is part of a public display or gathering, it is often chosen from a very eclectic repertoire that is as likely to include well-known classical music as popular music.

A few recent works have become a part of the modern repertoire, including scores and theatrical works by composers such as Luciano Berio, Luigi Nono, Franco Donatoni, and Sylvano Bussotti. Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 24, 1925 &ndash May 27, 2003) was an Italian Composer. Luigi Nono ( January 29, 1924 – May 8, 1990) was an Italian Avant-garde Composer of Classical music Franco Donatoni ( 9 June 1927 – 17 August 2000) was an Italian Composer. Sylvano Bussotti (born 1 October 1931) is an Italian Composer of contemporary music whose work is unusually notated and often brings These composers are not part of a distinct school or tradition, though they do share certain techniques and influences. By the 1970s, avant-garde classical music had become linked to the Italian Communist Party, while a revival of popular interest continued into the next decade, with foundations, festivals and organization created to promote modern music. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Near the end of the 20th century, government sponsorship of musical institutions began to decline, and several RAI choirs and city orchestras were closed. Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana, known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian public service broadcaster, and is considered Despite this, a number of composers gained international reputations in the early 21st century. ^[8]

Folk music

Main article: Italian folk music

Italian folk music has a deep and complex history. Italian folk music has a deep and complex history National unification came quite late to the Italian peninsula, so its many hundreds of separate cultures remained ^[34] Because national unification came late to the Italian peninsula, the traditional music of its many hundreds of cultures exhibit no homogeneous national character. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe Rather, each region and community possesses a unique musical tradition that reflects the history, language, and ethnic composition of that particular locale. ^[35] These traditions reflect Italy's geographic position in southern Europe and in the center of the Mediterranean Sea; Arabic, African, Celtic, Persian, Roma, and Slavic influences, as well as rough geography and the historic dominance of small city states, have all combined to allow diverse musical styles to coexist in close proximity. Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical The music of Africa is as vast and varied as the continent's many regions, nations and Ethnic groups Although there is no distinctly pan-African Celtic music is a term utilised by artists record companies music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of Musical genres that evolved out of the Folk Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music Typically nomadic the Roma people have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe The Italian city states were a remarkable political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the tenth and fifteenth centuries

Italian folk styles are very diverse, and include monophonic, polyphonic, and responsorial song, choral, instrumental and vocal music, and other styles. In Music, monophony is the simplest of textures, consisting of Melody without accompanying Harmony. In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony A responsory or respond is a type of chant in western Christian Liturgies. Choral singing and polyphonic song forms are primarily found in northern Italy, while south of Naples, solo singing is more common, and groups usually use unison singing in two or three parts carried by a single performer. Northern ballad-singing is syllabic, with a strict tempo and intelligible lyrics, while southern styles use a rubato tempo, and a strained, tense vocal style. Tempo rubato (Italian stolen time) is a musical term for slightly speeding up or slowing down the Tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist ^[36] Folk musicians use the dialect of their own regional tradition; this rejection of the standard Italian language in folk song is nearly universal. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. There is little perception of a common Italian folk tradition, and the country's folk music never became a national symbol. ^[37]

Some common geographical names used as points of reference in Italy. ^[38]

Regions

Italy's folk music is sometimes divided into several spheres of geographic influence, a classification system of three regions, southern, central and northern, proposed by Alan Lomax in 1956^[39] and often repeated. Alan Lomax ( January 15, 1915 &ndash July 19, 2002) was an American folklorist and musicologist. Additionally, Curt Sachs^[40] proposed the existence of two quite distinct kinds of folk music in Europe: continental and Mediterranean, and others^[41] have placed the transition zone from the former to the latter roughly in north-central Italy, approximately between Pesaro and La Spezia. Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. La Spezia ( Spèsa in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a city in the Liguria region of northern Italy, at the head of La Spezia The central, northern and southern parts of the peninsula each share certain musical characteristics, and are each distinct from the music of Sardinia. Sardinia is probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy and musically is best-known for the Tenores Polyphonic chant sacred songs ^[36]

In the Piedmontese valleys and some Ligurian communities of northwestern Italy, the music preserves the strong influence of ancient Occitania. Occitania ( Occitan: Occitània) refers to the lands where Occitan is the traditional language in use though more recently viewed as a minority language The lyrics of the Occitanic troubadours are some of the oldest preserved samples of vernacular song, and modern bands like Gai Saber and Lou Dalfin preserve and contemporize Occitan music. A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 Gai Saber is an Italian folk group focused on the musical and dance traditions of Italian Occitania. Lou Dalfin is an Italian folk and Folk-rock / Folk-punk group focused on preserving and modernizing the traditions of Occitania. The Occitanian culture retains characteristics of the ancient Celtic influence, through the use of six or seven hole flutes (fifre) or the bagpipes (piva). A fife is a small high-pitched transverse Flute that is similar to the Piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore The music of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in northeastern Italy, shares much more in common with Austria and Slovenia including variants of the waltz and the polka. Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( Friulian: Friûl-Vignesie Julie, Friaul-Julisch Venetien Furlanija - Julijska krajina Friul-Venezsia Jułia is one of the twenty Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The waltz is a ballroom and folk Dance in time, performed primarily in Closed position. The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas Much of northern Italy shares with areas of Europe further to the north an interest in ballad singing (called canto epico lirico in Italian) and choral singing. Even ballads—usually thought of as a vehicle for a solo voice—may be sung in choirs. In the province of Trento "folk choirs" are the most common form of music making. ^[42]

Noticeable musical differences in the southern type include increased use of interval part singing and a greater variety of folk instruments. The Celtic and Slavic influences on the group and open-voice choral works of the north yield to a stronger Arabic, Greek, and African-influenced strident monody of the south. In Poetry, the term monody has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death In parts of Apulia (Grecìa Salentina, for example) the Griko dialect is commonly used in song. Grecia Salentina (Salentinian Greece) is a Griko -speaking area in the Peninsula of Salento in southern Italy, near the town of Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it The Apulian city of Taranto is a home of the tarantella, a rhythmic dance widely performed in southern Italy. Not to be confused with Toronto. Taranto ( Ancient Greek: Tarās; Modern Greek: Tarantas) is a coastal city in The Tarantella is an Italian dance its name coming from the town of Taranto, where it originated Apulian music in general, and Salentine music in particular, has been well researched and documented by ethnomusicologists and by Aramirè. Aramirè is Music group from Salento, Italy, specializing in various forms of local Traditional music The Pizzica

The music of the island of Sardinia is best known for the polyphonic chanting of the tenores. Sardinia is probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy and musically is best-known for the Tenores Polyphonic chant sacred songs Canto a tenore is a style of polyphonic folk Singing characteristic of the Barbagia region of the island of Sardinia ( The sound of the tenores recalls the roots of Gregorian chant, and is similar to but distinctive from the Ligurian trallalero. Trallalero is a kind of polyphonic folk music from the Ligurian region of Genoa, in the north of Italy. Typical instruments include the launeddas, a Sardinian triplepipe used in a sophisticated and complex manner. The launeddas (also called triple Clarinet or triplepipe) is a typical Sardinian Woodwind instrument, consisting of three Efisio Melis was a well-known master launeddas player of the 1930s. Efisio Melis (1890&ndash1970 was a legendary Sardinian folk musician ^[43]

Songs

Italian folk songs include ballads, lyrical songs, lullabies and children's songs, seasonal songs based around holidays such as Christmas, life-cycle songs that celebrate weddings, baptisms and other important events, dance songs, cattle calls and occupational songs, tied to professions such as fishermen, shepherds and soldiers. A ballad is a Poem usually set to Music; thus it often is a story told in a Song. Lyrics (in singular form Lyric) are a set of words that accompany music either by speaking or singing A lullaby is a soothing Song, usually sung to Children before they go to sleep Ballads (canti epico-lirici) and lyric songs (canti lirico-monostrofici) are two important categories. Ballads are most common in northern Italy, while lyric songs prevail further south. Ballads are closely tied to the English form, with some British ballads existing in exact correspondence with an Italian song. Other Italian ballads are more closely based on French models. Lyric songs are a diverse category that consist of lullabies, serenades and work songs, and are frequently improvised though based on a traditional repertoire. ^[36]

Other Italian folk song traditions are less common than ballads and lyric songs. Strophic, religious laude, sometimes in Latin, are still occasionally performed, and epic songs are also known, especially those of the maggio celebration. "Lauda" redirects here For the former F1 racing driver see Niki Lauda. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Literally "plays of May" the Maggio drammatico refers to medieval musical and dramatic rituals at planting time in central Italy typical of many Agrarian societies Professional female singers perform dirges similar in style to those elsewhere in Europe. For the Transformers character see Dirge (Transformers For the Xombie character see Xombie For The American comic book writer/artist Yodeling exists in northern Italy, though it is most commonly associated with the folk musics of other Alpine nations. Yodeling (or yodelling, jodeling) is a form of Singing that involves singing an extended note which rapidly and repeatedly changes in pitch from the The Italian Carnival is associated with several song types, especially the Carnival of Bagolino, Brescia. Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March Bagolino is a commune in the Province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy in the valley of the river Caffaro, on the right side of Valle Sabbia Brescia ( Lombard: Brèsa) is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Choirs and brass bands are a part of the mid-Lenten holiday, while the begging song tradition extends through many holidays throughout the year. "Beggar" redirects here Distinguish from Begga and Bega. ^[36]

Instrumentation

A folk accordion.

Instrumentation is an integral part of all facets of Italian folk music. There are several instruments that retain older forms even while newer models have become widespread elsewhere in Europe. Many Italian instruments are tied to certain rituals or occasions, such as the zampogna bagpipe, typically heard only at Christmas. Zampogna is a generic term for a number of Italian double chantered pipes that can be found as far north as the southern part of the Marche, throughout areas in Abruzzo ^[44] Italian folk instruments can be divided into string, wind and percussion categories. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs A wind instrument is a Musical instrument that contains some type of Resonator (usually a tube in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing ^[45] Common instruments include the organetto, an accordion most closely associated with the saltarello; the diatonic button organetto is most common in central Italy, while chromatic accordions prevail in the north. Organetto refers to two distinct instruments The medieval organetto was a portable pipe instrument while the modern organetto is a popular Italian folk instrument allied to the accordion The saltarello was a lively merry Dance first mentioned in Naples during the 13th century. Many municipalities are home to brass bands, which perform with roots revival groups; these ensembles are based around the clarinet, accordion, violin and small drums, adorned with bells. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word ^[36]

A selection of folk flutes

Italy's wind instruments include most prominently a variety of folk flutes. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its These include duct, globular and transverse flutes, as well as various variations of the pan flute. The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an ancient Musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed Double flutes are most common in Campania, Calabria and Sicily. ^[46] A ceramic pitcher called the quartara is also used as a wind instrument, by blowing across an opening in the narrow bottle neck; it is found in eastern Sicily and Campania. Single- (ciaramella) and double-reed (piffero) pipes are commonly played in groups of two or three. ^[36] Several folk bagpipes are well-known, including central Italy's zampogna; dialect names for the bagpipe vary throughout Italy-- beghet in Bergamo, piva in Lombardy, müsa in Alessandria, Genoa, Pavia and Piacenza, and so forth. Zampogna is a generic term for a number of Italian double chantered pipes that can be found as far north as the southern part of the Marche, throughout areas in Abruzzo Bergamo ( Bèrghem in Lombard, antiquated Wälsch-Bergen in German) is a town in Lombardy, Italy, about Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Alessandria ( Lissandria in Piedmontese) is a city in Piedmont Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a

Numerous percussion instruments are a part of Italian folk music, including wood blocks, bells, castanets, drums. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. Castanets are Percussion instrument ( Idiophone) much used in Moorish, Ottoman, Ancient Roman, Italian, Spanish Several regions have their own distinct form of rattle, including the raganella cog rattle and the Calabrian conocchie, a spinning or shepherd's staff with permanently attached seed rattles with ritual fertility significance. RATTLE is an award-winning poetry magazine based in Los Angeles, California The raganella (Italian for "tree frog" is a percussion instrument common in the Folk music of Calabria in southern Italy. The conocchie (Italian plural of conocchia -- a Distaff) is a percussion instrument used in the folk music of much of southern Italy. The Neapolitan rattle is the triccaballacca, made out of several mallets in a wooden frame. The triccaballacca is a Percussion instrument used in Neapolitan Folk music and generally speaking in folk music throughout much of southern Italy. A mallet is a type of hammer with a head made of softer materials than the Steel normally used in hammerheads so as to avoid damaging a delicate surface Tambourines (tamburini, tamburello) are common, as are various kinds of drums, such as the friction drum putipù. The tambourine or Marine is a Musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a frame often of wood or plastic with pairs of small metal jingles A friction drum is a Musical instrument found in various forms in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. The putipù is a percussion instrument used in Neapolitan Folk music and generally speaking in the folk music of much of southern Italy. The mouth-harp, scacciapensieri or care-chaser, is a distinctive instrument, found only in northern Italy and Sicily. The Jew's harp, juice harp, jaw harp, mouth harp, Ozark harp, or marranzano pancake is thought to be one of the oldest Musical The Jew's harp, juice harp, jaw harp, mouth harp, Ozark harp, or marranzano pancake is thought to be one of the oldest Musical ^[36]

The zampogna, a folk bagpipe.

String instruments vary widely depending on locality, with no nationally prominent representative. Viggiano is home to a harp tradition, which has a historical base in Abruzzi, Lazio and Calabria. Viggiano is a town and Comune in the Province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Calabria, alone, has 30 traditional musical instruments, some of which have strongly archaic characteristics and are largely extinct elsewhere in Italy. It is home to the four- or five-stringed guitar called the chitarra battente, and a three-stringed, bowed fiddle called the lira,^[47] which is also found in similar forms in the music of Crete and Southeastern Europe. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The chitarre battente (Italian lit "beating guitar" is a musical instrument a Chordophone of the Lute family Etymology The word Libra developed its Lira shape from Italian, a language famed for its loss of initial consonants in two-part clusters (ie The music of Crete is a traditional form of Greek Folk music called κρητικά (kritika The music of Southeastern Europe or Balkan music is a type of music distinct from others in Europe A one-stringed, bowed fiddle called the torototela, is common in the northeast of the country. The largely German-speaking Alto Adige/South Tyrol is known for the zither, and the ghironda (hurdy-gurdy) is found in Emilia, Piedmont and Lombardy. The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia The zither is a musical String instrument, most commonly found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, the southern regions of Germany, alpine A hurdy gurdy (also known as a wheel fiddle) is a stringed Musical instrument in which the strings are sounded by means of a Rosined wheel which the strings A hurdy gurdy (also known as a wheel fiddle) is a stringed Musical instrument in which the strings are sounded by means of a Rosined wheel which the strings Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the ^[36]

Existing, rooted and widespread traditions confirm the production of ephemeral and toy instruments made of bark, reed (arundo donax), leaves, fibers and stems, as it emerges, for example, from Fabio Lombardi's research. Fabio Lombardi (born in 1961 is an Italian ethnomusicologist and organologist who studied at the Bologna University with Roberto Leydi, Tullia Magrini

Dance

Dance is an integral part of folk traditions in Italy. Some of the dances are ancient and, to a certain extent, persist today. There are magico-ritual dances of propitiation as well as harvest dances, including the “sea-harvest” dances of fishing communities in Calabria and the wine harvest dances in Tuscany. Famous dances include the southern tarantella; perhaps the most iconic of Italian dances, the tarantella is in 6/8 time, and is part of a folk ritual intended to cure the poison caused by tarantula bites. The Tarantella is an Italian dance its name coming from the town of Taranto, where it originated Tarantula is the common name for a group of hairy and often very large Spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species Popular Tuscan dances ritually act out the hunting of the hare, or display blades in weapon dances that simulate or recall the moves of combat, or use the weapons as stylized instruments of the dance itself. The weapon dance employs Weapons ��or stylized versions of weapons—traditionally used in Combat in order to simulate recall or reenact combat or the moves of combat For example, in a few villages in northern Italy, swords are replaced by wooden half-hoops embroidered with green, similar to the so-called "garland dances" in northern Europe. ^[48] There are also dances of love and courting, such as the duru-duru dance in Sardinia. ^[49]

Many of these dances are group activities, the group setting up in rows or circles; some—the love and courting dances—involve couples, either a single couple or more. The tammuriata (performed to the sound of the tambourine) is a couple dance performed in southern Italy and accompanied by a lyric song called a strambotto. The Sicilian octave ( Italian ottava siciliana or ottava napoletana, lit Other couples dances are collectively referred to as saltarello. The saltarello was a lively merry Dance first mentioned in Naples during the 13th century. ^[36]There are, however, also solo dances; most typical of these are the “flag dances” of various regions of Italy, in which the dancer passes a town flag or pennant around the neck, through the legs, behind the back, often tossing it high in the air and catching it. These dances can also be done in groups of solo dancers acting in unison or by coordinating flag passing between dancers. Northern Italy is also home to the monferrina, an accompanied dance that was incorporated in Western art music by the composer Muzio Clementi. A Monferrina was an 18th-century Country dance named for its place of origin in Montferrat, Piedmont, Italy, which became popular in England Muzio Clementi (23 January 1752 &ndash 10 March 1832 was a classical Composer, and acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the Piano. ^[36]

Academic interest in the study of dance from the perspectives of sociology and anthropology has traditionally been neglected in Italy but is currently showing renewed life at the university and post-graduate level. ^[50]

Popular music

Main article: Italian popular music

The earliest Italian popular music was the opera of the 19th century. Opera has had a lasting effect on Italy's folk, classical and popular musics. Opera tunes spread through brass bands and itinerant ensembles. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section Canzone Napoletana, or Neapolitan song, is a distinct tradition that became a part of popular music in the 19th century, and was an iconic image of Italian music abroad by the end of the 20th century. Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily ^[36]

Imported styles have also become an important part of Italian popular music, beginning with the French Café-chantant in the 1890s and then the arrival of American jazz in the 1910s. Café chantant (French lit “Singing café” A type of musical establishment associated with the Belle époque in France Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Until Italian Fascism became officially "allergic" to foreign influences in the late 1930s, American dance music and musicians were quite popular; jazz great Louis Armstrong toured Italy as late as 1935 to great acclaim. Louis Armstrong (August 4 1901 &ndash July 6 1971 nicknamed Satchmo or Sachimo and Pops, was an American Jazz Trumpeter ^[51] In the 1950s, American styles became more prominent, especially rock. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. The singer-songwriter cantautori tradition was a major development of the later 1960s, while the Italian rock scene soon diversified into progressive, punk, funk and folk-based styles. Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics Cantautori (Italian plural the singular is cantautore) is the Italian expression corresponding to Singer-songwriters in English Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul ^[36]

Early popular song

Italian opera became immensely popular in the 19th century and was known across even the most rural sections of the country. Italian opera is both the art of Opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Most villages had occasional opera productions, and the techniques used in opera influenced rural folk musics. Opera spread through itinerant ensembles and brass bands, focused in a local village. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section These civic bands (banda communale) used instruments to perform operatic arias, with trombones or fluegelhorns for male vocal parts and cornets for female parts. The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s The flugelhorn (also spelled fluegelhorn or flügelhorn) is a Brass instrument resembling a Trumpet but with a wider conical bore The cornet is a Brass instrument very similar to the Trumpet, distinguished by its conical bore, compact shape and mellower tone quality ^[36]

Besides opera, some regional music in the 19th century also became popular throughout Italy. Notable among these local traditions was the Canzone Napoletana—the Neapolitan Song. Canzone Napoletana, sometimes referred to as Neapolitan song, is a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Neapolitan language, ordinarily Although there are anonymous, documented songs from Naples from many centuries ago,^[52] the term, canzone Napoletana now generally refers to a large body of relatively recent, composed popular music—such songs as "'O sole mio", "Torna a Surriento", and "Funiculi Funicula". "' " Funiculì Funiculà " is a famous song written by Italian journalist Peppino Turco and set to music by Italian composer Luigi Denza In the 18th century, many composers, including Alessandro Scarlatti, Leonardo Vinci, and Giovanni Paisiello, contributed to the Neapolitan tradition by using the local language for the texts of some of their comic operas. Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2 1660 &ndash October 24 1725 was an Italian Baroque Composer especially famous for his Operas and chamber Cantatas Leonardo Vinci ( 1690 - May 27, 1730) was an Italian musical Composer, best known for his Operas He was born at Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello) ( May 9, 1740 &ndash June 5, 1816) was an Italian Composer of the Comic opera, or light opera, denotes a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature usually with a happy ending Later, others—most famously Gaetano Donizetti—composed Neapolitan songs that garnered great renown in Italy and abroad. Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. ^[36] The Neapolitan song tradition became formalized in the 1830s through an annual songwriting competition for the yearly Piedigrotta festival,^[53] dedicated to the Madonna of Piedigrotta, a well-known church in the Mergellina area of Naples. Piedigrotta Literally "at the foot of the grotto" A section of the Mergellina quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence Piedigrotta Literally "at the foot of the grotto" A section of the Mergellina quarter of Naples, Italy, so-called for the presence Mergellina is a section of the city of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The music is identified with Naples, but is famous abroad, having been exported on the great waves of emigration from Naples and southern Italy roughly between 1880 and 1920. Language is an extremely important element of Neapolitan song, which is always written and performed in Neapolitan,^[54] the regional minority language of Campania. Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Neapolitan songs typically use simple harmonies, and are structured in two sections, a refrain and narrative verses, often in contrasting relative or parallel major and minor keys. ^[36] In non-musical terms, this means that many Neapolitan songs can sound joyful one minute and melancholy the next.

The music of Francesco Tosti was popular at the turn of the 20th century, and is remembered for his light, expressive songs. Sir Francesco Paolo Tosti ( April 9, 1846 &ndash December 2, 1916) was an Italian composer and music teacher His style became very popular during the Belle Époque and is often known as salon music. The Belle Époque (bɛːl e'pɔk French for "Beautiful Era" was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until His most famous works are Serenata, Addio and the popular Neapolitan song, Marechiaro, the lyrics of which are by the prominent Neapolitan dialect poet, Salvatore di Giacomo. Salvatore Di Giacomo ( March 12 1860 &ndash April 4 1934) was a Neapolitan Poet, Songwriter and Playwright.

Recorded popular music began in the late 19th century, with international styles influencing Italian music by the late 1910s; however, the rise of autarchia, the Fascist policy of cultural isolationism in 1922 led to a retreat from international popular music. An autarky is an economy that is self-sufficient and does not take part in International trade, or severely limits trade with the outside world During this period, popular Italian musicians traveled abroad and learned elements of jazz, Latin American music and other styles. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Latin music, includes the music of all countries in Latin America (and the Caribbean) and comes in many varieties These musics influenced the Italian tradition, which spread around the world and further diversified following liberalization after World War II. ^[36]

Under the isolationist policies of the fascist regime, which rose to power in 1922, Italy developed an insular musical culture. Foreign musics were suppressed while Mussolini's government encouraged nationalism and linguistic and ethnic purity. Popular performers, however, travelled abroad, and brought back new styles and techniques. ^[36] American jazz was an important influence on singers such as Alberto Rabagliati, who became known for a swinging style. Alberto Rabagliati ( 26 June 1906 - 7 March 1974) was an Italian singer Elements of harmony and melody from both jazz and blues were used in many popular songs, while rhythms often came from Latin dances like the tango, rumba and beguine. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Tango is a Musical genre and its associated dance forms that originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay and Rumba is a dance organically related to the Rumba genre of Afro-Cuban music. Beghards and Beguines were Roman Catholic lay religious communities active in the 13th and 14th century living in a loose semi- Monastic community Italian composers incorporated elements from these styles, while Italian music, especially Neapolitan song, became a part of popular music across Latin America. ^[36]

Modern pop

Among the best-known Italian pop musicians of the last few decades are Domenico Modugno, Mina, Gianni Morandi, I Pooh, Adriano Celentano and, more recently, Zucchero, Vasco Rossi and Eros Ramazzotti. Domenico Modugno ( January 9 1928 - August 6 1994) was a twice Grammy Award -winning Italian Singer, Songwriter Mina Anna Mazzini (born in Busto Arsizio on 25 March 1940) professionally known as Mina, is an Italian pop Singer Gianni Morandi (born December 11, 1944) is an Italian pop singer and entertainer Born Gian Luigi Morandi in Monghidoro, Adriano Celentano (born January 6, 1938) is an Italian Singer, Songwriter, Comedian, Actor, Film director Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25 1955) more commonly known by his Stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer Vasco Rossi (born February 7, 1952) is an Italian Singer-songwriter. Eros Luciano Walter Ramazzotti (born on October 28, 1963) known simply as Eros Ramazzotti, is an Italian Singer and Songwriter Musicians who compose and sing their own songs are called cantautori (singer-songwriters). Cantautori (Italian plural the singular is cantautore) is the Italian expression corresponding to Singer-songwriters in English Their compositions typically focus on topics of social relevance and are often protest songs: this wave began in the 1960s with musicians like Fabrizio De André, Giorgio Gaber, Gino Paoli and Luigi Tenco. A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society. Fabrizio De André (February 18 1940 - January 11 1999 was an Italian Singer-songwriter. Giorgio Gaber, byname of Giorgio Gaberscik ( January 25, 1939 - January 1, 2003) was an Italian singer-songwriter actor Gino Paoli (born 23 September, 1934) is an Italian Singer-songwriter. Luigi Tenco ( March 21 1938 – January 27 1967) was a popular Italian singer songwriter and actor Social, political, psychological and intellectual themes, mainly in the wake of Gaber and De André's work, became even more predominant in 1970s through authors such as Pino Daniele, Francesco De Gregori, Francesco Guccini, Antonello Venditti and Roberto Vecchioni. Pino Daniele ( 19 March 1955, Naples) is an Italian pop - Blues singer songwriter and musician Francesco De Gregori (born April 4, 1951) is a renowned Italian Singer-songwriter and maker of organic olive oil called "Le Palombe" Francesco Guccini (born June 14, 1940) is an Italian Singer-songwriter and author Antonello Venditti (born March 8, 1949) is an Italian Singer-songwriter who became famous in the 1970s for the social themes of his songs Roberto Vecchioni (born June 25, 1943) is an Italian Professor, Singer-songwriter and writer At the same time Lucio Battisti, Angelo Branduardi and Franco Battiato pursued careers more oriented to the tradition of Italian pop music. Lucio Battisti ( 5 March 1943 - 9 September 1998) was an Italian singer-songwriter Angelo Branduardi (born February 12, 1950) is an Italian pop singer and composer who scored relevant success in Italy and European countries such as Franco Battiato (born March 23, 1945) is an Italian singer-songwriter composer filmmaker and (as Süphan Barzani) painter ^[55] There is some genre cross-over between the cantautori and those who are viewed as singers of "protest music". ^[56]

Film scores, although they are secondary to the film, are often critically acclaimed and very popular in their own right. Among early music for Italian films from the 1930s was the work of Riccardo Zandonai with scores for the films La Principessa Tarakanova (1937) and Caravaggio (1941). Riccardo Zandonai ( 28 May 1883 - 5 June 1944) was an Italian Opera Composer. Post-war examples include Goffredo Petrassi with Non c'e pace tra gli ulivi (1950) and Roman Vlad with Giulietta e Romeo (1954). Goffredo Petrassi ( 16 July 1904 &ndash 3 March 2003) was an Italian Composer of Modern classical music, Roman Vlad (b Cernauti, Bukovina, 29 December 1919) is an Italian Composer, Pianist, and Musicologist Another well-known film composer was Nino Rota whose post-war career included the scores for films by Federico Fellini and, later, The Godfather series. Nino Rota ( December 3, 1911 &ndash April 10, 1979) was an Italian Composer best known for his work on Film scores Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film The Godfather is a 1972 Crime drama film based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed Other prominent film score composers include Ennio Morricone, Riz Ortolani and Piero Umiliani. Ennio Morricone OMRI (born November 10, 1928) is an acclaimed Italian Academy Award -winning composer Riziero "Riz" Ortolani ( September 4, 1931 in Pesaro, Italy) is an Italian film composer Piero Umiliani (born July 17 1926 in Florence, Italy; died February 14 2001 in Rome) was an Italian composer ^[57]

Imported styles

See also Italian hip hop, Italian jazz, Italian rock, Italian progressive rock

During the Belle Époque, the French fashion of performing popular music at the café-chantant spread throughout Europe. Hip hop music and culture in Italy is an evolution of the way in which Italian youth make known their dissatisfaction for the current social and economic issues that are presented to them Italian jazz. James Reese Europe 's military concerts in France in World War I in 1919 are claimed to have introduced Europeans to a new "syncopated" Italy is a European country and has had a long relationship with Rock and roll, a style of music which spread to the country by the early 1960s from the United The Italian progressive rock scene was born in the early 70s mostly inspired by the progressive movement in Britain, but with certain features of its own The Belle Époque (bɛːl e'pɔk French for "Beautiful Era" was a period in European history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until Café chantant (French lit “Singing café” A type of musical establishment associated with the Belle époque in France ^[58] The tradition had much in common with cabaret, and there is overlap between café-chantant, café-concert, cabaret, music hall, vaudeville and other similar styles, but at least in its Italian manifestation, the tradition remained largely apolitical, focusing on lighter music, often risqué, but not bawdy. Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring Comedy, Song, Dance, and Theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue &mdash a Restaurant Music hall is a form of British theatrical Entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960 Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s The first café-chantant in Italy was the Salone Margherita, which opened in 1890 on the premises of the new Galleria Umberto in Naples. ^[59] Elsewhere in Italy, the Gran Salone Eden in Milan and the Music Hall Olympia in Rome opened shortly thereafter. Café-chantant was alternately known as the Italianized caffè-concerto. The main performer, usually a woman, was called a chanteuse in French; the Italian term, sciantosa, is a direct coinage from the French. The songs, themselves, were not French, but were lighthearted or slightly sentimental songs composed in Italian. That music went out of fashion with the advent of WWI.

The influence of US pop forms has been strong since the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Lavish Broadway-show numbers, big bands, rock and roll, and hip hop continue to be popular. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Latin music, especially Brazilian bossa nova, is also popular, and the Puerto Rican genre of reggaeton is rapidly becoming a mainstream form of dance music. Bossa nova ( is a style of Brazilian music popularized by Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinicius de Moraes and João Gilberto. Reggaeton (also spelled reggaetón, and known as reguetón and reggaetón in Spanish) is a form of urban music which became popular It is now not uncommon for modern Italian pop artists such as Laura Pausini, Eros Ramazzotti, and Zucchero to release new songs in English or Spanish in addition to, or instead of, Italian. Laura Pausini (born May 16, 1974) is an Italian pop Singer, popular in several European Latin American and Eros Luciano Walter Ramazzotti (born on October 28, 1963) known simply as Eros Ramazzotti, is an Italian Singer and Songwriter Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25 1955) more commonly known by his Stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer Thus, musical revues, which are standard fare on current Italian television, can easily go, in a single evening, from a big-band number with dancers to an Elvis impersonator to a current pop singer doing a rendition of a Puccini aria.

Jazz found its way into Europe during WWI through the presence of American musicians in military bands playing syncopated music. In Music, syncopation includes a variety of Rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced ^[60] Yet, even before that, Italy received an inkling of new music from across the Atlantic in the form of Creole singers and dancers who performed at the Eden Theater in Milan in 1904; they billed themselves as the "creators of the cakewalk. This article is about the form of music and dance For the musical notation program see Cakewalk (sequencer. " The first real jazz orchestras in Italy, however, were formed during 1920s by bandleaders such as Arturo Agazzi and enjoyed immediate success. ^[61] In spite of the anti-American cultural policies of the Fascist regime during the 1930s, American jazz remained popular.

In the immediate post-war years, jazz took off in Italy. All American post-war jazz styles, from bebop to free jazz and fusion have their equivalents in Italy. Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly The universality of Italian culture ensured that jazz clubs would spring up throughout the peninsula, that all radio and then television studios would have jazz-based house bands, that Italian musicians would then start nurturing a home grown kind of jazz, based on European song forms, classical composition techniques and folk music. Currently, all Italian music conservatories have jazz departments, and there are jazz festivals each year in Italy, the best known of which is the Umbria Jazz Festival, and there are prominent publications such as the journal, Musica Jazz. The Umbria Jazz Festival is one of the most important jazz festivals in the world and has been held annually since 1973 usually in July in the city of Perugia, Italy There is an abundance of print on-line and broadcast media in Italy that cover all kinds of music

Italian pop rock has produced major stars like Zucchero, and has resulted in many top hits. Adelmo Fornaciari (born September 25 1955) more commonly known by his Stage name Zucchero, is an Italian rock singer The industry media, especially television, are important vehicles for such music; the television show Sabato Sera is characteristic. ^[62] Italy was at the forefront of the progressive rock movement of the 1970s, a style that primarily developed in Europe but also gained audiences elsewhere in the world. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved It is sometimes considered a separate genre, Italian progressive rock. The Italian progressive rock scene was born in the early 70s mostly inspired by the progressive movement in Britain, but with certain features of its own Italian bands such as Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM), Banco del Mutuo Soccorso, and Le Orme incorporated a mix of symphonic rock and Italian folk music and were popular throughout Europe and the United States as well. Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM is an Italian Progressive rock band that achieved a high level of popularity in the 1970s with success in both the British Banco del Mutuo Soccorso is an Italian rock band A popular Progressive rock band in the 1970s they continued making music in the 1980s and 1990s Le Orme ("The Footprints" is an Italian psychedelic and progressive rock band formed in 1966 in Marghera ( Venice) Other progressive bands such as Balletto di Bronzo or Museo Rosenbach remained little known, but their albums are today considered classics by collectors. Il Balletto di Bronzo (translation The Ballet of Bronze was an Italian Progressive rock band from Naples. Museo Rosenbach is an Italian progressive rock band whose album Zarathustra, in spite of the limited success it scored in the 1970s A few avant-garde rock bands (Area or Picchio dal Pozzo) gained notoriety for their innovative sound. Area - International POPular Group, most commonly known as Area or AreA, was an Italian progressive rock, Jazz fusion, electronic experimental Progressive rock concerts in Italy tended to have a strong political undertone and an energetic atmosphere.

The Italian hip hop scene began in the early 1990s with Articolo 31 from Milan, whose style was mainly influenced by East Coast rap. Hip hop music and culture in Italy is an evolution of the way in which Italian youth make known their dissatisfaction for the current social and economic issues that are presented to them Articolo 31 is a popular band in Milan, Italy, melding hip hop, Funk, pop and traditional Italian musical forms Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. East Coast hip hop is the original style of Hip hop music that originated in New York City, USA, during the early-1970s Other early hip hop crews were typically politically-oriented, like 99 Posse, who later became more influenced by British trip hop. 99 Posse are an Italian hip hop / Reggae group from Naples. They rap both in Italian and in the local Naples dialect Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. More recent crews include gangster rappers like Sardinia's La Fossa. For the Ice T album see Gangsta Rap (album. Gangsta rap is a term originated by the mainstream media to describe a certain subgenre La Fossa is one of the earlier rap groups from Italy and one of the first from the Island of Sardinia (Sardegna Other recently imported styles include techno, trance, and electronica performed by artists including Gabry Ponte, Eiffel 65, and Gigi D`Agostino. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Gabry Ponte (Gabriele Ponte born in Moncalieri on April 20, 1973 is an Italian DJ best known for his membership in the Italian dance Eiffel 65 was an Italian Eurodance / Italodance three-piece group formed in the late 1990s and best known for their international hit " Blue Luigino Celestino Di Agostino, better known as Gigi D'Agostino, (born 17 December, 1967) is an Italian DJ, Remixer ^[63] Hip hop is especially characteristic of southern Italy, a fact which some observers have contributed to the view of southern culture as more "African" than "European", as well as the southern concept of rispettu (respect, honor), a form of verbal jousting; both facts have helped identify southern Italian music with the African American hip hop style. ^[64] Additionally, there are many bands in Italy that play a style called patchanka, which is characterized by a mixture of traditional music, punk, reggae, rock and political lyrics. Modena City Ramblers are one of the more popular bands known for their mix of Irish, Italian, punk, reggae and many other forms of music. Modena City Ramblers is an Italian Folk band founded in 1991 Its members always declare their love for folk and Ireland. ^[63]

Italy has also become a home for a number of Mediterranean fusion projects. These include Al Darawish, a multicultural band based in Sicily and led by Palestinian Nabil Ben Salaméh. Al Darawish is an Italian rock group based in Bari ( Southern Italy) Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra is another example, as is the TaraGnawa project by Phaleg and Nour Eddine. Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra are an avant garde Italian music group prominent in World music. Phaleg is also the name of an Olympian spirit. Phaleg is an Italian musical group classified as "world music" Nour-Eddine is a Moroccan musician choreographer and singer Based in Italy he has been involved in various groups of ethnic music traditional music of the desert such as Azahara The Neapolitan popular singer, Massimo Ranieri has also released a CD, Oggi o dimane, of traditional canzone Napoletana with North African rhythms and instruments. Massimo Ranieri (name in art of Giovanni Calone) is an Italian pop singer a film and stage actor and a show-business personality ^[63]

Industry

Inside a music superstore.

A recent economics report says that the music industry in Italy made 2. 3 billion € in 2004. That sum refers to the sale of CDs, music electronics, musical instruments, and ticket sales for live performances; it represents a 4. 35% growth over 2004. The actual sale of music albums has decreased slightly, but there has been a compensatory increase in paid-for digitally downloaded music from industry-approved sites. By way of comparison, the Italian recording industry ranks eighth in the world; Italians own 0. 7 music albums per capita as opposed to the USA, in first-place with 2. 7. The report cites a 20% increase in 2004 over 2003 in paid royalties for on-air as well as live music. ^[65]

Nationwide, there are three state-run and three private TV networks. All provide live music at least some of the time, thus giving work to musicians, singers, and dancers. Many large cities in Italy have local TV stations, as well, which may provide live folk or dialect music often of interest only to the immediate area. Book and CD superstores have entered the Italian market over the last decade. The largest of these chains is Feltrinelli, originally a publishing house in the 1950s. In 2001, it geared up to the level of Multimedia Store and now sells massive quantities of recorded music. There are, as of 2006, 14 such mega-stores in Italy, with more planned. FNAC is another large chain, originally French. The Fnac (originally Fédération nationale d’achats pour cadres, or National Purchasing Federation for Managers) is the largest French retailer It has six large outlets in Italy. These stores also serve as venues for music performance, hosting several concerts a week.

Venues, festivals and holidays

An Italian army military band

The annual Festival of Ravello is a popular music venue in Italy. The Italian Armed forces are under the command of the Italian Supreme Defense Council presided over by the President of the Italian Republic. A military band is a group of personnel that perform musical duties for military functions usually Here, an orchestra starts to set up on a stage overlooking the Amalfi coast.

Venues for music in Italy include concerts at the many music conservatories, symphony halls and opera houses. Below is an alphabetical list by city of those music conservatories in Italy that maintain webpages Opera houses are listed by continent then by country with the name of the opera house and city the opera company is sometimes named for clarity Italy also has many well-known international music festivals each year, including the Festival of Spoleto and the Wagner Festival in Ravello. Italian music festivals Below is a list of major Music festivals in Italy with links to the appropriate external websites Arena di Verona Outdoor opera For the festival in South Carolina see Spoleto Festival USA. Spoleto ( Latin Spoletium) is an ancient city in the The Ravello Festival is also popularly known as the "Wagner Festival" and is an annual summer festival of music and the arts held in the town of Ravello on the Ravello is a town and commune situated above the Amalfi Coast in the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy and has approximately Some festivals offer venues to younger composers in classical music by producing and staging winning entries in competitions. The winner, for example, of the "Orpheus" International Competition for New Opera and Chamber music—besides winning considerable prize money—gets to see his or her musical work performed at The Spoleto Festival. ^[66] There are also dozens of privately sponsored master classes in music each year that put on concerts for the public. Italy is also a common destination for well-known orchestras from abroad; at almost any given time during the busiest season, at least one major orchestra from elsewhere in Europe or North America is playing a concert in Italy. Additionally, public music may be heard at dozens of pop and rock concerts throughout the year. Open-air opera may even be heard, for example, at the ancient Roman amphitheater, the Arena of Verona. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. Military bands, too, are popular in Italy. At a national level, one of the best-known of these is the concert band of the Guardia di Finanza (Italian Customs/Border Police); it performs many times a year. The Guardia di Finanza, (/ˈgwardja di fiˈnantsa/ (Financial Guard is an Italian Police force under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance

Many theaters also routinely stage not just Italian translations of American musicals, but true Italian musical comedy, which are called by the English term musical. In Italian, that term describes a kind of musical drama not native to Italy, a form that employs the American idiom of jazz-pop-and rock-based music and rhythms to move a story along in a combination of songs and dialogue.

Music in religious rituals, especially Roman Catholic, manifests itself in a number of ways. Parish bands, for example, are quite common throughout Italy. They may be as small as four or five members to as many as 20 or 30. They commonly perform at religious festivals specific to a particular town, usually in honor of the town's patron saint. The historic orchestral/choral masterpieces performed in church by professionals are well-known; these include such works as the Stabat Mater by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and Verdi's Requiem. Stabat Mater is a thirteenth century Roman Catholic sequence variously attributed to Innocent III and Jacopone da Todi Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (January 4 1710 &ndash 16 or March 17 1736 was an Italian Composer, Violinist and organist. The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 revolutionized music in the Roman Catholic church, leading to an increase in the number of amateur choirs that perform regularly for services; the Council also encouraged the congregational singing of hymns, and a vast repertoire of new hymns has been composed in the last 40 years. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[67]

There is not a great deal of native Italian Christmas music. The most popular Italian Christmas carol is "Tu scendi dalle stelle", the modern Italian words to which were written by Pope Pius IX in 1870. A Christmas carol (also called a Noël) is a carol ( Song or Hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas, or the winter " Tu scendi dalle stelle " ( From Starry Skies Thou Comest, From Starry Skies Descending, You Came a Star from Heaven, You come down from the Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 The melody is a major-key version of an older, minor-key Neapolitan carol "Quanno Nascette Ninno". Other than that, Italians largely sing translations of carols that come from the German and English tradition ("Silent Night", for example). " Silent Night " (" Stille Nacht " is a popular Christmas carol. There is no native Italian secular Christmas music, which accounts for the popularity of Italian-language versions of "Jingle Bells" and "White Christmas". "Jingle Bells", also known as "One Horse Open Sleigh", is one of the best known and commonly sung secular Christmas songs in the world A white Christmas, to most people in the Northern Hemisphere, refers to Snowy weather on Christmas Day. ^[68]

The Festival of Italian Song (also known as the Sanremo Music Festival) is an important venue for popular music in Italy. The Festival della canzone italiana (in English Italian song festival) is a popular Italian song contest running since 1951 and held annually in the city of Sanremo It has been held annually since 1951 and is currently staged at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo. It runs for one week in February, and gives veteran and new performers a chance to present new songs. Winning the contest has often been a springboard to industry success. The festival is televised nationally for three hours a night, is hosted by the best-known Italian TV personalities, and has been a vehicle for such performers as Domenico Modugno, perhaps the best-known Italian pop singer of the last 50 years. Domenico Modugno ( January 9 1928 - August 6 1994) was a twice Grammy Award -winning Italian Singer, Songwriter

Television variety shows are the widest venue for popular music. They change often, but Buona Domenica, Domenica In, and I raccomandati are popular. The longest running musical broadcast in Italy is La Corrida, a three-hour weekly program of amateurs and would-be musicians. ^[69] It started on the radio in 1968 and moved to TV in 1988. The studio audience bring cow-bells and sirens and are encouraged to show good-natured disapproval. The city with the highest number of rock concerts (of national and international artists) is Milan, with a number close to the other European music capitals, as Paris, London and Berlin. In the Metro Area of Milan there are more than 700 concerts each year.

Education

Within the courtyard of the Naples Music Conservatory

Many institutes of higher education teach music in Italy. About 75 music conservatories provide advanced training for future professional musicians. There are also dozens of private music schools and workshops for instrument building and repair. Private teaching is also quite common in Italy. Elementary and high school students can expect to have one or two weekly hours of music teaching, generally in choral singing and basic music theory, though extracurricular opportunities are rare. ^[70] Though most Italian universities have classes in related subjects such as music history, performance is not a common feature of university education.

Italy has a specialized system of high schools; students attend, as they choose, a high school for humanities, science, foreign languages, or art—but not music. Italy does have ambitious, recent programs to expose children to more music. Furthermore with the recent education reform a specific Liceo musicale e coreutico (2nd level secondary school, ages 14-15 to 18-19) is explicitly indicated by the law decrees. ^[71] Yet this kind of school has not been set up and is not effectively operational. The state-run television network has started a program to use modern satellite technology to broadcast choral music into public schools. ^[72]

Scholarship

Scholarship in the field of collecting, preserving and cataloguing all varieties of music is vast. In Italy, as elsewhere, these tasks are spread over a number of agencies and organizations. Most large music conservatories maintain departments that oversee the research connected with their own collections. Such research is coordinated on a national and international scale via the internet. One prominent institution in Italy is IBIMUS, the Istituto di Bibliografia Musicale in Rome. It works with other agencies on an international scale through RISM, the Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, an inventory and index of source material. The Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (abbreviated as RISM or International Inventory of Musical Sources was founded in Paris in 1952. Also, the Discoteca di Stato (National Archives of Recordings) in Rome, founded in 1928, holds the largest public collection of recorded music in Italy with some 230,000 examples of classical music, folk music, jazz, and rock, recorded on everything from antique wax cylinders to modern electronic media.

The scholarly study of traditional Italian music began in about 1850, with a group of early philological ethnographers who studied the impact of music on a pan-Italian national identity. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive A unified Italian identity only just started to develop after the political integration of the peninsula in 1860. The focus at that time was on the lyrical and literary value of music, rather than the instrumentation; this focus remained until the early 1960s. Two folkloric journals helped to encourage the burgeoning field of study, the Rivista Italiana delle Tradizioni Popolari and Lares, founded in 1894 and 1912, respectively. The earliest major musical studies were on the Sardinian launeddas in 1913-1914 by Mario Giulio Fara; on Sicilian music, published in 1907 and 1921 by Alberto Favara; and studies of the music of Emilia Romagna in 1941 by Francesco Balilla Pratella. The launeddas (also called triple Clarinet or triplepipe) is a typical Sardinian Woodwind instrument, consisting of three Mario Giulio Fara Italian musicologist. Was the director of the Pesaro conservatory of music Alberto Favara (1863-1923 Italian enthnomusicologist, one of the pioneers of the scholarly study of Sicilian folk music The Music of Emilia-Romagna has the reputation of being one of the richest in Europe; there are six music conservatories alone in the region and the Franceso Balilla Pratella ( February 1, 1880 - May 17, 1955) Italian composer and musicologist. ^[36]

The earliest recordings of Italian traditional music came in the 1920s, but they were rare until the establishment of the Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome. The Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare (CNSMP (Italian National Centre for Folk Music Studies is the most important scholarly organization of its kind in Italy The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia ( English: National Academy of St Cecilia is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world The Center sponsored numerous song collection trips across the peninsula, especially to southern and central Italy. Giorgio Nataletti was an instrumental figure in the Center, and also made numerous recordings himself. Giorgio Nataletti (1907-1972 Italian musicologist and first director of the Ethnomusicological Archives at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome. The American scholar Alan Lomax and the Italian, Diego Carpitella, made an exhaustive survey of the peninsula in 1954. Alan Lomax ( January 15, 1915 &ndash July 19, 2002) was an American folklorist and musicologist. Diego Carpitella (1924-1990 Italian professor of Ethnomusicology at La Sapienza University in Rome. By the early 1960s, a roots revival encouraged more study, especially of northern musical cultures, which many scholars had previously assumed maintained little folk culture. A roots revival ( folk revival) is a trend which includes young performers popularizing the traditional musical styles of their ancestors The most prominent scholars of this era included Roberto Leydi, Ottavio Tiby and Leo Levi. Roberto Leydi (1928 - 2003 Italian ethnomusicologist He started his career in the field of contemporary music and jazz and in the 1950s started his research into the Ottavio Tiby (1891-1955 Italian ethnomusicologist, one of the pioneers of the scholarly study of Sicilian folk music For the author of works on Judaism Science and contemporary society see Professor Yehuda (Leo Levi Leo Levi (1912 - Jerusalem 1982 Italian During the 1970s, Leydi and Carpitella were appointed to the first two chairs of ethnomusicology at universities, with Carpitella at the University of Rome and Leydi at the University of Bologna. Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna UNIBO) is one of the oldest continually operating degree-granting universities in the world In the 1980s, Italian scholars began focusing less on making recordings, and more on studying and synthesizing the information already collected. Others studied Italian music in the United States and Australia, and the folk musics of recent immigrants to Italy. ^[36]

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Notes

Further reading

• (German) Hirdt, Willi (1979). Italienischer Bankelsang. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.  
• (Italian) Bronzini, G. B. (1956). La canzone epico-lirica nell'Italia centro-meridionale. Rome: Signorelli.  
• (Italian) Borgna, Gianni (1985). Storia Della Canzone Italiana. Rome: Laterza.  
• (Italian) Baldazzi, Gianfranco (1989). La Canzone Italiana del Novocento: da Piedigrotta al Festival di Sanremo, dell Caffé-Concerto all'Opera Rock, una Storia della Societa Italiana Attraverso le sue Canzoni Piu Belle e i Loro Grandi Interpreti, da Enrico Caruso a Eros Ramazotti. Rome: Newton Compton.  
• (Italian) Balilla Pratella, Francesco (1941). Le arti e le tradizioni popolari in Italia. Primo documentario per la storia dell'etnofonia in Italia. Udine: Edizioni Idea.  
• Brody, Elaine (1978). The Music Guide to Italy. Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-07436-7.  
• Gordon, Bonnie (2005). Monteverdi's Unruly Women: The Power of Song in Early Modern Italy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84529-7.  
• Levarie, Siegmund (1963). Musical Italy Revisited. New York: MacMillan. LoC 63-16111.  

• (Italian) Leydi, Roberto (1967). Il folk music revival. Palermo: Flaccovio.  
• Palisca, Claude V. (1994). Studies in the History of Italian Music and Music Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816167-0.  
• Sachs, Harvey (1987). Music in Fascist Italy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79004-8.  
• White, Robert C. . Italian Art Song. Indiana University Press.  

Audio recordings

• Leydi, Roberto (1969). Italia vol. 1: i balli, gli strumenti, i canti religiosi, LP disk, Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082.  
• Leydi, Roberto (1969). Italia vol. 2: la canzone narrativa lo spettacolo popolare, LP disk, Vedette-Albatros VPA 8082.  
• Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1957). "The Folk Music of Northern Italy. The Folk Music of Central Italy", The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 15. Columbia KL 5173.  
• (Italian) Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1957). "The Folk Music of Southern Italy and the Islands", The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, 16. Columbia KL 5174.  
• (Italian) Carpitella, Diego; Alan Lomax (1958). Music and Song of Italy. Tradition Records TLP 1030.  
• (Italian) Murolo, Roberto (1963). Napoletana, antologia cronologica della canzone partenopea, 12 LPs (re-released in 9 CDs), Milan: Durium.  

External links

• Musica tradizionale italiana
• (Italian) Net Music Italia: List of major recording companies
• (Italian) SIAE Società italiania di autori e editori: the Italian Society of Authors and Editors
• CILEA: Music Documentation & Services: Cataloguing and Information Centres, Associations, Organizations and Institutes, Magazines, Shops
• CILEA: Italian music libraries
• CILEA: Music teaching institutions
• CILEA: Italian music portals
• CILEA: Theaters and concert halls
• CILEA: Music publishers
• CILEA: Italian music composers and musicians
• CEMAT: Organization to promote computer music research.
• SIBMAS: International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions
• (Italian) Concertoggi: Frequently updated schedule of concerts
• (Italian) Newsletter of Contemporary Italian Music: Archive
• (Italian) IBIMUS: Institute of Musical Bibliography, Rome.