Jupiter's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits.

In astronomy, the moons of Jupiter are Jupiter's natural satellites. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study A natural satellite or moon is a Celestial body that Orbits a Planet or smaller body which is called the primary. Sixty-three moons orbiting Jupiter have been discovered.

Discovery

The Galilean moons. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Io (ˈaɪoʊ, or as Greek TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ganymede (ˈgænɨmiːd, or as Greek TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Callisto (kəˈlɪstoʊ, or as Greek

The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei.

Although claims are made for the observation of one of Jupiter's moons by Chinese astronomer Gan De in 364 BC, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites are those of Galileo Galilei in 1610, who sighted the four large Galilean moons with his 33x telescope. Gan De ( fl 4th century BC was a Chinese Astronomer / Astrologer born in the State of Qi also known as the Lord Gan (Gan Gong Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei.

No additional satellites were discovered until E.E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892. Edward Emerson Barnard ( December 16, 1857 – February 6, 1923) was an American Astronomer. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Amalthea (, or as in Greek Αμάλθεια Further discoveries, aided by telescopic photography, followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century, and by 1975, before the Voyagers reached Jupiter, the planet was known to have at least thirteen satellites. See also Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. The Voyager program consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes Voyager 1 and

The Voyager 1 mission discovered three inner moons in 1979, bringing the total then known to 16 (17 if one counted Themisto, which had been found but then lost in 1975). The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram robotic Space probe of the outer Solar system and beyond launched September 5, TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Themisto ( thə-MIS-toe The total rested there until 1999. Since then, researchers using sensitive ground-based detectors have recovered Themisto and found a further 46 tiny moons in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits. In Astrodynamics, under standard assumptions, any Orbit must be of Conic section shape Direct motion is the motion of a Planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system and is sometimes called prograde motion. They average 3 kilometres in diameter, and the largest is barely 9 km across. All of these moons are thought to be captured asteroidal or perhaps cometary bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces, but very little is actually known about them. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — The total number of known moons of Jupiter now stands at 63, currently the most of any planet in the solar system. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. Many additional tiny moons may exist that have not yet been discovered.

On October 6, 1999, the Spacewatch project discovered an asteroid, 1999 UX₁₈. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Spacewatch is a project at the University of Arizona that specializes in the study of Minor planets including various types of Asteroids and Comets Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but But it was soon realised that this was in fact a previously undiscovered moon of Jupiter, now called Callirrhoe. Callirrhoe ( kə-LIRR-oh-ee or as in Greek Καλλιρρόη also known as Jupiter XVII, is one of Jupiter 's outermost named One year later, between November 23 and December 5, 2000, the team led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt of the University of Hawaii began a systematic search for small irregular moons of Jupiter. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Scott S Sheppard is an Astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science. David C Jewitt is a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. The University of Hawaii, formally the University of Hawaii System and popularly known as UH, is a public co-educational college and university system that confers The other members of the team included, at various times, Yanga R. Fernández, Eugene A. Yanga (Yan Roland Fernández ( June 10, 1971 &ndash) is a Canadian -American Astronomer at the University of Central Florida. Magnier, Scott Dahm, Aaron Evans, Henry H. Hsieh, Karen J. Meech, John L. Tonry, David J. Tholen (all from the University of Hawaii), Jan Kleyna (Cambridge University), Brett J. Gladman (University of Toronto), John J. Kavelaars (Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics), Jean-Marc Petit (Observatoire de Besançon) and Rhiannon Lynne Allen (University of Michigan / University of British Columbia). Professional Life David James Tholen is an American Astronomer at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaii, who specializes Jan Kleyna, is a postdoctoral Astronomy researcher at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Brett J Gladman, born April 19 1966 is a Canadian Astronomer and an Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia 's Department of Physics This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus J-John Kavelaars, better known as JJ Kavelaars, is a Canadian astronomer who was part of a team that discovered several moons The Observatoire des sciences de l'Univers de Besançon ( Observatoire de Besançon for short Besançon Astronomical Observatory or Besançon Observatory The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research The University of British Columbia ( UBC) is a Canadian public research University with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna

The team used the world's two largest CCD cameras, mounted on two of the thirteen telescopes atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii: the Subaru (8. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Mauna Kea is a Dormant volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, one of five volcanoes which together form the Island of Hawaii. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Subaru Telescope (In Japanese: すばる望遠鏡 is the 82 Metre flagship telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, located in 3 m diameter) and the Canada-France-Hawaii (3. The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope is located near the mountain top of Mauna Kea in Hawaii at an altitude of 4204 meters (13793 feet 6 m). The 2000 observations revealed ten new moons, putting the count at 28 (Themisto had been rediscovered at the beginning of 2000).

The following year, between December 9 and 11, 2001, eleven other moons were discovered, bringing the total to thirty-nine. The year 2002 bore less fruit, netting only one moon, Arche. Arche ( ARK-ee or as in Greek Αρχη also known as Jupiter XLIII, is a moon of Jupiter. However, four months later, between February 5 and 9, 2003, twenty-three more moons were found, making for a complete sum of sixty-three moons. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.

Table of Jupiter's moons

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period, from shortest to longest. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in blue; these are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to Earth's moon. Gravitational collapse in Astronomy is the inward fall of a massive body under the influence of the force of Gravity. Equation A spheroid centered at the origin and rotated about the z axis is defined by the implicit equation \left(\frac{x}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{y}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{z}{b}\right^2 The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. Irregular, captured moons are indicated by grey shading: light grey for prograde satellites, dark grey for retrograde. In Astronomy, an irregular moon is a Natural satellite following a distant inclined, and often retrograde Orbit. Direct motion is the motion of a Planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system and is sometimes called prograde motion.

Order	Name (Pronunciation key)			Image	Diameter (km)	Mass (kg)	Semi-major axis (km)(3)	Orbital period (d)(3)(4)	Inclination (°)(5)	Eccentricity	Discovered	Group
1	XVI	Metis	ˈmiːtɪs		60×40×34	~3. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Metis (, or as in Greek Μήτις 6E+16	127 690(1)	+7h 4m 29s(2)	0. 06°	0. 00002	1980	Amalthea
2	XV	Adrastea	ˌædrəˈstiːə		20×16×14	~2E+15	128 690(1)	+7h 9m 30s(2)	0. Adrastea (, or as in Greek Αδράστεια also known as Jupiter XV, is the second by distance and the smallest of the four inner moons of Jupiter 03°	0. 0015	1979
3	V	Amalthea	ˌæməlˈθiːə		250×146×128	2. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Amalthea (, or as in Greek Αμάλθεια 08E+18	181 366(1)	+11h 57m 22. 67s(2)	0. 374°	0. 0032	1892
4	XIV	Thebe	ˈθiːbi		116×98×84	~4. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Thebe (, or as in Greek Θήβη 3E+17	221 889(1)	+16h 11m 17s(2)	1. 076°	0. 0175	1980
5	I	Io	ˈaɪoʊ		3660. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Io (ˈaɪoʊ, or as Greek 0×3637. 4×3630. 6	8. 9E+22	421 700(1)	+1. 769137786(2)	0. 050°	0. 0041	1610	Galileans
6	II	Europa	jʊˈroʊpə		3121. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Europa (jʊˈroʊpə; or as 6	4. 8E+22	671 034(1)	+3. 551181041(2)	0. 471°	0. 0094	1610
7	III	Ganymede	ˈgænɪmiːd		5262. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ganymede (ˈgænɨmiːd, or as Greek 4	1. 5E+23	1 070 412(1)	+7. 15455296(2)	0. 204°	0. 0011	1610
8	IV	Callisto	kəˈlɪstoʊ		4820. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Callisto (kəˈlɪstoʊ, or as Greek 6	1. 1E+23	1 882 709(1)	+16. 6890184(2)	0. 205°	0. 0074	1610
9	XVIII	Themisto	θɪˈmɪstoʊ		8	6. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Themisto ( thə-MIS-toe 9E+14	7 393 216	+129. 87	45. 762°	0. 2115	1975/2000	Themisto
10	XIII	Leda	ˈliːdə		10	1. There is also an Asteroid named 38 Leda. ---- 1E+16	11 187 781	+241. 75	27. 562°	0. 1673	1974	Himalia
11	VI	Himalia	haɪˈmeɪliə		170	6. The Himalia group is a group of Prograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Himalia (, or as in Greek ‘Ιμαλíα 7E+18	11 451 971	+250. 37	30. 486°	0. 1513	1904
12	X	Lysithea	laɪˈsɪθiə		36	6. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Lysithea (,, or as in Greek Λυσιθέα 3E+16	11 740 560	+259. 89	27. 006°	0. 1322	1938
13	VII	Elara	ˈɛlərə		86	8. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Elara (, or as in Greek Ελάρα 7E+17	11 778 034	+261. 14	29. 691°	0. 1948	1905
14		S/2000 J 11			4	9. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> S/2000 J 11 is the outermost prograde 0E+13	12 570 424	+287. 93	27. 584°	0. 2058	2001
15	XLVI	Carpo	ˈkɑrpoʊ		3	4. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Carpo ( KAR-poh 5E+13	17 144 873	+458. 62	56. 001°	0. 2735	2003	Carpo
16		S/2003 J 12			1	1. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> S/2003 J 12 is a Natural satellite 5E+12	17 739 539	-482. 69	142. 680°	0. 4449	2003	?
17	XXXIV	Euporie	juːˈpɔərɪi		2	1. Euporie ( ew-POR-ə-ee or ew-POR-ee or as in Greek Ευπορίη also known as Jupiter XXXIV, is a Natural 5E+13	19 088 434	-538. 78	144. 694°	0. 0960	2002	Ananke
18		S/2003 J 3			2	1. The Ananke group is a group of Retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Ananke and are thought to have S/2003 J 3 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S 5E+13	19 621 780	-561. 52	146. 363°	0. 2507	2003
19		S/2003 J 18			2	1. S/2003 J 18 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Brett J 5E+13	19 812 577	-569. 73	147. 401°	0. 1569	2003
20	XLII	Thelxinoe	θɛlkˈsɪnoʊi		2	1. Thelxinoe ( thelk-SIN-oh-ee or as in Greek Θελξινόη also known as Jupiter XLII, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 5E+13	20 453 753	-597. 61	151. 292°	0. 2684	2004
21	XXXIII	Euanthe	juːˈænθi		3	4. Euanthe ( ew-AN-thee Greek = ? also known as Jupiter XXXIII, is a retrograde irregular satellite of 5E+13	20 464 854	-598. 09	143. 409°	0. 2000	2002
22	XLV	Helike	ˈhɛlɪki		4	9. Helike ( HEL-ə-kee or as in Greek Ἑλίκη also known as Jupiter XLV, is a moon of Jupiter. 0E+13	20 540 266	-601. 40	154. 586°	0. 1374	2003
23	XXXV	Orthosie	ɔrˈθɒsɪi		2	1. Orthosie ( or-THOH-sə-ee or or-THOH-see Greek = ? also known as Jupiter XXXV, is a Natural satellite 5E+13	20 567 971	-602. 62	142. 366°	0. 2433	2002
24	XXIV	Iocaste	ˌaɪəˈkæsti		5	1. There is also an Asteroid named 899 Jokaste. ---- Iocaste ( EYE-ə-KAS-tee or as in 9E+14	20 722 566	-609. 43	147. 248°	0. 2874	2001
25		S/2003 J 16			2	1. S/2003 J 16 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Brett J 5E+13	20 743 779	-610. 36	150. 769°	0. 3184	2003
26	XXVII	Praxidike	prækˈsɪdɪki		7	4. Praxidike ( prak-SID-ə-kee or as in Greek Πραξιδίκη also known as Jupiter XXVII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 3E+14	20 823 948	-613. 90	144. 205°	0. 1840	2001
27	XXII	Harpalyke	hɑrˈpælɪki		4	1. Harpalyke ( har-PAL-ə-kee or as in Greek Ἁρπαλύκη also known as Jupiter XXII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 2E+14	21 063 814	-624. 54	147. 223°	0. 2440	2001
28	XL	Mneme	ˈniːmi		2	1. Mneme ( NEE-mee or as in Greek Μνήμη also known as Jupiter XL, is a retrograde irregular satellite 5E+13	21 129 786	-627. 48	149. 732°	0. 3169	2003
29	XXX	Hermippe	hɚˈmɪpi		4	9. Hermippe (hər-mip'-ee hɚˈmɪpi Greek Ερμίππη or Jupiter XXX, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. 0E+13	21 182 086	-629. 81	151. 242°	0. 2290	2002	Ananke?
30	XXIX	Thyone	θaɪˈoʊni		4	9. Thyone ( thye-OH-nee or as in Greek Θυώνη also known as Jupiter XXIX, is a retrograde irregular satellite 0E+13	21 405 570	-639. 80	147. 276°	0. 2525	2002	Ananke
31	XII	Ananke	əˈnæŋki		28	3. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ananke (, or as in Greek Ανάγκη 0E+16	21 454 952	-642. 02	151. 564°	0. 3445	1951
32		S/2003 J 17			2	1. S/2003 J 17 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Brett J 5E+13	22 134 306	-672. 75	162. 490°	0. 2379	2003	Carme
33	XXXI	Aitne	ˈaɪtni		3	4. The Carme group is a group of retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Carme and are thought to have a common origin Aitne ( EYET-nee or ET-nee also as in Greek Άιτνη also known as Jupiter XXXI, is a retrograde 5E+13	22 285 161	-679. 64	165. 562°	0. 3927	2002
34	XXXVII	Kale	ˈkeɪli		2	1. Kale ( KAY-lee or as in Greek Καλη also known as Jupiter XXXVII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite of 5E+13	22 409 207	-685. 32	165. 378°	0. 2011	2002
35	XX	Taygete	teiˈɪdʒɪti		5	1. Taygete ( tay-IJ-ə-tee or as in Greek Ταϋγέτη also known as Jupiter XX, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 6E+14	22 438 648	-686. 67	164. 890°	0. 3678	2001
36		S/2003 J 19			2	1. S/2003 J 19 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Brett J 5E+13	22 709 061	-699. 12	164. 727°	0. 1961	2003
37	XXI	Chaldene	kælˈdiːni		4	7. Chaldene ( kal-DEE-nee or as in Greek Χαλδηνη) also known as Jupiter XXI, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 5E+13	22 713 444	-699. 33	167. 070°	0. 2916	2001
38		S/2003 J 15			2	1. S/2003 J 15 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S 5E+13	22 720 999	-699. 68	141. 812°	0. 0932	2003	Ananke?
39		S/2003 J 10			2	1. S/2003 J 10 is a retrograde Irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by 5E+13	22 730 813	-700. 13	163. 813°	0. 3438	2003	Carme?
40		S/2003 J 23			2	1. S/2003 J 23 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S 5E+13	22 739 654	-700. 54	148. 849°	0. 3930	2004	Pasiphaë
41	XXV	Erinome	ɪˈrɪnəmi		3	4. The Pasiphaë group is a group of Retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought Erinome ( err-RIN-ə-mee or as in Greek Ερινομη also known as Jupiter XXV, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 5E+13	22 986 266	-711. 96	163. 737°	0. 2552	2001	Carme
42	XLI	Aoede	eɪˈiːdi		4	9. 0E+13	23 044 175	-714. 66	160. 482°	0. 6011	2003	Pasiphaë
43	XLIV	Kallichore	kəˈlɪkəri		2	1. Kallichore ( kə-LIK-ə-ree or as in Greek Καλλιχόρη also known as Jupiter XLIV, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 5E+13	23 111 823	-717. 81	164. 605°	0. 2041	2003	Carme?
44	XXIII	Kalyke	ˈkælɪki		5	1. Kalyke ( KAL-ə-kee or as in Greek Καλύκη also known as Jupiter XXIII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 9E+14	23 180 773	-721. 02	165. 505°	0. 2139	2001	Carme
45	XI	Carme	ˈkɑrmi		46	1. Carme (, or as in Greek Κάρμη is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. 3E+17	23 197 992	-721. 82	165. 047°	0. 2342	1938
46	XVII	Callirrhoe	kəˈlɪroʊi		9	8. Callirrhoe ( kə-LIRR-oh-ee or as in Greek Καλλιρρόη also known as Jupiter XVII, is one of Jupiter 's outermost named 7E+14	23 214 986	-722. 62	139. 849°	0. 2582	2000	Pasiphaë
47	XXXII	Eurydome	jʊˈrɪdəmi		3	4. Eurydome ( ew-RID-ə-mee or as in Greek Ευριδομη also known as Jupiter XXXII, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 5E+13	23 230 858	-723. 36	149. 324°	0. 3769	2002	Pasiphaë?
48	XXXVIII	Pasithee	pəˈsɪθɪi		2	1. Pasithee ( pə-SITH-ə-ee or spelling pronunciation PAS-ə-thee or as in Greek Πασιθέη also known as Jupiter 5E+13	23 307 318	-726. 93	165. 759°	0. 3288	2002	Carme
49	XLVIII	Cyllene	sɪˈliːni		2	1. Cyllene ( sə-LEE-nee or as in Greek Κυλλήνη also known as Jupiter XLVIII, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 5E+13	23 396 269	-731. 10	140. 148°	0. 4115	2003	Pasiphaë
50	XLVII	Eukelade	juːˈkɛlədi		4	9. Eukelade ( ew-KEL-ə-dee or as in Greek Ευκελαδη also known as Jupiter XLVII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 0E+13	23 483 694	-735. 20	163. 996°	0. 2828	2003	Carme
51		S/2003 J 4			2	1. S/2003 J 4 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S 5E+13	23 570 790	-739. 29	147. 175°	0. 3003	2003	Pasiphaë
52	VIII	Pasiphaë	pəˈsɪfeɪi		60	3. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Pasiphaë (, or as in Greek Πασιφάη 0E+17	23 609 042	-741. 09	141. 803°	0. 3743	1908
53	XXXIX	Hegemone	hɪˈdʒɛməni		3	4. Hegemone ( hə-JEM-ə-nee or as in Greek Ἡγεμόνη also known as Jupiter XXXIX, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 5E+13	23 702 511	-745. 50	152. 506°	0. 4077	2003
54	XLIII	Arche	ˈɑrki		3	4. Arche ( ARK-ee or as in Greek Αρχη also known as Jupiter XLIII, is a moon of Jupiter. 5E+13	23 717 051	-746. 19	164. 587°	0. 1492	2002	Carme
55	XXVI	Isonoe	aɪˈsɒnoʊi		4	7. Isonoe ( eye-SON-oh-ee or as in Greek Ισονοη also known as Jupiter XXVI, is a retrograde Irregular satellite 5E+13	23 800 647	-750. 13	165. 127°	0. 1775	2001
56		S/2003 J 9			1	1. S/2003 J 9 is a retrograde Irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by 5E+12	23 857 808	-752. 84	164. 980°	0. 2761	2003
57		S/2003 J 5			4	9. S/2003 J 5 is a retrograde Irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by 0E+13	23 973 926	-758. 34	165. 549°	0. 3070	2003
58	IX	Sinope	sɪˈnoʊpi		38	7. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Sinope (, or as in Greek Σινώπη 5E+16	24 057 865	-762. 33	153. 778°	0. 2750	1914	Pasiphaë
59	XXXVI	Sponde	ˈspɒndi		2	1. This article is about the astronomical body For the French poet see Jean de Sponde; for the Metrical foot, see Spondee. 5E+13	24 252 627	-771. 60	154. 372°	0. 4431	2002
60	XXVIII	Autonoe	ɔːˈtɒnoʊi		4	9. Autonoe ( aw-TON-oh-ee or as in Greek Αυτονόη also known as Jupiter XXVIII, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter 0E+13	24 264 445	-772. 17	151. 058°	0. 3690	2002
61	XLIX	Kore	ˈkɔəri		2	1. Kore ( KOR-ee or KOHR-ee or as in Greek Κόρη also known as Jupiter XLIX, is a Natural satellite 5E+13	23 345 093	-776. 02	137. 371°	0. 1951	2003
62	XIX	Megaclite	ˌmɛgəˈklaɪti		5	2. Megaclite ( MEG-ə-KLYE-tee or as in Latin Megaclītē from Greek Μεγακλειτη also known as Jupiter XIX 1E+14	24 687 239	-792. 44	150. 398°	0. 3077	2001
63		S/2003 J 2			2	1. S/2003 J 2 is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. The discovery by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led 5E+13	30 290 846	-1077. 02	153. 521°	0. 1882	2003	?

• ⁽¹⁾ Computed using the IAU-MPC Satellites Ephemeris Service µ value
• ⁽²⁾ Source: JPL/NASA
• ⁽³⁾ Source (for Themisto outward): IAU-MPC Satellites Ephemeris Service
• ⁽⁴⁾ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
• ⁽⁵⁾ Computed from IAG Travaux 2001 for Metis through Callisto, showing inclination to Jupiter's equator; taken from IAU-MPC Satellites Ephemeris Service orbital elements for the others, using inclination to the local Laplace plane. The Laplace plane, named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, is defined as the mean plane occupied by the orbit of a Satellite during a Precession cycle

Grouping the moons

Jupiter's satellites fall into two main categories:

• Regular satellites, which consist of the Amalthea group of inner moons and the four Galilean moons, both of which groups formed in situ. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. In situ (ɪn siːˈtuː is a Latin phrase meaning in the place.
• Irregular satellites, substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits; most of these satellites were bodies with originally heliocentric orbits that were captured by Jupiter's gravity. In Astronomy, an irregular moon is a Natural satellite following a distant inclined, and often retrograde Orbit.

Irregular satellites of Jupiter.

The first diagram illustrates the orbits of the irregular satellites of Jupiter discovered so far. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis. In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from In Celestial mechanics, an apsis, plural apsides (ˈæpsɨdɪːz is the point of greatest or least distance of the Elliptical orbit of an object from The satellites above the axis are prograde, the satellites beneath are retrograde. Direct motion is the motion of a Planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system and is sometimes called prograde motion. Direct motion is the motion of a Planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system and is sometimes called prograde motion. The X axis is labelled in Gm (million km) and the fraction of the Hill sphere's (gravitational influence) radius (~53 Gm for Jupiter). The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A Hill sphere is roughly the volume around an Astronomical body (such as a Planet) where it dominates in attraction of Satellites to that body rather The following diagram shows separately the distribution of inclination versus eccentricity for the retrograde satellites, facilitating the identification of the groupings.

Prograde irregular moons

Himalia group is "tight", spread over barely 1. The Himalia group is a group of Prograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common 4 Gm in semi-major axis and 1. In Geometry, the semi-major axis (also semimajor axis) is used to describe the dimensions of ellipses and hyperbolae 6° in inclination (27. 5 ± 0. 8°). The eccentricities vary between 0. In Astrodynamics, under standard assumptions, any Orbit must be of Conic section shape 11 and 0. 25.

Themisto and Carpo are isolated in space. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Themisto ( thə-MIS-toe TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Carpo ( KAR-poh

Retrograde irregular moons

Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs eccentricities with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified.

What is left of the outer retrograde irregular satellites of Jupiter can be grouped into three families, based on shared orbital characteristics and bearing the name of the largest member in each case. These families are clumps in semi-major axis, but also in inclination and in eccentricity.

Carme's group is obvious, centered on a = 23 404 Mm; i = 165. The Carme group is a group of retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Carme and are thought to have a common origin 2±0. 3° and e = 0. 238–0. 272. Only S/2003 J 10 seems somewhat apart, because of its great eccentricity. S/2003 J 10 is a retrograde Irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by

Ananke's group is centered on a = 21 276 Mm; i = 149. The Ananke group is a group of Retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Ananke and are thought to have 0±0. 5° and e = 0. 216–0. 244; but its borders are less definite. The eight core members (S/2003 J 16, Mneme, Euanthe, Orthosie, Harpalyke, Praxidike, Thyone, Thelxinoe, Ananke, Iocaste) are well-clumped, but the attribution of the remaining eight members to the group is debatable to varying degrees. S/2003 J 16 is a Natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Brett J Mneme ( NEE-mee or as in Greek Μνήμη also known as Jupiter XL, is a retrograde irregular satellite Euanthe ( ew-AN-thee Greek = ? also known as Jupiter XXXIII, is a retrograde irregular satellite of Orthosie ( or-THOH-sə-ee or or-THOH-see Greek = ? also known as Jupiter XXXV, is a Natural satellite Harpalyke ( har-PAL-ə-kee or as in Greek Ἁρπαλύκη also known as Jupiter XXII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite Praxidike ( prak-SID-ə-kee or as in Greek Πραξιδίκη also known as Jupiter XXVII, is a retrograde Irregular satellite Thyone ( thye-OH-nee or as in Greek Θυώνη also known as Jupiter XXIX, is a retrograde irregular satellite Thelxinoe ( thelk-SIN-oh-ee or as in Greek Θελξινόη also known as Jupiter XLII, is a Natural satellite of Jupiter TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ananke (, or as in Greek Ανάγκη There is also an Asteroid named 899 Jokaste. ---- Iocaste ( EYE-ə-KAS-tee or as in

Pasiphaë's group, finally, picks up the remainder, with the exception of the moons at the inner and outer limits of the groups (S/2003 J 12 and S/2003 J 2); it is centered on a = 23 624 Mm; i = 151. The Pasiphaë group is a group of Retrograde Irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar Orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought TemplateInfobox Planet.--> S/2003 J 12 is a Natural satellite S/2003 J 2 is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. The discovery by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led 4±6. 9° and e = 0. 156–0. 432 (note the much larger spreads). If it is real, it must be ancient to explain the dispersion of its membership.

S/2003 J 12, and S/2003 J 2, the most exterior moon, are again isolated. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> S/2003 J 12 is a Natural satellite S/2003 J 2 is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. The discovery by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led

Naming

Main article: Naming of moons

The seven satellites discovered between 1904 and 1951—Himalia, Elara, Pasiphaë, Sinope, Lysithea, Carme and Ananke—were not officially named until 1975, 24–71 years after being discovered. The naming of moons has been the responsibility of the IAU 's committee for Planetary System Nomenclature since 1973 Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Himalia (, or as in Greek ‘Ιμαλíα TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Elara (, or as in Greek Ελάρα TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Pasiphaë (, or as in Greek Πασιφάη TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Sinope (, or as in Greek Σινώπη TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Lysithea (,, or as in Greek Λυσιθέα Carme (, or as in Greek Κάρμη is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ananke (, or as in Greek Ανάγκη They were for the most part simply known by their Roman numeral designations, Jupiter VI through Jupiter XII, although various names were proposed in 1955, 1962, and 1973.

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but For the moon of Jupiter, see Metis (moon. TemplateInfobox Planet. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 38 Leda (ˈliːdə is a large dark Main belt Asteroid. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 52 Europa (jʊˈroʊpə is an Asteroid. TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 85 Io (ˈaɪoʊ eye'-oh) is a large dark Main belt TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 239 Adrastea is a typical main belt Asteroid. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU:

• Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed
• Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto

See also: Name conflicts of solar system objects

For the literary minded: the names for the satellites are all taken from Greek mythology, more specifically, from lovers or amorous adventures of Zeus/Jupiter, the top god on Olympus. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Ganymede (ˈgænɨmiːd, or as Greek TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Callisto (kəˈlɪstoʊ, or as Greek TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 204 Kallisto is a fairly typical although sizeable Main belt Although in principle every named body in the Solar System ought to have a distinct name due to a variety of circumstances there are several real or apparent name conflicts Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece

See also

• Galilean moons
• Jupiter's moons in fiction
• Natural satellites of Earth · Mars · Saturn · Uranus · Neptune

Notes

References

• Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter, Nature, 423 (May 2003), pp. The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. Jupiter 's extensive system of natural satellites &ndash in particular the four large Galilean moons (Io Europa Ganymede and Callisto &ndash has been a common Mars has two tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are thought to be captured Asteroids If viewed from the surface Saturn has 60 confirmed moons. These include 22 regular satellites, which all have Prograde orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect Uranus has twenty-seven named moons. Five of them are massive enough to have achieved Hydrostatic equilibrium and so would be considered Dwarf planets Neptune has thirteen known moons. The largest by far is Triton, discovered by William Lassell just seventeen days after the discovery of Neptune itself Scott S Sheppard is an Astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science. David C Jewitt is a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. 261-263 Full text(pdf).
• Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Carolyn Porco Jupiter's outer satellites and Trojans, In: Jupiter. Scott S Sheppard is an Astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science. David C Jewitt is a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. Carolyn Porco (born March 6 1953 in New York City) is an American planetary scientist known for The planet, satellites and magnetosphere Edited by Fran Bagenal, Timothy E. Dowling, William B. McKinnon. Cambridge planetary science, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81808-7, 2004, p. 263 - 280. Full text(pdf).

External links

• Jupiter's Moons by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Jupiter satellite data
• 43 more moons orbiting Jupiter
• Cast: Jupiter's Moons