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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. A place of worship or house of worship is a building or other location where a group of people (a congregation) comes to perform acts of religious praise honour For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid, Arabic: مسجد — pronounced [ˈmæsʤɪd] (pl. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language masājid, Arabic: مساجد — /mæˈsæːʤɪd/). Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The word "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, "collective" mosque (Arabic: جامع, masjid jāmiʕ), which has more community and social amenities. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
The primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer and some other activities of their life (i. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and e, a centre for information, education, and dispute settlement). The Imam leads the prayer. Nevertheless, mosques are known around the world nowadays for their general importance to the Muslim community as well as their demonstration of Islamic architecture. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction They have developed significantly from the open-air spaces that were the Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Nabawi in the seventh century. The Quba Mosque ( Quba' Masjid or Masjid al-Quba, Arabic: مسجد قباء just outside Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the first Mosque The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Today, most mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but now exist on all the world's inhabited continents. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) They are not only places for worship and prayer, but also places to learn about Islam and meet fellow believers. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
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Etymology
The Arabic word masjid means place of worship and is a noun of place from the verb sajada (root "s-j-d," meaning "to bow" or "to kneel") in reference to the prostrations performed during Islamic prayers. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Either the word masjid itself or at least the verb from which it is derived was borrowed from Aramaic. Aramaic is a Semitic language with The word "m-s-g-d" is attested in Aramaic as early as the 5th century BCE, and the same word is later found in Nabataean inscriptions with the meaning "place of worship"; apparently, this Aramaic word originally meant "stele" or "sacred pillar". The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela [1]. The same root exists also in Hebrew,(ס-ג-ד), meaning "to worship".
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The modern-day English word "mosque", just like its equivalents in many other European languages, derives from the word masjid via Spanish mezquita. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons Architectural styles classify Architecture in terms of Form, techniques, Materials, time period region etc The Sudano-Sahelian is an Architectural style common in the Sahel. An iwan (إيوان eyvān) is defined as a vaulted hall or space walled on three sides with one end entirely open The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in Continental philosophy, opposed to the Same Conversion of non-Muslim houses of worship into mosques began during the life of Muhammad and continued during subsequent Islamic conquests and under the Muslim Qadam Rasul (also Qadam Rasul Allah) (English Footprint of the Prophet) are Shrines and Mosques that contain stones believed to bear the A list of 'famous' Mosques around the World: Africa See also List of mosques in Africa Asia This is a list of Mosques in Africa. This is a list of Mosques in Europe. See also List of mosques (outside of Europe List of mosques in Great This is a List of Mosques in the United States of America. See also Islam in the United States List of For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion [1] The pre-cursors of the word "mosque" appeared during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries and "Moseak", "muskey", "moschy", and "mos'keh" were just some of the variations that came into use until it was decided that "mosquee", imitating Middle French, Italian, and Old Spanish, would become the standard. Middle French (le moyen français is a historical division of the French language which covers the period from (roughly 1340 to 1611. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. In the early 18th century, the modern spelling became the most popular and standard spelling of the word. [2]
Mosque in Islamic texts
The word "masjid" is found throughout the Qur'an, most frequently with the reference to the sanctuary of Kaaba in the city of Mecca. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Qur'an applies the term "masjid" to places of worship of different religions, including Judaism and Christianity; in the same general meaning of a place of worship, the word is used in the hadith (collections of Muslim traditions about the deeds and saying of their prophet Muhammad and his companions). Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. [1]
History
Grand entryways and tall towers, or minarets, have long been and continue to be closely associated with mosques. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة However, the first three mosques were very simple open spaces on the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Mosques evolved significantly over the next 1,000 years, acquiring their now-distinctive features and adapting to cultures around the world.
The First Mosques
According to Islamic beliefs, the first mosque in the world was the Kaaba, whose existing foundation was raised up by Prophet Ibrahim, assisted by his son Prophet Ismail, upon an order from God. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the In Islam, Ishmael ( circa 1781 BC - 1638 BC? is known as the first-born son of Abraham ( Ibrahim in Arabic) from Hagar God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The site of the Kaaba is also believed to be the place where a tent was erected by angels for Adam and Eve to use for worship. The oldest mosque built by Muslims is the Quba Mosque in Medina. The Quba Mosque ( Quba' Masjid or Masjid al-Quba, Arabic: مسجد قباء just outside Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the first Mosque Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as When Muhammad lived in Makkah, he viewed Kaaba as his first and principal mosque and performed prayers there together with his followers. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored
Even during times when the pagan Arabs performed their rituals inside the Kaaba, Muhammad always held the Kaaba in very high esteem. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Makkan tribe of Quraish, which was responsible for guarding Kaaba, attempted to exclude Muhammad's followers from the sanctuary, which became a subject of Muslim complaints recorded in the Qur'an. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش [1] When Muhammad conquered Makkah in 630, he converted Kaaba to a mosque, which has since become known as the Masjid al-Haram, or Sacred Mosque. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world The Masjid al-Haram was significantly expanded and improved in the early centuries of Islam in order to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either lived in the area or made the annual Hajj, or pilgrimage, to Makkah, before it acquired its present shape in 1577 in the reign of the Ottoman sultan Selim II. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Selim II ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثانى Selīm-i sānī, Turkish: II [3]
The first thing Muhammad did upon arriving with his followers near Medina (then named Yathrib) after the emigration from Makkah in 622 was build the Quba Mosque in a village outside Medina. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) The Quba Mosque ( Quba' Masjid or Masjid al-Quba, Arabic: مسجد قباء just outside Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the first Mosque [4] Muslims believe he stayed at the Quba Masjid for three days before moving on to Medina. [5]
Just days after beginning work on the Quba Mosque, Muhammad went on to establish another masjid in Medina, known today as the Masjid al-Nabawi, or the "prophet's" Masjid. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The location of the mosque was declared as such after it hosted Muhammad's first Friday prayer. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. Following its establishment, the Masjid al-Nabawi continued to introduce some of the practices now considered common in today's mosques. For example, the adhan, or call to prayer, was developed in the form still used in masjids today. Adhan (also - Athaan IPA /ʔæðæːn/ ( أَذَان) is the Islamic call to Prayer, recited by the Muezzin. The Masjid al-Nabawi was built with a large courtyard, a motif common among mosques built since then. Muhammad would stand up at one end of the arcade to preach. An arcade is a passage or walkway covered over by a succession of Arches or vaults supported by columns Later on, he would develop a three-step pulpit as a platform from which he would give sermons. A pulpit (from Latin pulpitum "scaffold" "platform" "stage" is a small elevated platform where a member of the clergy stands [5] The pulpit, now known as a minbar, is still a common feature of masjids. A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons
Muhammad lived beside the masjid in Medina, which doubled as both a religious and political center for the early Muslim community. Negotiations were conducted, military actions planned, prisoners of war held, disputes settled, religious information disseminated, gifts received and distributed among his companions. His followers treated the wounded there and some people even lived in the mosque permanently in tents and huts. [1]
Today, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, the Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina and Al Aqsa in Jerusalem are considered the three holiest sites in Islam. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the [6]
Diffusion and evolution
Mosques were built outside the Arabian Peninsula as Muslims moved to other parts of the world. Egypt became occupied by Muslim Arabs as early as 640, and since then so many mosques have appeared throughout the country that its capital city, Cairo, has acquired the nickname of city of a thousand minarets. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. [7] Egyptian mosques vary in amenities, as some have Islamic schools (madrassas) while others have hospitals or tombs. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. [8] Mosques in Sicily and Spain do not primarily reflect the architecture of Visigothic predecessors, but instead reflect the architecture introduced by the Muslim Moors. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent [9] It is hypothesized, however, that there were some elements of pre-Islamic architecture which were Islamicized into Andalusi and Maghribi architecture, for example, the distinctive horseshoe arch. San Juan de Baños de Cerrato is a monument located in the present day town of Baños de Cerrato, ancient Balneos, in the province of Palencia, Spain [10]
The first Chinese mosque was established in the eighth century in Xi'an. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة The Great Mosque of Xi'an (西安大清真寺 located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou on Huajue Lane of Xi'an, Shaanxi province China, is one of the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the The Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current building dates from the eighteenth century, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. The Great Mosque of Xi'an (西安大清真寺 located near the Drum Tower (Gu Lou on Huajue Lane of Xi'an, Shaanxi province China, is one of the The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Instead, it follows traditional Chinese architecture. Chinese architecture refers to a style of Architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries It is distinguished from other building by its green roof (Buddhist temples are often built with a yellow roof). Mosques in western China incorporate more of the elements seen in mosques in other parts of the world. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea [11]
By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two most populous islands. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. As with Hinduism and Buddhism before it, the new religion, and the foreign influences that accompanied it, were absorbed and reinterpreted, with mosques given a unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation. At the time, Javanese mosques took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese architectural influences. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Chinese architecture refers to a style of Architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries They lacked, for example, the ubiquitous Islamic dome which did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, but had tall timber, multi-level roofs not that dissimilar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples still common today. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. Vietnam roofjpg|thumb|The roofs of Vietnam.]] A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a Building. A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. A number of significant early mosques survive, particularly along the north coast of Java. These include the Mesjid Agung in Demak, built in 1474, also Grand Mosque of Yogyakarta that feature multi-level roofs. Masjid Agung Demak (or the Great Demak Mosque) is one of the oldest Mosques in Indonesia, located in the center town of Demak, Central Java Demak is a main town in Central Java, Indonesia. It is the capital of Demak Regency and the location of the former Sultanate of Demak, briefly The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding
Mosques diffused into India during the reign of the Mughal empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Mughals brought their own form of architecture that included pointed, onion-shaped domes, as seen in Delhi's Jama Masjid. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old
Mosques first arrived in the Ottoman Empire (mostly present-day Turkey) during the eleventh century, when many of the Turks in the region began to convert to Islam. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Several of the first mosques in the Ottoman Empire, such as the Hagia Sophia in present-day Istanbul, were originally churches or cathedrals in the Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The Ottomans created their own design of mosques, which included large central domes, multiple minarets, and open façades. The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear The Ottoman style of mosques usually included elaborate columns, aisles, and high ceilings in the interior, while incorporating traditional elements, such as the mihrab. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba [12] Today, Turkey is still home to many mosques that display this Ottoman style of architecture. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
Mosques gradually diffused to different parts of Europe, but the most rapid growth in the number of mosques has occurred within the past century as more Muslims have migrated to the continent. Major European cities, such as Rome, London, and Munich, are home to mosques that feature traditional domes and minarets. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة These large mosques in urban centers are supposed to serve as community and social centers for a large group of Muslims that occupy the region. Social Centers are Community spaces They are buildings which are used for a range of disparate activities which can be linked only by virtue of being Not-for-profit However, one can still find smaller mosques in more suburban and rural regions throughout Europe where Muslims populate. There are 40,000 to 50,000 mosques in the United States and Islam is the fastest growing religion there. [13] Mosques first appeared in the United States in the early twentieth century, the first of which was built in the late 1920s in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Cedar Rapids (ˌciːdɪrˈræpɨds is the second largest City in the U The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. However, as more immigrants continue to arrive in the country, especially from South Asia, the number of American mosques is increasing faster than ever before. Whereas only two percent of the country's mosques appeared in the United States before 1950, eighty-seven percent of American mosques were founded after 1970 and fifty percent of American mosques founded after 1980. [14]
Conversion of places of worship
According to early Muslim historians, towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims received permission to retain their churches and synagogues, One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik took the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque, which is now known as Umayyad Mosque; overall, Abd al-Malik is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques. This is a subarticle of Islamic scholars, List of Muslim scholars and List of historians. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646-705 (عبد الملك بن مروان was the 5th Umayyad Caliph. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Ummayad Mosque' ( Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير transl The process of turning churches into mosques was especially intensive in the villages. The Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun turned many churches into mosques. Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun (also spelled Almamon and el-Mâmoûn) ( September 14, 786 &ndash August 9, 833) (المأمون Ottoman Turks converted into mosques nearly all churches, monasteries, and chapels in Constantinople, including the famous Hagia Sophia, immediately after capturing the city in 1453. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar In some instances mosques have been established on the places of Jewish or Christian sanctuaries associated with Biblical personalities who were also recognized by Islam. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [1] Muslim rulers in India built mosques seeing their actions as fulfillment of religious duty.
On the other hand, mosques have also been converted for use by other religions, notably in southern Spain, following the conquest of the Moors in 1492. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent [15] The most prominent of them is the Great Mosque of Cordoba. The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba The Iberian Peninsula, Southeast Europe, and India (the Babri Masjid incident) are other regions in the world where such instances occurred once no longer under Muslim rule. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal
Religious functions
Prayers
- See also: Salat
All adult Muslims are required to offer prayer, or Salat, compulsorily five times each day. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and (Those suffering from diseases, and women who have just given birth, may omit this obligation. (See Sharia)). Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Although some smaller mosques with smaller congregations will offer only a few prayers, most mosques offer all five required prayers daily: before sunrise (fajr), at midday (Zuhr), in the afternoon (Asr), after sunset (Maghrib), and in the evening (isha'a). The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is See also ASR The Asr (عصر prayer is the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset The Isha (عشاء prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims It is the fifth of the five daily prayers ( Salah) It is obligatory for Muslims to offer prayer inside a mosque along with Friday Prayer, according to hadith; offering prayer in a congregation at a mosque is considered more virtuous than offering prayer alone. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The mosque is the centre of the islamic community, it illustrates the idea of brotherhood and iman. Not to be confused with Imam, a prayer leader in Islam Iman (إيمان is an Islamic term usually translated as " belief or [16]
In addition to holding the five obligatory daily prayers, mosques hold jumuah prayers, or Friday prayers, which replace the midday prayer as the second required prayer on Fridays. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. While the ordinary daily prayers can be performed at any location that is clean, it is required that all adult men attend Friday prayers at the mosque. [17]
A funeral prayer, or salat ul-janazah, is held for a deceased Muslim at the mosque, with all congregants present, including the imam, participating. Salat al-Janazah ( صلاة الجنازة) is the Funeral Prayer held by Muslims before the Burial but after the Shrouding An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Unlike with the daily prayers, the funeral prayers are normally held outdoors in a courtyard or square close to the mosque. [18] During solar eclipses, mosques will host another special prayer called salat ul-kusuf. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured [19]
There are two large holidays, or eids, in the Islamic calendar: Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated On both of these days, there are special prayers held at mosques in the morning. The eid prayers are supposed to be offered in large groups, and so larger mosques will normally host eid prayers for their congregants as well as the congregants of smaller local mosques. Some mosques will even rent convention centers or other large public buildings to hold the large number of Muslims who attend the eid prayers. Conference centre redirects here For the conference facility in Salt Lake City Utah that is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host eid prayers outside in courtyards or town squares. Public square and city square redirect here For Public Square Cleveland see Public Square and for City Square in Leeds see Leeds City Square. [20]
Ramadan events
- See also: Ramadan
Islam's holiest month, Ramadan, is observed through many events. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic As Muslims must fast during the day during Ramadan, mosques will host iftar (break-fast) dinners after sunset and the fourth required prayer of the day, maghrib. Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. Iftar ( Arabic: إفطار refers to the evening meal for breaking the daily fast during the Islamic month of Ramadan. Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset Food is provided, at least in part, by members of the community, thereby creating nightly potluck dinners. A potluck is a gathering of people where each person is expected to bring a dish of food to be shared among the group Because of the community contribution necessary to serve iftar dinners, mosques with smaller congregations may not be able to host the iftar dinners daily. Some mosques will also hold suhoor meals before dawn to congregants attending the first required prayer of the day, fajr. Suhoor ( Arabic:سحور lit of the dawn also called Sehri, Sahari and Sahur in other languages is an Islamic term referring to Dawn refers to the Twilight before Sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight while the sun itself is still below the horizon The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the As with iftar dinners, congregants usually provide the food for suhoor, although able mosques may provide food instead. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the Muslim community to share in beginning and breaking the fasts as providing charity during Ramadan in Islam is seen as especially honorable. Alms or almsgiving exists in a number of religions In general it involves giving materially to another as an act of religious virtue [21]
Following the fifth and final required prayer of the day, isha, special, optional tarawih prayers are offered in larger mosques. This is a sub-article of Sunnah salat and Ramadan. Tarawih ( تراويح) is an Arabic phrase referring to extra prayers During each night of prayers, which can last for up to two hours each night, a member of the community who has memorized the entire Qur’an will recite a segment of the book. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [17] During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe Laylat al-Qadr, the night Muslims believe the Islamic prophet Muhammad first began to receive the Qur'an. Laylat al-Qadr ( لیلة القدر) (also known as Shab-e-Qadr) basically the Night of Decree or Night of Measures, is the anniversary of Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [17] On that night, between sunset and sunrise, mosques will employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam. Sunset, also called sundown in some American English Dialects is the instant when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the Horizon in the East. Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night.
During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques within the Muslim community will host i'tikaf, a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate. Ramadan or Ramadhan or Ramazan ( Arabic: ar رمضان is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Itikaf or Etikaf or E'tikaf is in the Islamic faith, a particularly commended pious practice consisting of a period of retreat in a mosque for a certain Muslims performing i'tikaf are required to stay within the mosque for ten consecutive days, often in worship or learning about Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. As a result, the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing the participants with food, drinks, and whatever else they need during their stay. [17]
Charity
The third of the Five Pillars of Islam states that Muslims are required to give approximately one-fortieth of their wealth to charity as zakat. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities, they are where Muslims go to both give zakat and, if necessary, collect zakat. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Prior to the holiday of Eid ul-Fitr, mosques also collect a special zakat that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of
Social functions
Center of Muslim community
- See also: Isfahan (city)
Many Muslim rulers after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, emulating him, established their domains by first building a mosque. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The Shah Mosque ( Masjed-e Shah is a Mosque in Isfahan ( Eşfahān) Iran standing in south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square The Shah Mosque ( Masjed-e Shah is a Mosque in Isfahan ( Eşfahān) Iran standing in south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square Naghsh-e Jahan Square ( Persian: ميدان نقش جهان maidaan-e naqsh-e jehaan) is situated at the center of Isfahan city Iran Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics In the same way Mecca and Medina are built around the Masjid Al-Haram and the Masjid Al-Nabawi, Karbala, in present-day Iraq, was built around the Imam Hussain Shrine. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq. Isfahan, Iran is especially notable for its use of mosques to form the center of the city. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In the eighth century, a mosque was established within the city which three centuries later was described by theologian and philosopher Naser Khosrow as "a magnificent Friday Mosque built in the city center. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nasir Khusraw Qubadyani spelled ''Khusrow'' (1004 - 1088 AD ( was a Persian ( Tajik) poet philosopher Friday Mosque is the English translation of the Arabic term al-jumʿa (Arabic الجمعه) al-masjid. "[22] At the dawn of the seventeenth century, Shah Abbas I of the Safavid Dynasty led an effort to establish Isfahan as one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz As part of his plan, he ordered the building of Shah Mosque and Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque which border Isfahan's Naghsh-i Jahan Square, which, as one of the largest city squares in the world, hosted sports and trade. The Shah Mosque ( Masjed-e Shah is a Mosque in Isfahan ( Eşfahān) Iran standing in south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque ( Masjed-e Sheikh Lotf-o-llah in Persian or مسجد شيخ لطف الّله is one of the architectural masterpieces of Safavid Naghsh-e Jahan Square ( Persian: ميدان نقش جهان maidaan-e naqsh-e jehaan) is situated at the center of Isfahan city Iran [23]
Mosques built more recently, especially in countries where Muslims are not the majority, tend to be away from the center of major cities. Nevertheless, even a mosque in a less densely populated area often influences Muslims to relocate their homes and businesses so they are close to the mosque. Thus, mosques form the focal points of Muslim communities, even if they do not form the center of the entire community as a whole. In the United States, the growth in the number of mosques and congregants in suburbs is much greater than that in densely urban areas. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [24]
Education
Another primary function of a mosque is to house educational facilities. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Some mosques, especially those in countries where state-funded Islamic schools are not present, will have full-time schools that teach both Islamic and general knowledge. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. These full-time schools normally have students in elementary school and middle school, although there are also a few full-time schools available to high school students. See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Most mosques will also have part-time schools, either on the weekends or in the evenings. Whereas full-time schools are meant for children who depend on the mosque to provide an Islamic education as well as a general education, weekend and nightly schools are meant to provide only Islamic education for students of all ages, young and old. This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. Some mosques, however, will also provide general educational help to Muslim students as a way of bringing young Muslims closer to the mosque. The subjects at the Islamic evening and weekend classes vary. Qur'an reading and Arabic are commonly found at mosques that are located in countries where Arabic is not widely spoken. Qur'an reading is the reading ( Tarteel, Tajwid, or taghbir) aloud reciting, or Chanting of portions of the Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Classes for new Muslims about the basics of Islam are also common, especially in Europe and the United States, where it is the fastest-growing religion. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [25] Mosques will also go into more depth about Islam by providing congregants with classes on Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Madrassas are also available for Muslims to study 'alim to become Islamic scholars or imams. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community However, as their primary purpose is not to serve as a place of worship or community center, madrassas are normally separate from neighborhood mosques.
Events and fundraising
Mosques host events and dinners either for raising money for mosque activities or simply to bring the community together and bazaars where community members can shop for Islamic merchandise are common among mosques. Fundraising is the process of soliciting and gathering Money or other gifts in-kind by requesting donations from individuals businesses charitable foundations or governmental A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold Mosques also host weddings, much like other places of worship. A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. [17]
One particularly interesting illustration of this community involvement is that of the mosque in Djenné, Mali where, during an annual festival, the community takes part in the re-applying of plaster to the exterior of the mud brick building (the largest of its kind in the world). Djenné (also Dienné or Jenne) is a historically and commercially important small city in the Niger Inland Delta of central Mali. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Adobe bricks are a Natural building material made from Sand, Clay, water and some kind of fibrous or Organic material ( Sticks,
Contemporary political roles
- See also: Political aspects of Islam
The late twentieth century saw an increase in the number of mosques used for political purposes. See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Today, civic participation is commonly promoted in mosques in the Western world. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Because of the importance in the community, Masajid (Mosques) are used for preaching peaceful co-existence with non-believers, even in times of adversity. Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed during the Cold War among Soviet -influenced Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist
Advocacy
Countries where Muslims comprise only a minority of the population are more likely than the Muslim-majority countries of the Greater Middle East to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation. The Greater Middle East (also known as " The New Middle East " is a political term coined by the Bush administration to englobe together various [26] American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives that promote involving Muslims, who are often first- or second-generation immigrants, in the political process. Voter registration is the requirement in some democracies for Citizens and residents to check in with some central registry specifically for the purpose of being allowed As a result of these efforts as well as attempts at mosques to keep Muslims informed about the issues facing the Muslim community, regular mosque attendants are more likely to participate in protests, sign petitions, and otherwise be involved in politics. Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations sometimes in favor though more often opposed A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity [26]
Nevertheless, a link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics [27] Following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence. This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006 For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing The 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing occurred at "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. [28]
Beginning in the late twentieth century and continuing into the early twenty-first century, a small number of mosques have also become the platforms of some extremist imams to advocate terrorism and extreme Islamic ideals. The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Islamic fundamentalism Arabic: usul (from usul the "fundamentals"] is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the Finsbury Park Mosque in London is exemplary of a mosque that has been used in this manner. North London Central Mosque in Finsbury Park, London, was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
Social conflict
- See also: Babri Masjid, Islamophobia, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict
As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the
Babri Mosque was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed by approximately 200,000 Hindus on December 6, 1992 as the mosque was built by Babur allegedly on the site of a previous Hindu temple marking the birthplace of Ram. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. [29] The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people. Although numerous riots have occurred in the City of Mumbai, India (Bombay since Independence, the Bombay Riots usually refers to the riots in Mumbai Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) India on March 12, 1993
A February 2006 bombing that seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque, exacerbated tensions that had already existed. This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006 For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing The 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing occurred at This article is about the Iraqi mosque For the medieval Egyptian capital please see Al-Askar. Other mosque bombings in Iraq, both before and after the February 2006 bombing, have been part of the conflict between the country's groups of Muslims. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. However, mosque bombings have not been exclusive to Iraq; in June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan mosque. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [30] In April 2006, two explosions occurred at India's Jama Masjid. On April 14, 2006, two explosions occurred in the courtyard of Jama Masjid, a 17th-century mosque in Old Delhi ( India) India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Following the September 11 attacks, several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple vandalism to arson. Vandalism is the behaviour attributed to the Vandals in respect of Culture: ruthless Destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or Venerable [31] Furthermore, the Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. The Jewish Defense League (JDL is a militant Jewish organization whose stated goal is to protect Jews from Antisemitism. Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County California. [32] Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of attacks involving hundreds of Israelis angry at Arabs for a previous attack. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Hassan Bek Mosque, also known as the Hasan Bey Mosque, is considered to be one of the most well-known Mosques located in Jaffa, which is incorported For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding [33][34][35]
Saudi influence
- See also: Wahhabism
Although the Saudi involvement in mosques around the world can be traced back to the 1960s, it was not until later in the twentieth century that the government of Saudi Arabia began to become a large influence in foreign mosques. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to The Shah Faisal Masjid ( Urdu: شاه فيصل مسجد) in Islamabad, Pakistan, is among one of the largest mosques in The world |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Vedat Dalokay ( November 10, 1927 - March 21, 1991) was a renowned Turkish Architect and a former mayor of Ankara The riyal ( Arabic: ريال ISO 4217 code SAR) is the currency of Saudi Arabia. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The twentieth century of the Common Era began on [37] Beginning in the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to finance the construction of mosques in countries around the world. An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Ain al-Yaqeen, a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers[38] Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the Islamic world, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Ain al-Yaqeen (English Heart of the Matter is an Arab News Magazine published weekly that focuses on Political topics The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in impoverished Afghanistan saw many contributions from Saudi citizens. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, [37] The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in Rome represent two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud contributed US$8 million[37] and US$50 million[39] to the two mosques, respectively. Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County California. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, ( 1921 - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been
Architecture
Styles
The architecture of mosques are a continuation of pre-Islamic architecture of palaces built during the Parthian and Sassanian dynasties of Persia. Aryanah ( Ariana; أريانة is a coastal city in northeastern Tunisia. The Sarvestan palace from the Sassanian era is a great example of this. For example, the idea of having an arched entrance and a central dome is clearly one borrowed from pre-Islamic, Persian architecture. After the Arab invasion of Persia, this architecture, as well as elements of Sassanian culture, were used for the new Islamic world. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Notable mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. T-type may be Automobiles T-Type cars made by Buick MG T-type cars AEC T-type buses Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The oil-wealth of the twentieth century drove a great deal of mosque construction using designs from leading non-Muslim modern architects and promoting the careers of important contemporary Muslim architects. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit
Arab-plan or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty. Abuja is the Capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Federal Capital Territory Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal These mosques are a square or rectangular in plan with an enclosed courtyard and a covered prayer hall. Historically, in the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques have flat roofs on top of prayer halls, which resulted in the need to use numerous columns and supports. A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural [1] One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain, as the building is supported by over 850 columns. The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [40] Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer arcades so that visitors could enjoy some shade. An arcade is a passage or walkway covered over by a succession of Arches or vaults supported by columns Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties; subsequently, however, the simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development, and as a result, these mosques gradually fell out of popularity. [1]
The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the fifteenth century and have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In addition to having one large dome at the center, a common feature are smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is not performed. [41] This style was heavily influenced by the Byzantine religious architecture with its use of large central domes. Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and/or sacred or intentional space such [1]
Iwan mosques are most notable for their domed chambers and iwans, which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. An iwan (إيوان eyvān) is defined as a vaulted hall or space walled on three sides with one end entirely open In iwan mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and has been used almost exclusively for mosques in Iran. Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
Hajja Soad's mosque took a pyramid shape which is a creative style in the islamic architecture. A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point
Minarets
A common feature in mosques is the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The tallest minaret in the world is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco. The Hassan II Mosque (مسجد الحسن الثاني is a Mosque located in Casablanca, Morocco. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa [42]
The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and unnecessary. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A Tower which contains one or more bells or which is obviously designed to hold bells (even if it has none is a bell tower. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose — calling the faithful to prayer. [43]
Before the five required daily prayers, a muezzin calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. The muezzin (via Turkish müezzin from Arabic: مؤذن mu’aḏḏin) is a chosen person at the Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the call to prayer (adhan), although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community. Adhan (also - Athaan IPA /ʔæðæːn/ ( أَذَان) is the Islamic call to Prayer, recited by the Muezzin. The adhan is required before every prayer. However, nearly every mosque assigns a muezzin for each prayer to say the adhan as it is a recommended practice or sunnah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Adhan (also - Athaan IPA /ʔæðæːn/ ( أَذَان) is the Islamic call to Prayer, recited by the Muezzin. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics At mosques that do not have minarets, the adhan is called instead from inside the mosque or somewhere else on the ground. [17] The iqama, which is similar to the adhan and said immediately before the start of prayer, is usually not said from the minaret even if a mosque has one. The word iqama (إقامة refers to the second call to Islamic Prayer, given immediately before the prayer begins Adhan (also - Athaan IPA /ʔæðæːn/ ( أَذَان) is the Islamic call to Prayer, recited by the Muezzin.
Domes
The domes, which often are placed directly above the main prayer hall, may signify the vaults of heaven and the sky. Jannah (جنّة is the Islamic conception of Paradise. The Arabic form Jannah is a shortened version meaning simply "Garden" [44] As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia [45] Some mosques will have multiple, often smaller, domes in addition to the main large dome that resides at the center. Also the domes in traditional mosques would be used to help the imam to project his voice as the sound waves would bounce in and then out of the dome making the voice louder.
Prayer hall
The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshippers as possible to line the room. [46] Mosques will have Arabic calligraphy and verses from the Qur'an on the walls to assist worshippers in focusing on the beauty of Islam and its holiest book, the Qur'an, as well as for decoration. Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [17]
Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qiblah wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during The qiblah wall should, in a properly oriented mosque, be set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca, the location of the Ka'bah. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the [47] Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored In the qiblah wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the direction of Mecca. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during Friday prayers, a raised minbar or pulpit is located to the side of the mihrab for a khatib or some other speaker to offer a sermon (khutbah). "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons Khatib or khateeb (خطيب khaṭīb) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon ( khuṭbah) during Khutbah ( Arabic: (خطبة khuṭbah) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community [48]
Ablution facilities
As ritual purification precedes all prayers, mosques often have ablution fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. Bourke is a town and Local Government Area (see Bourke Shire Council) in the north of New South Wales, Australia. Ritual purification is a feature of many Religions The aim of these Rituals is to remove specifically defined uncleanliness prior to a particular type This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast However, worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard. [40] This desire for cleanliness extends to the prayer halls where shoes are disallowed to be worn anywhere other than the cloakroom. Thus, foyers with shelves to put shoes and racks to hold coats are commonplace among mosques. [46]
Contemporary features
Modern mosques have a variety of amenities available to their congregants. As mosques are supposed to appeal to the community, they may also have additional facilities, from health clinics to libraries to gymnasiums, to serve the community. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of Outpatients, often in a community in contrast A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual Education of young men (see Gymnasium
Rules and etiquette
Mosques, in accordance with Islamic practices, institute a number of rules intended to keep Muslims focused on worshipping Allah. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' While there are several rules, such as those regarding not allowing shoes in the prayer hall, that are universal, there are many other rules that are dealt with and enforced in a variety of ways from mosque to mosque.
Prayer leader
Appointment of a prayer leader is considered desirable, but not always obligatory. [49] The permanent prayer leader (imam) must be a free honest man and is authoritative in religious matters. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community [49] In mosques constructed and maintained by the government, the prayer leader is appointed by the ruler;[49] in private mosques, however, the appointment is done by the members of the congregation through majority voting. Simple majority voting is a form of Voting where given two options the option receiving more votes than the other wins According to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, the man who built the mosque has a stronger claim to the title of imam, but this view is not shared by the other schools. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the [49]
Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. [49] According to the Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools, however, argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor. [49] An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; Muslim scholars agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well. Scholars in Islamic studies are both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars who work in one or more fields of Islamic studies. [49]
All Muslim authorities hold the consensus opinion that only men may lead prayer for men. [49] Nevertheless women prayer leaders are allowed to lead prayer in front all-female congregations.
Cleanliness
- See also: Taharah
All mosques have rules regarding cleanliness, as it is an essential part of the worshipper's experience. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. For the Jewish Taharah ritual preparation for burial see Bereavement in Judaism preparing the body — Taharah Muslims before prayer are required to cleanse themselves in an ablution process known as wudu. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast However, even to those who enter the prayer hall of a mosque without the intention of praying, there are still rules that apply. Shoes must not be worn inside the carpeted prayer hall. Some mosques will also extend that rule to include other parts of the facility even if those other locations are not devoted to prayer. Congregants and visitors to mosques are supposed to be clean themselves. It is also undesirable to come to the mosque after eating something smelly. [50]
Dress
Islam requires that its adherents wear clothes that portray modesty. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Adherents of Islam are concerned with Clothing in two contexts clothing for everyday inside and outside the house and clothing required in specifically Standards of modesty (also called demureness or reticence) are aspects of the Culture of a Country or people at a given point in time As a result, although many mosques will not enforce violations, both men and women when attending a mosque must adhere to these guidelines. Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body. Likewise, it is recommended that women at a mosque wear loose clothing, shirts, pants that cover to the wrists and ankles and cover their heads such as with a hijab. Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding [17]
Concentration
As mosques are places of worship, those within the mosque are required to remain respectful to those in prayer. A place of worship or house of worship is a building or other location where a group of people (a congregation) comes to perform acts of religious praise honour Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Loud talking within the mosque, as well as discussion of topics deemed disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. In addition, it is disrespectful to walk in front of or otherwise disturb Muslims in prayer. [51] The walls within the mosque have few items, except for possibly Arabic calligraphy, so Muslims in prayer are not distracted. Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking Muslims are also discouraged from wearing clothing with distracting images and symbols so as not to divert the attention of those standing behind them during prayer. An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece
Gender separation
Islamic law requires men and women to be separated in the prayer hall; ideally, the women must occupy the rows behind the men. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Muhammad preferred women to pray at home rather than at a mosque, and according to the hadith Muhammad said: "The best mosques for women are the inner parts of their houses", although Muhammad told Muslims not to forbid women from entering mosques. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The second caliph Umar at one time prohibited women from attending mosques especially at night because he feared they may be teased by males, so he required them to pray at home. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great [52] Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women. [1] Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in South and Southeast Asia put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although there are sections exclusively for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored [53]
Non-Muslims in mosques
Under most interpretations of Islamic law, non-Muslims may be allowed into mosques, as long as they do not sleep or eat there; the dissenting opinion is presented by the followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the [49]
The Qur'an addresses the subject of non-Muslims, and particularly polytheists, in mosques in two verses in its ninth chapter, Sura At-Tawba. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals Sura At-Tawba ( Arabic: سورة التوبة, Sūratu at-Tawbah, "The Repentance" also known as al-Bara'ah "the Ultimatum" The seventeenth verse of the chapter prohibits those who join gods with Allah — polytheists — from entering mosques:
- It is not for such as join gods with Allah, to visit or maintain the mosques of Allah while they witness against their own souls to infidelity. The works of such bear no fruit: In Fire shall they dwell. (Yusuf Ali [Qur'an 9:17])
The twenty-eighth verse of the same chapter is more specific as it only considers polytheists in the Sacred Mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca:
- O ye who believe! Truly the Pagans are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali ( 14 April 1872 - 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. (Yusuf Ali [Qur'an 9:28])
According to Ahmad ibn Hanbal, these verses were followed to the letter at the times of Muhammad, when Jews and Christians, considered monotheists, were still allowed to the Masjid al-Haram. Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali ( 14 April 1872 - 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Ahmed ibn Hanbal ( Arabic: أحمد بن حنبل Ahmad bin Hanbal) (780 - For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world However, the Umayyad caliph Umar II later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remained in practice in Saudi Arabia. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c 682 - February 720 (عمر بن عبد العزيز was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 717 to 720 [1] Today, the decision on whether non-Muslims should be allowed to enter mosques varies. With few exceptions, mosques in the Arabian peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow entry to non-Muslims. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For example, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims. The Hassan II Mosque (مسجد الحسن الثاني is a Mosque located in Casablanca, Morocco. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا [54] However, there are also many other places in the west as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [14] Many Mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community as well as to encourage conversions to Islam. [55][56]
In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Masjid al-Haram and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Likewise, the Masjid al-Nabawi and the city of Medina that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam. The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [57] For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a legitimate reason. All entrants regardless of religious affiliation are expected to respect the rules and decorum for mosques. The following is a list of Religions and spiritual traditions, however it excludes modern religions which can be found in List of new religious movements. Decorum (from the Latin: "proper fit becoming" was a principle of classical Rhetoric, poetry and theatrical theory [17]
At different times and places, non-Muslims living under Muslim rule were required to demonstrate deference to mosques. In most cities of Morocco, Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque[58] Danish traveler Carsten Niebuhr wrote that in 18th century Egypt Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17, 1733 &ndash April 26, 1815) was a German Mathematician, This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. [59]
See also
- Eidgah
- Islamic art
- Sahn
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Arabesque
- Islamic Golden Age
- Indo-Islamic Architecture
- Moorish Revival
Famous mosques
- Masjid al-Haram; Mecca, Saudi Arabia - holiest site in Islam[60]
- Masjid al-Nabawi; Medina, Saudi Arabia - second-holiest site in Islam[61]
- Al-Aqsa Mosque; Jerusalem, Israel - third-holiest site in Islam[62]
- Umayyad Mosque; Damascus, Syria
- Imam Ali Mosque; Najaf, Iraq - holy site in Shi'a Islam
- Hacı Bayram Mosque; Ankara, Turkey [1]
- Faisal Mosque; Islamabad, Pakistan - largest mosque in the world, in area[63]
- Badshahi Masjid; Lahore, Pakistan - largest Mughul empire mosque
- Mezquita; Córdoba, Spain - tenth century Moorish place of worship, now a Roman Catholic cathedral
- Hagia Sophia; Istanbul, Turkey - former cathedral; mosque from 1453 to 1935[64]
- Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque); Istanbul, Turkey - built across from the Hagia Sophia
- Shah Mosque; Isfahan, Iran - Iranian mosque commissioned by Shah Abbas I
- Jama Masjid; Delhi, India - one of the largest mosques in India[65]
- Mother Mosque of America; Cedar Rapids, Iowa - the oldest mosque in North America
- Huaisheng Mosque Over 1,300 years old, one of the oldest mosques in China. Eidgah or Idgah is an open-air Mosque usually outside of city (or at the outskirts to perform Eid Salah. Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally A sahn (صحن) in Islamic architecture, is a courtyard Almost every Mosque has a sahn which is surrounded by an arcade from all sides There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature The arabesque is an elaborative application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals Islamic contribution to Indian architecture is far reaching and undeniable Moorish Revival or Neo-Moorish is one of the exotic revival Architectural styles that were adopted by architects of Europe and the Americas in the wake of the A list of 'famous' Mosques around the World: Africa See also List of mosques in Africa Asia Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Ummayad Mosque' ( Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير transl Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Imam Ali Holy Shrine ( Arabic: حرم الإمام علي also known as Meshed Ali or the Tomb of Ali, is a Mosque located Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Shah Faisal Masjid ( Urdu: شاه فيصل مسجد) in Islamabad, Pakistan, is among one of the largest mosques in The world |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Badshahi Mosque ( Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'Emperor's Mosque ' was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later The Shah Mosque ( Masjed-e Shah is a Mosque in Isfahan ( Eşfahān) Iran standing in south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Mother Mosque of America, once known as The Rose of Fraternity Lodge, in Cedar Rapids Iowa, is the first permanent structure to be built specifically to Cedar Rapids (ˌciːdɪrˈræpɨds is the second largest City in the U The Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, also known as the Lighthouse Mosque, is at over 1300 years old one of the oldest Mosques in the world
- Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque Mosque with the world second largest Carpet and Chandelier (Sheikh Zayed Mosque now holds these records)
- Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, the largest mosque in Southeast Asia
- Masjid Agung Demak, the first mosque in Java, Demak, Central Java
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- Encyclopedias
- Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. (2005). Ed. William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0974309101.
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Further reading
- Arberry, A. J. (1996). Arthur John Arberry ( Portsmouth, May 12 1905 &ndash Cambridge, October 2 1969) was a respected and most prolific scholar The Koran Interpreted: A Translation, 1st, Touchstone. ISBN 978-0684825076.
- Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). Gerald R Hawting (born 1944 is a noted British Orientalist scholar of Islam. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 0415240727.
- Khan, Muhammad Muhsin; Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). Sheikh Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan ( Arabic, Pashto, Urdū: محمد محسن خان; born 1345 Al-Hijri (1927 is a contemporary Noble Quran, 1st, Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-9960740799.
- Kramer (ed.), Martin (1999). Martin Seth Kramer (b 1954 Washington DC) is an American scholar of the Middle East at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Syracuse University. ISBN 978-9652240408.
- Kuban, Dogan (1974). Muslim Religious Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004038132.
- Lewis, Bernard (1993). Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East. Open Court. ISBN 978-0812692174.
- Lewis, Bernard (1994). Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195090611.
- Lewis, Bernard (1996). Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195102833.
- Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (meaning The Sealed Nectar) is an authoritative and popular Sira (biography of the Muslim prophet Muhammad, written in Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1591440710.
- Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1591440345.
- Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices, New Edition, Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253216274.
- Rahman, Fazlur (1979). Islam, 2nd, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70281-2.
- Walker, Benjamin (1998). Benjamin Walker ( November 25, 1913) is the truncated pen name of George Benjamin Walker who also writes under the pseudonym Jivan Bhakar Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0720610383.
Notes and references
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hillenbrand, R "Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist, specializing van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- ^ mosque - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
- ^ Weinsinck, A. J "Masdjid al-Haram. ". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist, specializing van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ Masjid Quba'. Ministry of Hajj - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved on 2006-04-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ a b Ghali, Mohammad. "The First Muslim State", The Prophet Mohammad and the First Muslim State. Retrieved on 2006-04-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ The Ottoman: Origins. Washington State University. Retrieved on 2006-04-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ [travel. independent. co. uk/africa/article253491. ece Cairo, Egypt]. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-09-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians
- ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (2001-06-13). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th Century Travel Guide. Courier Dover Publications, 123–128. ISBN 0-486-41721-2.
- ^ Theoretical Issues of Islamic Architecture. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation. Retrieved on 2006-04-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Architecture in Christian Spain. Stanford University. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ Cowen, Jill S. . "Muslims in China: The Mosque", Saudi Aramco World, July/August 1985, pp. 30–35. Retrieved on 2006-04-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ Mosques. Charlotte Country Day School. Retrieved on 2006-04-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Lawton, John. "Muslims in Europe: The Mosque", January/February 1979, pp. 9–14. Retrieved on 2006-04-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b (2001). "The Mosque in America: A National Portrait". . Council on American-Islamic Relations Retrieved on 2006-04-17. The Council on American-Islamic Relations ( CAIR) is a Civil liberties and advocacy group for Muslims in North America that was Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Wagner, William [2004-05-27]. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed How Islam Plans to Change the World. Kregel Publications, 99. ISBN 0-8254-3965-5. “When the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492, most of the mosques were converted into churches”
- ^ Prayer in Congregation. Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Maqsood, Ruqaiyyah Waris (2003-04-22). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Teach Yourself Islam, 2nd edition, Chicago: McGraw-Hill, 57–8, 72–5, 112–120. ISBN 0-07-141963-2.
- ^ Fiqh-us-Sunnah, Volume 4: Funeral Prayers (Salatul Janazah). Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Eclipses. Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ 'Id Prayers (Salatul 'Idain). Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ Charity. Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Abouei, Reza. Urban Planning of Isfahan in the Seventeenth Century. University of Sheffield School of Architecture. Retrieved on 2006-04-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Madanipour, Ali (2003-05-09). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Public and Private Spaces of the City. Routledge, 207. ISBN 0-415-25629-1.
- ^ Abdo, Geneive (September 2005). "Islam in America: Separate but Unequal". The Washington Quarterly 28 (4): 7-17.
- ^ Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002-08-01). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman "Preface", Teaching Islam. Oxford University Press US, v. ISBN 0-19-515225-5. “and [Islam] remains the fastest growing religion both in the United States and worldwide”
- ^ a b Jamal, Amany. The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American. Teachers' College – Columbia University. Retrieved on 2006-04-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Swanbrow, Diane (2005-06-23). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Study: Islam devotion not linked to terror. The University Record Online. Retrieved on 2007-02-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ "Friday prayer plea for Iraq calm", BBC, 2006-02-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Retrieved on 2006-04-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Romey, Kristen M. . "Flashpoint Ayodhya", Archaeology, July/August 2004.
- ^ Aizenman, N. C. . "Suicide Bomber Kills 20 in Afghan Mosque", The Washington Post, 2006-06-02, p. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks A16. Retrieved on 2006-04-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ IPA NY Voices That Must Be Heard
- ^ "JDL Chairman, Follower Accused of Plotting to Bomb Mosque, Congressman", Associated Press via FOX News, 2001-12-13. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Retrieved on 2006-04-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ "Arafat orders immediate ceasefire", BBC, 2001-06-03. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Retrieved on 2006-04-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Harris, John. "Paranoia, poverty and wild rumours - a journey through BNP country", The Guardian, 2006-04-22. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Retrieved on 2006-05-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Carlile, Jennifer. "Italians fear mosque plans", MSNBC. Retrieved on 2006-05-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ King Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz. Retrieved on 2006-06-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
- ^ a b c Ottoway, David B. . "U.S. Eyes Money Trails of Saudi-Backed Charities", The Washington Post, 2004-08-19, p. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. A1. Retrieved on 2007-02-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ Kaplan, David E. (2003-12-15). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of The Saudi Connection. U. S. News and World Report. Retrieved on 2006-04-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Islamic Center in Rome, Italy. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz. Retrieved on 2006-04-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Walters, Brian (2004-05-17). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. "The Prophet's People", Call to Prayer: My Travels in Spain, Portugal and Morocco. Virtualbookworm Publishing, 14. ISBN 1-58939-592-1. “Its 210-meter minaret is the tallest in the world”
- ^ Hillenbrand, R "Manara, Manar". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist, specializing van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ Mainzer, Klaus (1996-06-01). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected "Art and Architecture", Symmetries of Nature: A Handbook for Philosophy of Nature and Science, 124. ISBN 3-11-012990-6. “the dome arching over the believers like the spherical dome of the sky”
- ^ Asher, Catherine B. (1992-09-24). Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. "Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style", Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press, 256. ISBN 0-521-26728-5.
- ^ a b Mosque FAQ. The University of Tulsa. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Bierman, Irene A. (1998-12-16). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Writing Signs: Fatimid Public Text. University of California Press, 150. ISBN 0-520-20802-1.
- ^ Terms 1: Mosque. University of Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib, Al-Mawardi (2000). Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi, known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafii The Ordinances of Government (Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w’al-Wilayat al-Diniyya). Lebanon: Garnet Publishing, p. 184. ISBN 1-85964-140-7.
- ^ Chapter 16. The Description of the Prayer. SunniPath Library. SunniPath. Retrieved on 2006-07-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Connecting Cultures, Inc. . "Building Cultural Competency: Understanding Islam, Muslims, and Arab Culture" (Doc). . Connecting Cultures, Inc. Retrieved on 2006-07-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Doi, Abdur Rahman I. . Women in Society. Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved on 2006-04-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ Rezk, Rawya. "Muslim Women Seek More Equitable Role in Mosques", The Columbia Journalist, 2006-01-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Morocco travel. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians
- ^ Takim, Liyakatali (July 2004). "From Conversion to Conversation: Interfaith Dialogue in Post 9–11 America" (PDF). The Muslim World 94: 343–355. Liyakatali Takim is a professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Denver
- ^ "Laptop link-up: A day at the mosque", BBC, 2005-12-05. Religious studies, or Religious education, is the academic field of multi-disciplinary Secular study of religious beliefs behaviors and institutions The University of Denver ( DU) founded in 1864 is the oldest private University in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Retrieved on 2006-06-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
- ^ Goring, Rosemary (1997-05-01). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-354-0.
- ^ Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, p. 83. ISBN 0827601166.
- ^ Bat Ye'or (2002). Bat Ye'or (בת יאור meaning "daughter of the Nile " a Pseudonym of Gisèle Littman, Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses, p. 98. ISBN 0-8386-3943-7.
- ^ Miller, Pamela. "Journey of a lifetime", Star Tribune, 2006-01-07, p. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental 12E.
- ^ Abu-Nasr, Donna. "Many Saudis criticize attack", Ventura County Star, 2004-12-09, p. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city 16.
- ^ "Arafat to be buried in soil from Islam's third holiest site", Associated Press, 2004-11-11. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
- ^ Press Release: First in Pakistan. Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D. C. . Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Building Big: Databank: Hagia Sophia. PBS. Retrieved on 2006-04-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Lach, Donald F. , and Edwin J. Van Kley (1998-12-01). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican "The Empire of Aurangzib", Asia in the Making of Europe:. University of Chicago Press, 721. ISBN 0-226-46767-8. “The Jami Masjid, the largest mosque in India”
External links
- - Provide free websites for Mosques in the UK
- UK Mosques - detailed graphical map of each one
- Local Mosques
- Ottoman: Art and the Culture - provides information on Ottoman mosques and architecture
- World Mosques
- The Mosque Review (Masjid) - provides an overview of the features and floor plans of mosques
- The Martyred Mosques On the Seven Mosques of Medina
- A review of Mosque Architecture
- Islam in Keighley
- Darul Ishaat - keighley based Online Islamic store
- mosque: Photos, Videos on Technorati
- Local Mosques at Islamicity
- Imamia Mission Shia Organisation in Bury, Manchester, U. A floor plan ( floorplan) in Architecture and Building engineering is a Diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms K.
- Mosques From Around the World
- Mosques From Around the World at Islamicity
- High-res photo gallery of world wide mosques
- Mosques - Great Buildings Online
- LexicOrient- Mosques
- Mosques in Egypt
- Mosques in Singapore
- American Mosques
- Mosques at sacred destinations
- A directory of UK mosques, with mosque address
- The mosque in Islamic religion
- Architectural features of mosques
- Islamic Architecture
- Mosque Online - Assisting Mosques get Online Free
- (English)(Turkish) Ulu Cami: A Karachay Mosque serving Muslim Community in Northern Jersey
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