Coin of Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam , circa 1173 AD - 1206 AD , Issued from Delhi following coin typology of Prithviraja.
Obv: Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devnagari Legends : Sri /hamirah'. Rev: Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends : ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc .

Muhammad Shahab ud-Din Ghori (Persian,Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam but famously known as Muhammad of Ghor, b. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised 1162 - d. 1206, was a governor and general under the Ghorid dynasty. The Ghurids (or Ghorids; self-designation Shansabānī) ( were a Persian Sunni - Ismaili Muslim dynasty in Khorasan He was the governor of Ghazni (province in modern Afghanistan) from 1173 to 1206. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, His ethnic background was most likely of Persian-speaking Eastern-Iranian Tajik stock. ^[1][2]

Muhammad of Ghor was the brother of the Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of Ghor (province in modern Afghanistan). Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid Empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni and Lahore. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.

In 1160, the Ghorids conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni In 1186-7 he conquered Lahore, ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Muhammad Shahab ud-Din Ghori was a loyal brother. He refrained from declaring his independence in South Asia, knowing that it would result in civil war between the two brothers. Till the death of Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad in 1202, Ghori never considered himself anything but a general in his brother's army. After every victory he would send the best of the looted items to his elder brother in Firuz Koh. Ghiyas-ud-din reciprocated by never interfering in the affairs of his younger brother. Thus they were each able to concentrate on their own responsibilities. As a result, Ghori managed to push permanent Muslim rule much further east than Mahmud Ghaznavi did. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn

Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. The first time he was defeated in the First Battle of Tarain in present-day Haryana, India by Prithviraj Chauhan while he was returning from another invasion when he was caught mostly unawares. The First Battle of Tarain, also known as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought in 1191 at the town of Tarain ( Taraori) near Thanesar Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For the Indian TV serial with the protagonist of the same name see Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan. Though Ghori's main aim was the expansion of his empire, he also took an interest in the patronization of education and learning. Illustrious Muslim philosopher Fakh-ud-din Razi and the well know poet Nizami Aruzi were few of the big names of his era. Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Alī, known as Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī ( was a Persian Poet and prose writer of the 12th century

After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan in the the Second battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, Rajput kingdoms like Saraswati, Samana, Kohram and Hansi were captured without any difficulty. For the Indian TV serial with the protagonist of the same name see Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan. The Second Battle of Tarain, also known as the Second Battle of Taraori, was fought in 1192 at Tarain ( Taraori) the site of the First Battle Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the Hansi is a city and a Municipal council in Hisar district in the Indian state of Haryana. Then Ghori proceeded to Ajmer. Nobody challenged him. After reaching Ajmer, he spared the son of PrithviRaj , Kola, who in turn took the oath of loyalty and servitude to Ghori. This article is about a city in central Rajasthan, for the historical region see Ajmer region.

In 1206, Ghori had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan halted at Dhamiak near Jehlum. Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni He was killed while offering his evening prayers. Many think that the murderer was an Ismaili. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون However, some historians believe that the murderer belonged to the warrior Gakhars tribe that resided in the area. The Gakhars (also Gakkhar or Ghakhar or Ghakkar) (گاکھر were a fiercely independent and warlike Clan now located in Rawalpindi He was buried where he fell and his tomb has recently been renovated.

In some popular bardic compositions in North India like the Prithviraj Raso, woven around the bravery of Prithviraj Chauhan, it is stated that Ghori did not kill Prithviraj but rather blinded him. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Prithviraj Raso or Prithvirajaraso is information about the life of Prithviraj III Chauhan, a Rajput king who Subsequently, Prithviraj discharged a Shabdbhedi (an arrow shot at the source of a sound) arrow, on being challenged by Ghori to do so. The arrow hit Ghori and subsequently he was killed. Yet there is no historical evidence to substantiate it. Nonetheless in Ghori province, there also exists a grave site of Ghori as well as his arch rival Prithiviraj in the same vicinity. The fact that Ghori died about fourteen years after the war is proof sufficient to counter the folklore. Ghori was actually engaged in suppression of revolt of the tribes aforementioned and who have been narrated to be the cause of his death.

Muhammad Ghori had no heirs and thus he treated his slaves as his sons. It is said that he trained thousands of Turkish slaves in the art of warfare and administration. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Most of his slaves were given excellent education. During his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of excellence. Once a courtier lamented; that Sultan has no male heirs. Ghori immediately replied;

Ghori's prediction proved true when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Muhammad Ghori's most capable general, who had started of by sacking Ayodhya in 1193 A. Qutb-ud-din Aybak ( Persian / Urdu: قطب الدین ایبک) was a Turkic ruler of medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district D. , took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing Sultanate of Delhi in 1206 CE. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए Muhammad Ghori is remembered as an empire builder and is justly called the founder of the Muslim Empire in Indo-Pakistan.

Influence in Modern Politics

In response to India's development of its nuclear warhead Prithvi in 1998, Pakistan launched its own nuclear warhead on April 6, 1998 called Ghauri - I. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Prithvi ( Sanskrit: pṛthvī, also pṛthivī) is the Hindu Earth and Mother Goddess. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Ghauri (غوری is a Medium-range ballistic missile developed by Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL of Pakistan. It was symbolically named after Muhammad of Ghori, who is highly revered in Pakistan and defeated his arch-rival: the Hindu ruler Prithvi Raj Chauhan, who is highly revered in India. For the Indian TV serial with the protagonist of the same name see Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan. Pakistan has since developed the Ghauri - II and Ghauri - III as well. Description The Ghauri-II is a medium-range Ballistic missile MRBM. The Ghauri-III is an Intermediate-range ballistic missile being deployed by Pakistan

See also

• Ghurids
• History of Pakistan
• History of Afghanistan

References and footnotes

• John Keay (May 2001). The Ghurids (or Ghorids; self-designation Shansabānī) ( were a Persian Sunni - Ismaili Muslim dynasty in Khorasan The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although This article is about the history of the area that has became known as Afghanistan, a territory whose current boundaries were mostly determined in the 19th Century India: A history. Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.  

Further reading

• Elliot, Sir H. M. , Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H (Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List)