| Queen of Canada | |
|---|---|
| Monarchy | |
| Federal | |
 Royal Coat of Arms of Canada | |
 | |
| Incumbent: Elizabeth II | |
| Style: | Her Majesty |
| Heir apparent: | Charles, Prince of Wales |
| First monarch: | Victoria |
| Formation: | July 1, 1867 |
| Canada | |
 This article is part of the series: | |
General | |
 | |
Other countries · Atlas Politics Portal | |
The monarchy of Canada, also known as the Canadian monarchy,[1][2] is a constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Canada,[3] forming the core of the country's Westminster style parliamentary democracy. The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. The Twenty-Eighth Canadian Ministry is the combined Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Secretaries of State that have governed The following list outlines the Structure of the Canadian federal government. In the Canadian cabinet the President of The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (President du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada is nominally in charge of the Privy In Canada the Privy Council Office (Bureau du Conseil privé is the Secretariat of the federal cabinet and the department of the Prime Minister The Clerk of the Privy Council (Greffier du Conseil privé is the senior Civil servant in the government and the Secretary to the Canadian Cabinet. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The 39th Canadian Parliament was in session from April 3 2006 until September 7 2008 The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Speaker of the Senate of Canada ( French: Président du Sénat du Canada) is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The Leader of the Government in the Senate (Leader du gouvernement au Sénat is a Canadian cabinet minister who leads the government side in the Canadian Senate In Canada, the Leader of the Official Opposition in the Senate ( French: Leader de l'opposition au Sénat) is the leader of the largest party in the Representation in the Canadian Senate is divided into seats on a provincial basis The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and In Canada the Speaker of the House of Commons ( French: Président de la Chambre des communes) is the presiding officer of the The Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Leader du gouvernement à la Chambre des communes more commonly known as the Government House Leader, is the In Canada Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition ( French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) commonly known as the Official Opposition, is usually In Canada, each political party with representation in the House of Commons has a House Leader who is a Front bench Member of Parliament (MP and an expert The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Canadian parliament is listed below See also Canadian electoral system, Timeline of Canadian elections The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada has two chambers. The Canadian electoral system is based on a Parliamentary system of Government, modelled on that of the United Kingdom. The 2006 Canadian federal election (more formally the 39th General Election) was held on January 23 2006 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Supreme Court of Canada consists of the Chief Justice of Canada ( Juge en chef du Canada) and eight Puisne Justices all appointed by Beverley McLachlin PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold that position List of final courts of appeal in Canada. For details on the court system see Canadian court system. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. In many Commonwealth jurisdictions the phrase "peace order and good government" is an expression used in law to express the legitimate objects of Legislative The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Canadian federalism is one of the three pillars of the constitutional order along with Responsible government and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Federal and provincial aspects Across the country the Canadian Crown is unitary the headship of state is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure Executive Councils in the Provinces and territories of Canada are constitutional organs headed by the Lieutenant-Governor. National regions Provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following Regions (generally from west to east Northern Canada Canadian political culture is in some ways part of a greater North American and European political culture, which emphasizes Constitutional law The foreign relations of Canada are Canada 's relations with other governments and peoples This is a list of leaders and office-holders of Canada. See also Canadian incumbents by year. Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system [4] The terms Crown in Right of Canada, Her Majesty in Right of Canada, or The Queen in Right of Canada may also be used to refer to the entire executive of the government of Canada. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada.
The present monarch is Elizabeth II – officially styled Queen of Canada (French: Reine du Canada) – who has reigned since February 6, 1952. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant" is qualifying reference to a female Monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She, her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, their eldest son and the heir apparent,[5] Prince Charles, and other members of the Canadian Royal Family undertake various public ceremonial functions across Canada and on behalf of the country abroad. This page lists those Monarchs who have reigned over Canada since Confederation in 1867, at which time the country was deemed to have become a kingdom An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive However, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role, holding ultimate executive authority over the government and legislative structure of Canada,[4][6] though her Royal Prerogative remains bound by policies and procedures set down either by laws enacted in parliament or by conventions and precedents,[3] leaving the day-to-day exercise of executive power to the Cabinet. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British Common law system inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. While several powers are the sovereign's alone, most of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties in Canada are carried out by the Queen's representative, the Governor General,[3] at present Michaëlle Jean; as such, the Governor General can sometimes be referred to as the de facto head of state. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, A De facto head of state is a term used to an office-holder who fulfils some many or all of the functions of a Head of state. [7] In each of Canada's provinces the monarch is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor. The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure [3] The territories are not sovereign, and thus do not have a viceroy. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.
The Canadian monarch, besides reigning in Canada, separately serves as head of state for each of fifteen other Commonwealth countries,[4] putting Canada in a personal union relationship with those other states. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct This developed from the former colonial relationship of these countries to the United Kingdom, but they are now independent and the monarchy of each is legally distinct. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located As such, the Canadian Crown also has uniquely Canadian symbols, sometimes being colloquially dubbed the Maple Crown,[8] a term first coined by Governor General Lord Grey in 1905. A number of royal symbols exist in Canada, reflecting the country's status as a Constitutional monarchy. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. Albert Henry George Grey 4th Earl Grey, GCMG, GCVO, PC (28 November 1851 &ndash 29 August 1917 was a British nobleman who was Governor [9]
Origins
The current Canadian monarchy can trace its ancestral lineage back to the Anglo-Saxon period, and ultimately back to the kings of the Angles and the early Scottish kings. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon Angles were the dominant Germanic tribe in the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, and gave their name to the English. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe Parts of the territories that today comprise Canada were claimed under King Francis I in 1534, while others were claimed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1583; both of whom are blood relatives of the current monarch. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Kinship terminology refers to the words used in a specific culture to describe a specific system of familial relationships Throughout the 18th century, via war and treaties, the Canadian colonies of France were ceded to King George III. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The colonies were confederated by Queen Victoria in 1867 to form Canada as a kingdom in its own right,[10] and the country was proclaimed fully independent, via constitutional patriation, by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II
International and domestic aspects
Canada, as one of the Commonwealth realms, is in personal union with fifteen other states within the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct [11][12][13][14] Though they have the same person as their respective monarch, each country is sovereign and independent of the others,[14] meaning the Canadian monarchy has both a separate and a shared character.
- Further information: Commonwealth realm: The Crown in the Commonwealth realms
Shared monarchy
The Balfour Declaration of 1926 provided the Dominions the right to be considered equal to Britain, rather than subordinate; an agreement that had the result of a shared Crown that operates independently in each realm rather than a unitary British Crown under which all the Dominions were secondary. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The Balfour Declaration of 1926, named after the British Lord President of the Council Arthur Balfour, Earl of Balfour was the name given to a report resulting A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law, further elaborated in the Statute of Westminster, 1931. Passed on April 12, 1927, the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 ( 17 Geo 5 c The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo Since that date, on all matters of the Canadian state, the monarch is advised solely by Canadian federal and provincial Ministers of the Crown,[2] and, effective with the Constitution Act, 1982, no British or other realm government can advise the monarch on any matters pertinent to Canada. Minister of the Crown is the formal constitutional term used in the Commonwealth realms to describe a minister to the reigning sovereign The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. [15] The monarchy also thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time (in both legal and common language) for reasons historical, political, and of convenience.
Title
The shared and domsestic aspects of the Crown are also highlighted in the sovereign's Canadian title, currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith (French: Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi). Queen Elizabeth II is the second person to be recognised as Head of the Commonwealth (which currently has 53 members "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [16] The sovereign's role specifically as Queen of Canada, as well as her status as monarch of other nations, is communicated by mentioning Canada separately from, but along with, the Queen's other lands. [16] Typically, the sovereign is styled Queen of Canada, and is addressed as such when in Canada or performing duties on behalf of Canada abroad. Also, although the Queen's Canadian titles include "Defender of the Faith/Défenseur de la Foi," neither the Queen nor any of her governors has any religious role in Canada; there have never been any established churches in Canada. "Defender of the Faith" redirects here For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith An established church is a church officially sanctioned and supported by the government of a country e
Finance
The sovereign only draws from Canadian coffers for support in the performance of her duties when in Canada or acting as Queen of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the Queen, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada. This applies equally to other members of the Royal Family. [17] Normally, tax dollars pay only for the costs associated with the Governor General and ten Lieutenant Governors in the exercise of the powers of the Crown, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonies, and the like. [17]
The provincial and federal governments keep records of expenditures associated with the Crown, but no official report on the full cost of the monarchy is compiled. Every three years, the Monarchist League of Canada issues a survey, based on the various federal and provincial budgets, expenditures and estimates, that outlines a yearly cost for the functioning of the Crown. The Monarchist League of Canada is a national non-partisan non-profit organization whose mission is "to promote the understanding of and loyalty to the Canadian Crown The 2005 survey found that the institution cost Canadians roughly $49 million in 2004. [18] Previous surveys found that the overall cost of the Canadian Crown was $22 million in 1999,[19] and $34 million in 2002. [17][20] (This does not take into account the inflation of the Canadian Dollar over these years. )
Succession
Succession is by male-preference primogeniture governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement, 1701, and the Bill of Rights, 1689. Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700 and passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne The Bill of Rights (or Declaration of Rights) is an act of the Parliament of England, with the Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties This legislation limits the succession to the natural (i. e. non-adopted), legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and stipulates that the monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, nor married to one, and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne, clauses that have led to legal challenge. Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born Electress Sophia of Hanover (born Sophia Countess Palatine of Simmern; 14 October 1630 – 8 June 1714) was the youngest daughter The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican O'Donohue v Canada was a legal challenge to the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the throne of Canada. Though these constitutional laws, as they apply to Canada, now lie within the control of the Canadian parliament,[21] via adopting the Statute of Westminster Canada agreed not to change its rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms, unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship; a situation that applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the United Kingdom, and which has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. [22] Thus, Canada's line of succession remains identical to that of the United Kingdom; however, there is no provision in Canadian law that states the King or Queen of Canada must be the same person as the King or Queen of the United Kingdom; if the United Kingdom were to breach the convention set out in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster and change the line of succession to the British throne without Canada's consent, the alteration would have no effect on the reigning sovereign of Canada or his or her heirs and successors. Succession to the British throne is governed both by Common law and statute TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy [21] As such, the rules for succession are not fixed, but may be changed by a constitutional amendment.
Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign) it is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the Governor General, on behalf of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, which meets at Rideau Hall after the ascession. In relation to the shared Monarchy of the Commonwealth realms the Demise of the Crown is the legal term for the end of a Reign by a king or queen A proclamation (Lat proclamare, to make public by announcement is an official declaration The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council Rideau Hall is since 1867, the Official residence of the Governor General of Canada, and of the monarch of Canada when in Ottawa. Ted McWhinney has theorised that failure to make this proclamation would result in an empty throne for Canada, leaving the Governor General as full head of state. Edward "Ted" McWhinney QC (born May 19, 1924) is a Canadian lawyer and academic specializing in constitutional [23] However, the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony; hence arises the phrase "The King is dead. Long live the King!" Following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is also coronated in the United Kingdom, though this ritual is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet was undoubtedly king during his short time on the throne. The King is dead Long live the King! (French Le Roi est mort vive le Roi ! is a traditional proclamation made following the Accession of a new Monarch in various Mourning is in the simplest sense synonymous with Grief over the Death of someone The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other All incumbent viceroys, judges, civil servants, legislators, military officers, etc. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. , are not affected by the death of the monarch, as per the 1927 Act Respecting the Demise of the Crown, though they are required to re-take the Oath of Allegiance. The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise (or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch taken along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants [24] After an individual ascends the throne, he or she typically continues to reign until death. Monarchs are not allowed to unilaterally abdicate; the only Canadian monarch to abdicate, Edward VIII, did so with the authorization of the Canadian government granted to the His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936. His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 c 3 was the Act of the British Parliament that allowed King Edward VIII A special Act of Canadian Parliament &ndsah; the Succession to the Throne Act, 1937 – later confirmed this in law. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. The Succession to the Throne Act (1 Geo VI c16 was the Act of the Canadian Parliament thatratified Canadian consent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication
Constitutional role
Canada's constitution is made up of a variety of statutes and conventions that are either British or Canadian in origin, which gives Canada a similar parliamentary system of government to the other Commonwealth realms. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions All powers of state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch,[25] who is represented at the federal level by the Governor General – appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada – and at the provincial level by Lieutenant Governors – appointed by the Governor General upon the advice of the Prime Minister, usually in consultation with the relevant provincial premier,[26] and the monarch is informed of the Prime Minister's decision before the Governor General gives Royal Assent. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an [27] Most of the Queen's domestic duties are performed by these vice-regal representatives. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.
All institutions of government are said to act under the sovereign's authority; as such, the constitution instructs that any change to the position of the monarch, or the monarch's representatives in Canada, requires the consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The government of Canada is also thus formally referred to as Her Majesty's Government in Canada. [28] However, since the early 1970s, though the constitutional arrangements have not changed, the government is more often addressed simply as The Government of Canada. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada.
Executive
The role of the Queen and the Governor General is both legal and practical; the Crown is regarded as a corporation, in which several parts share the authority of the whole, with the Queen as the person at the centre of the constitutional construct. [29]
The vast powers that belong to the Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy Parliamentary approval is not required for the exercise of the Royal Prerogative; moreover, the consent of the Crown must be obtained before either of the houses of parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests. It is important to note that the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown, and not to any of the ministers, though it may sometimes appear that way. [29] While the Royal Prerogative is extensive, it is not unlimited. For example, the monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes; such an action requires the authorization of an Act of Parliament. An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament.
In Canada's constituional system, one of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint a prime minister, who thereafter heads the Cabinet and advises the monarch and Governor General on how to execute their executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs; the advice tendered is typically binding. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. Advice, in Constitutional law, is formal usually binding instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another Since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British Cabinet (when almost all of Canada was still French colonial territory), the monarch reigns but does not rule. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of In the Politics of the United Kingdom, the Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister In Canada, this has been true since the Treaty of Paris ended the reign of Canada's last absolute monarch, King Louis XV of France. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 This means that the monarch's role, and thereby the vicegerents' role, is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate, though the royal figures may unilaterally use the Royal Prerogative in exceptional constitutional crisis situations,[30][29] such as when Governor General Julian Byng refused a request by Prime Minister Mackenzie King for a dissolution of parliament and call for new elections, resulting in the King-Byng Affair. A constitutional crisis is a severe breakdown in the orderly operation of Government. Field Marshal Julian Hedworth George Byng 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy GCB GCMG MVO ( 11 September 1862 &ndash William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian The King-Byng Affair was a Canadian Constitutional crisis that occurred in 1926 when the Governor General of Canada, Lord Byng of Vimy, refused Also, Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, John C. Bowen, in 1937 refused to grant Royal Assent to three bills passed by William Aberhart's Social Credit government on the grounds that they were unconstitutional,[31] and Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Frank Lindsay Bastedo reserved Royal Assent to a bill in 1961, passing it on, instead, to the Governor General for consideration. The Lieutenant Governor of Alberta is the vice-regal representative of the Queen of Canada in the province of Alberta. John Campbell Bowen ( October 3, 1872 – January 2, 1957) was a Clergyman and was the longest-serving Lieutenant-Governor The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an William Aberhart ( December 30, 1878 &ndash May 23, 1943) also known as Bible Bill for his religious preaching was a Canadian The Social Credit Party of Alberta is a provincial Political party in Alberta, Canada, that was founded on the Social credit monetary policy William Aberhart ( December 30, 1878 &ndash May 23, 1943) also known as Bible Bill for his religious preaching was a Canadian The Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan is the vice-regal representative of the Queen of Canada in the province of Saskatchewan. Frank Lindsay Bastedo (1886-1973 was Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan. [32] There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the Queen. These include signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of Canadian honours, and the approval of any change in her Canadian title. The Canadian honours system has developed as a unique entity since the centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 when the first distinctly Canadian honour the [33] On occasion the monarch must personally act directly in partisan affairs. In politics a partisan is a committed member of a party In multi-party systems the term is typically understood to describe a person who supports their party's measures without an For example, this occurred when Queen Elizabeth II directed, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, that the number of Senate seats be increased to assure passage of the GST. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991
In accordance with convention, the monarch or Governor General, to maintain the stability of government, must appoint as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Commons: usually the leader of the politial party with a majority in that house, but also when no party or coalition holds a majority (referred to as a minority government situation), or other scenarios in which the Governor General's judgement about the most suitable candidate for prime minister has to be brought into play. Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and This article lists political parties in Canada. Federal parties See also List of federal political parties in Canada Provincial A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or [34] The Governor General also appointes to Cabinet the other ministers of the Crown, who are, in turn, accountable to the democratically elected House of Commons, and through it, to the people. Minister of the Crown is the formal constitutional term used in the Commonwealth realms to describe a minister to the reigning sovereign The Queen is informed by her viceroy of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing-in of a new prime minister and other members of the ministry,[34] and she remains fully briefed through regular communications from her Canadian ministers, and holds audience with them where possible. The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. [35]
| “ | The Crown is an integral part of a practical form of government, and as such it has a direct and substantive part to play in the lives of all Canadians. [36] | ” |
—David E. Smith, The Invisible Crown, 1995 | ||
Members of various executive agencies, and other officials are appointed by the Crown. The commissioning of lieutenant governors, privy councillors, senators, the Speaker of the Senate, Supreme Court justices, and Superior and County Court judges in each province also falls under the Royal Prerogative, though these duties are specifically assigned to the Governor General by the Constitution Act, 1867, save for the appointment of judges to the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian In Common law systems a superior court is a Court of general Competence which typically has unlimited Jurisdiction with regard to civil and The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The lieutenant governors are also specifically delegated to appoint under the Great Seal of the Province, the Attorney General, the Secretary and Registrar of the Province, the Treasurer of the Province, the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works, and, in the Case of Quebec, the Solicitor General. Crown land is a designated area belonging to The Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the Monarchy and could not be
In addition, it is the Crown's prerogative to declare war, maintain the Queen's peace, and direct the actions of the military. The Queen's peace (or during the reign of a male monarch King's peace) is the term used in the Commonwealth realms to describe the protection the monarch in right The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence The Royal Prerogative also extends to foreign affairs: the sovereign or Governor General negotiates and ratifies treaties, alliances, and international agreements. As with other uses of the Royal Prerogative, no parliamentary approval is required; however, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of Canada; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The Governor General, on behalf of the Queen, also accredits Canadian High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states. High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment In addition, all Canadian passports are issued in the monarch's name. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder In Canada, major public inquiries are called Royal Commissions, and are created by the federal or provincial Cabinet, on behalf of the monarch, at either the federal or the provincial level of government through a Royal Warrant. A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government The term Royal Commission may also be used in the United Kingdom to describe the group of Lords Commissioners who may act in the stead of the A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. History The earliest recorded British Royal Charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England.
Parliament
The sovereign, along with the Senate and the House of Commons, is one of the three components of parliament. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The authority of the Crown in parliament is embodied in the mace for each house, which both bear a crown at their apex. The monarch and viceroy do not, however, participate in the legislative process save for the granting of Royal Assent. Further, the Constitution Act, 1867, outlines that the Governor General alone is responsible for summoning the House of Commons, though it remains the monarch's prerogative to prorogue, and dissolve parliament, after which the writs for a general election are usually dropped by the Governor General at Rideau Hall. A parliamentary session is a period of time where the Legislature in a Parliamentary government is sitting In Parliamentary systems a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a Legislature at the call of an Election. A writ of election is a Writ issued by the Government ordering the holding of a special Election for a governmental Office. Dropping the writ is the informal term for a procedure in some Parliamentary government systems, where the Head of government, that is the prime Rideau Hall is since 1867, the Official residence of the Governor General of Canada, and of the monarch of Canada when in Ottawa. The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament, during which either the monarch or the Governor General reads the Speech from the Throne. In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament As the monarch and viceroy cannot enter the House of Commons, this, as well as the bestowing of Royal Assent, takes place in the Senate chamber; Members of Parliament are summoned to these ceremonies from the Commons by the Crown's messenger, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, after he knocks on the doors of the lower house that have been slammed closed on him, to symbolise the barring of the monarch from the Commons. The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, generally shortened to just Black Rod, is an official in the parliaments of a number of Commonwealth countries [37]
Provinces
The Canadian monarchy is a federal one in which the Crown is unitary across the country, with the headship of state being a part of neither the federal nor provincial jurisdictions, meaning the sovereignty of the provinces is passed on not by the Governor General or the Canadian parliament, but through the Crown itself. A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as over-all head of the federation but retaining different monarchs or a non-monarchical system of government in the Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. This means that, though unitary, the Crown is "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions; into eleven "crowns" – one federal and ten provincial. [38] The Fathers of Confederation viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulkwark against any potential fracturing of the Canadian federation. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the [39]
A Lieutenant Governor serves as the Queen's representative in each province, carrying out all the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties of state on her behalf. In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure The Commissioners of Canada's territories of Nunavut, Yukon, and Northwest Territories are appointed by the Governor-in-Council, at the recommendation of the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, but, as the territories are not sovereign entities, the commissioners are not representatives of the sovereign. Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory The Queen-in-Council (or during the reign of a male monarch King-in-Council) is the technical term of Constitutional law that refers to the exercise of Executive The Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (Ministre des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet
Legal role
All laws in Canada are enacted only with the viceroy's, or sovereign's, granting of Royal Assent; usually done by the Governor General or relevant Lieutenant Governor, with the Great Seal of Canada or the appropriate provincial seal. The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an The Great Seal of Canada is a seal used for official purposes of state in Canada such as the certification of Acts of Parliament that have been granted Thus, all federal bills begin with the phrase "Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows,"[40] There is some debate over whether the monarch is constitutionally allowed to personally grant Royal Assent to provincial bills,[41] however, he or she can do so for the federal parliament (as George VI did in 1939), and the Governor General may defer Royal Assent to the sovereign. A Lieutenant Governor of a province may similarly defer to the Governor General, who may in turn defer to the monarch, who has the power to disallow any bill, within a time limit specified by the constitution. Recently, activists opposed to Bill C-38 lobbied Queen Elizabeth II to disallow the legislation after it was passed by parliament. On July 20, 2005, Canada became the fourth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide with the approval of the Civil Marriage Act. However, it received Royal Assent from Beverley McLachlin, then Deputy of the Governor General, on July 20, 2005. Beverley McLachlin PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold that position Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Territorial legislatures, unlike their provincial counterparts, are subject to the oversight of the Government of Canada. [42][43][44]
The sovereign is deemed the fount of justice, and is responsible for rendering justice for all subjects. However, he or she does not personally rule in judicial cases; instead, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. Hence, the common law holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong"; the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his or her own courts for criminal offences. Civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government) are permitted; however, lawsuits against the monarch personally are not cognizable. In international cases, as a sovereign and under established principles of international law, the Queen of Canada is not subject to suit in foreign courts without her express consent. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards [28] The sovereign, and by extension the Governor General, also exercises the prerogative of mercy, and may pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it
In addition, the monarch also serves as a symbol of the legitimacy of courts of justice, and of their judicial authority. An image of the Queen or the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Canada is always displayed in Canadian courtrooms; exceptions are the courts of British Columbia, the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, and some of the courts of Ontario, where the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of the United Kingdom are displayed as a symbol of the judiciary. The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador is the Superior court for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official Coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. [45][46] Itinerant judges will display an image of the Queen and the Canadian flag when holding a session away from established courtrooms; such situations occur in parts of Canada where the stakeholders in a given court case are too isolated geographically to be able to travel for regular proceedings. For the word itinerant used to describe electrons from free-electron metals see Jellium. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag
In Canada the legal personality of the state is referred to as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (French: Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada), and likewise for the provinces and territories (i. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. e. , in Right of Ontario, etc. ). [47] For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Likewise, in a case in which a party sues both the province of Saskatchewan and the federal government, the respondents would formally be called Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Saskatchewan and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 [48] In this capacity, all Crown copyright is held by the Queen, either in Right of Canada or of a relevant province. Crown copyright is a form of Copyright claim used by the governments of a number of Commonwealth realms It provides special copyright rules for The Crown [49]
- Further information: The Crown
Cultural role
Representing the state
| “ | The Canadian Crown continues as a key element of our parliamentary democracy and an enduring symbol that represents all generations of Canadians and the best that is our country. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government [50] | ” |
Prior to the reign of George VI, when Canadians were still, both by law and personal view, British subjects, the monarchy was viewed as a predominantly or purely British institution. In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings However, paralleling the changes in constitutional law and the evolution of Canadian nationalism, the cultural role of the monarchy in Canada altered. Canadian nationalism is a term which has been Since that time, the federal and provincial governments have recognized and promoted the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada as separate to his or her position as monarch of the United Kingdom. [51][52][53] The first shifts were seen during the 1939 royal tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, when Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King desired that the King perform duties specifically as King of Canada, and travel to the United States in the same capacity. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [54] and John Diefenbaker directed Queen Elizabeth II to do the same in order to demonstrate Canada's sovereignty from the United Kingdom. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Also, from the beginning of Elizabeth's reign onwards, royal symbols in Canada were altered or new ones created to make them distinctly Canadian, such as the sovereign's Canadian royal standard, instituted in 1962,[55] and the augmentation of the Royal Arms of Canada in 1994. The Queen's Personal Canadian Flag, sometimes called the Royal Standard of Canada, is the personal standard, or official Flag, of Elizabeth II The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official [56]
Today the sovereign is regarded as the personification of the Canadian state, described by the Department of Canadian Heritage as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians,"[10][35] a concept akin to that expressed in the statement by King Louis XIV: "l'État, c'est moi", or, "I am the state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage, is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for policies and programs Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent "[57] Elizabeth II said in 1973: "But it is as Queen of Canada that I am here, Queen of Canada and of all Canadians, not just of one or two ancestral strains. I want the Crown to be seen as a symbol of national sovereignty belonging to all. It is not only a link between Commonwealth nations, but between Canadian citizens of every national origin and ancestry. "
As such, the monarch is the owner of all state lands, buildings, and equipment – called Crown land and Crown held property[58] – though only in his or her position as sovereign, and not as an individual. Crown land is a designated area belonging to The Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the Monarchy and could not be Government staff are also employed by the monarch; the Supreme Court found in the 1980 case Attorney General of Quebec v. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian Labrecque that civil servants in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called "the state," but rather they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. "[59] This situation is similar for the governors, judges, members of the Canadian Forces, police officers, and parliamentarians, who all technically work for the monarch. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. In this role, the monarch is the locus of oaths of allegiance; it states in the Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada that "allegiance to the King means allegiance to the Country. The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise (or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch taken along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants "[60] Hence, many employees of the Crown are required by law to recite the Oath of Allegiance before taking their posts, though the 2003 Public Services Modernization Act ended the requirement of civil servants to swear allegiance to the Queen. The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise (or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch taken along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants Also, by the Citizenship Act, new citizens also must swear allegiance to the monarch in the Oath of Citizenship, in reciprocation to the sovereign's Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises "to govern the Peoples of . Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada or birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen The Oath of Citizenship, as established by the Citizenship Act (R A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a Monarch with regal power specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head and the . . Canada . . . according to their respective laws and customs". [61]
Past Ontario chairman of the Monarchist League of Canada Gary Toffoli stated: "The Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels. The Monarchist League of Canada is a national non-partisan non-profit organization whose mission is "to promote the understanding of and loyalty to the Canadian Crown There is no other legal embodiment. That is why the oath is taken to the Queen. It is not taken because she is an admirable person in her own right or because it is a nice tradition to maintain. It is taken to the Queen because she is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state. [62]
Royal presence and duties
Members of the Royal Family have been present in Canada since the late 1700s, either on military maneuvers, for official tours, or as the vice-regal representative of the British, and later Canadian monarch.
Though the monarch and the rest of the Royal Family live predominantly in the United Kingdom, they will, from time to time, carry out ceremonial duties related to Canada; members visit regularly enough that, on occasion, royal visits to Canada are also referred to by monarchists as Royal Homecomings. There has been an extended royal presence in Canada since the end of the 18th century Canadian monarchism is the advocacy of the retention of Canada's monarchy, generally in opposition to Canadian republicanism, and is driven by various factors including Usually important milestones, anniversaries, or celebrations of Canadian culture will warrant the presence of the monarch, and other royals will be asked to participate in lesser occasions. Canadian culture is a term that encompasses the artistic musical literary culinary political and social elements that are representative of Canada not only to its own population In these instances, when acting at the direction of the Canadian Cabinet, they are doing so as monarch of Canada and members of the Canadian Royal Family,[63] respectively, and will carry out two types of duties:
Official duties involve the sovereign representing the state at home or abroad, or other Royal Family members participating in a government organised ceremony in Canada or elsewhere. The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. [64][65][66][67][68] For example, the monarch and/or his or her family have been involved in events in Canada such as various centennials and bicentennials, Canada Day, the openings of Pan American, Olympic and other games, anniversaries of First Nations treaty signings, award ceremonies, D-Day commemorations, anniversaries of the monarch's accession, and the like. Canada Day (Fête du Canada formerly Dominion Day, is Canada 's national day, a federal statutory holiday, celebrating the anniversary of the The Pan American Games are a Multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of The Americas. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The numbered treaties are a series of eleven treaties signed between First Nations in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada ( Victoria D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Presently, the Department of Canadian Heritage is responsible for organizing official events in Canada involving the Royal Family, as part of the State Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Program. The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage, is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for policies and programs [69][70] Also, while the sovereign and his or her family more frequently represent the UK abroad, as directed by the British Cabinet, and typically the Governor General, as representative of the monarch, will undertake state visits and other foreign duties on behalf of Canada,[71][72] the Royal Family have taken part in Canadian events overseas: King Edward VIII dedicated the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France,[73] George VI and his wife visited the United States as King and Queen of Canada,[54][74] and Queen Elizabeth II has undertaken duties on behalf of Canada in the US,[75][76][77] the United Kingdom,[78][79] and France. In the Politics of the United Kingdom, the Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers chosen by the Prime Minister "Official visit" redirects here For the Yes Minister episode see " The Official Visit " The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a Canadian National Historic Site and one of Canada 's most important overseas war memorials. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [79][80][81][82] Other royals have participated in Canadian ceremonies abroad such as Prince Charles at the anniversary of D-Day in France,[83] and Prince Edward at the anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "Passchendaele" redirects here For the 2008 film by that name see Passchendaele (film The 1917 Battle of Passchendaele, also known as The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those [84][85]
Unofficial duties are performed by Royal Family members on behalf of Canadian organizations of which they may be patrons, through their attendance at charity events, visiting with members of the Canadian Forces as Colonel-in-Chief, or marking certain key anniversaries. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence In the British and other Commonwealth armies the Colonel-in-Chief of a Regiment is its (usually royal) Patron. [68] The invitation and expenses associated with these undertakings are usually borne by the associated organization. In 2002 members of the Royal Family were present at a total of 117 Canadian engagements, 57 events in 2003, 19 in 2004, and 76 in 2005.
Apart from Canada, the Queen and other members of the Royal Family regularly perform public duties in the other fifteen nations of the Commonwealth in which the Queen is head of state (see, for example, List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II). Below is a list of visits to Commonwealth countries made by Queen Elizabeth II. As the Crown within these countries is a legally separate entity from the Canadian Crown, it is funded in these countries individually, through the ordinary legislative budgeting process. This situation, however, can mean the monarch and/or members of the Royal Family will be promoting one nation and not another; a situation that has been met with criticism. [86]
- Further information: Royal tours of Canada
Symbols
The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself; described as "the personal expression of the Crown in Canada. A number of royal symbols exist in Canada, reflecting the country's status as a Constitutional monarchy. "[87] Thus, the monarchy is symbolized through images of the sovereign on currency and in portraits in public buildings; in songs, toasts and salutes;[88][89] on decorations and honours; and on provincial and national coats of arms. The Canadian honours system has developed as a unique entity since the centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 when the first distinctly Canadian honour the The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official Certain key days are also reserved to celebrate the monarchy, Victoria Day – the reigning sovereign's official birthday[90] – and the day of the Royal Christmas Message, broadcast to the Commonwealth of Nations since 1932. The Royal Christmas Message (currently coined The Queen's Speech) is broadcast by Queen Elizabeth II to the Commonwealth at Christmas.
There are also hundreds of places named for Canadian monarchs and members of the Royal Family all across Canada. No individual has been more honoured than Queen Victoria in the names of Canada's public buildings, streets, populated places and physical features. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [91]
- Further information: National symbols of Canada and Canadian royal sites
History
The first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy, often referring to these leaders as kings and their lands as kingdoms. [92] There is also evidence that the aboriginals had a similar understanding of monarchy, most notably in the legend of the Kingdom of Saguenay, and tales of "wealthy kingdoms in the north" told by Iroquoians to Jacques Cartier in 1534. The name "Kingdom of Saguenay" (Royaume du Saguenay has its origin in an Algonquin legend as recorded by the French during French colonisation in The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France [93][94]
Canada has been the territory of a monarchy, or a monarchy in its own right, since the establishment of New France. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Territory of the French Crown was merged with the North American colonies under the British Crown through the Treaty of Paris in 1763. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain In 1867, Canada became a self-governing Dominion under the British Crown (originally intended to be named the Kingdom of Canada), and, from that date to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982, Canada developed into a kingdom in its own right. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The name of Canada has been in use since the earliest European settlement in Canada, with the Name originating from a First Nations word Thus, kings and queens reigning over Canada have included the monarchs of France (from Francis I in 1534 to Louis XV in 1763), those of the UK (from Anne of Great Britain in 1713 to King George VI in 1952), to Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada today. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 See also List of British consorts. This is a list of the monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II
Canada's emergence as a sovereign constitutional monarchy after 1931 was demonstrated in the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936; when Canada had to pass its own Succession to the Throne Act, which effected changes to the rules of succession in Canada so that they matched those within the other realms of the British Commonwealth. The Succession to the Throne Act (1 Geo VI c16 was the Act of the Canadian Parliament thatratified Canadian consent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication [95] A few years later, Canada's new status was again demonstrated when King George VI and Queen Elizabeth travelled from Canada into the United States as King and Queen of Canada. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George [96] The Constitution Act of 1982 was said to have entrenched the monarchy in Canada, due to the stringent requirements, as laid out in the amending formula, that must be met to alter the monarchy in any way. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada.
Continuing the tradition started in the early 1800s, throughout the 20th century members of the Royal Family coninued to tour the country, as the viceroy and/or to mark key events. A milestone was reached in 1939, when King George VI became the first reigning monarch to tour Canada, as well as to visit the United States as King of Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the As ease of travel increased, visits by the sovereign and/or Royal Family members became more and more frequent, seeing the Queen Elizabeth II officiate at such important moments as the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959; the Canadian Centennial in 1967; the opening of the 1976 Olympics in Montreal; the patriation of the Constitution in 1982, the 500th anniversary, in 1997, of Cabot's landing at Bonavista; and more. The St Lawrence Seaway is the common name for a system of Canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes See also 1958 in Canada, other events of 1959, 1960 in Canada and the Timeline of Canadian history. The Canadian Centennial was a year long celebration held in 1967 when Canada celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Canadian Confederation. See also 1966 in Canada, other events of 1967, 1968 in Canada and the Timeline of Canadian history. The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Montreal, Quebec Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution See also 1981 in Canada, other events of 1982, 1983 in Canada and the List of 'years in Canada'. See also 1996 in Canada, other events of 1997, 1998 in Canada and the List of 'years in Canada'. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the Bonavista (2006 population 3764 is a Town on the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland in the Canadian However, through the 1960s and 1970s, the rise of Quebec nationalism and changes in Canadian identity created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the monarchy came into question. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world Debate on the Monarchy of Canada has been taking place since before Confederation in 1867 though it has rarely been of significance since the Rebellions of 1837 Some references to the monarch and the monarchy were slowly removed from the public eye, and moves were made by the federal government to constitutionally alter the monarchy's place and role in Canada, though the system has remained essentially the same. [97]
In 1999, it was reported in the media that the federal government was considering the idea of changing Canada to a republic, news that drew some negative reaction, and denial by the then Prime Minister. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its A survey of the provincial premiers at the time showed only one in favour of such a move. [98] Soon after, the Queen's Golden Jubilee took place in 2002, celebrating Elizabeth II's fifty years as Queen of Canada; the concurrent country-wide tour by the sovereign and her consort, and the attendant fêtes, proved popular with Canadians. The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II 's accession to the throne This page lists those Monarchs who have reigned over Canada since Confederation in 1867, at which time the country was deemed to have become a kingdom Fête is a French word meaning Festival or Holiday, which has passed into English as a label that may be given to certain events [99][100][101]
Canadian Royal Family
The Canadian Royal Family is a group of people closely related to the monarch of Canada;[102] it is a non-resident royal family, as those who comprise the group live predominantly in the United Kingdom; some members have lived in Canada for extended periods as viceroy, such as Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Major-General Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George Cambridge 1st Earl of Athlone KG GCB GCMG GCVO Members often perform ceremonial and social duties but, aside from the monarch, have no role in the affairs of government. Those who comprise the Royal Family carry the style His or Her Majesty (HM), His or Her Royal Highness (HRH), or sometimes The Right Honourable (in French: Sa Majesté (SM), Son Altesse Royale (SAR), and Le très honorable), which usually results in the application of the term to: the monarch, the consort of the monarch, the widowed consorts of previous monarchs, the children of the monarch, the male-line grandchildren of the monarch, and the spouses and the widowed spouses of a monarch's son and male-line grandsons. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This page lists those Monarchs who have reigned over Canada since Confederation in 1867, at which time the country was deemed to have become a kingdom
It has been stated by the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust that Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, due to his having lived in Canada between 1791 and 1800, and his being father of Queen Victoria, is "the ancestor of the modern Canadian Royal Family". The Prince Edward Duke of Kent and Strathearn (Edward Augustus 2 November 1767 &ndash 23 January 1820 was a member of the British Royal Family, the fourth son of King Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [103] However, the concept of the Canadian Royal Family did not emerge until after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Though the act came into effect during the reign of King George V, Canadian officials only began to overtly consider putting the principles of Canada's new status as an independent kingdom into effect during the late 1930s. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or [104] At first, the monarch was the only member of the Royal Family to carry out public ceremonial duties solely on the advice of Canadian ministers; King Edward VIII became the first to do so when he dedicated the Vimy Memorial in July, 1936 – one of his few obligations performed during his short reign. The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a Canadian National Historic Site and one of Canada 's most important overseas war memorials. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [105] Over the decades, however, the monarch's children, grandchildren, cousins, and their respective spouses began to perform functions at the direction of the Canadian government, representing the monarch within Canada or abroad.
Despite the length of service, it was not until October 2002, when the term Canadian Royal Family was first used publicly and officially by a member of it: in a speech given to the Nunavut legislature at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory". The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut is located in Iqaluit, and is the territory's Parliament. [106] Still, the Canadian media often still refer to the Royal Family as the British Royal Family. [107][108]
Composition
Queen Elizabeth II is the head of the Royal Family; her family is considered Canada's Royal Family. [109] Those in the direct line of succession owe their allegiance to Elizabeth II specifically as the Queen of Canada,[110] and, according to the Department of National Defence, members of the family who bear the style Royal Highness are subjects specifically of the Canadian monarch,[111] They are entitled to Canadian consular assistance and to the protection of the Queen's armed forces of Canada when they are outside of the Commonwealth realms, and in need of protection or aid. Canada has an extensive diplomatic network maintained by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch [110] Their position as subjects but not citizens of Canada is reflected in the confusion that arises around the awarding of honours to members of the Royal Family; for example, the Order of Canada bestowed upon the Queen Mother was only honorary, though the Canadian Forces Decoration awarded to her was not. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite 4 August 1900 &ndash 30 March 2002 was the Queen Consort of King George The Canadian Forces Decoration is a Canadian Award bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces who have completed twelve years of military service [112][113]
Although there is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the Royal Family[114] – a royal family is loosely defined as the extended family of a monarch – according to former Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps, the Canadian federal government does maintain an official list of Royal Family members for matters of honours and protocol. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Minister of Canadian Heritage and Status of Women (Ministre du Patrimoine canadien is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who heads the Department Sheila Maureen Copps, PC (born November 27, 1952) is a Canadian Journalist and former Politician. [115] Because of the shared nature of the Crown, most members of the Canadian Royal Family are also members of the British Royal Family, and are thus also members of the House of Windsor. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom and each of the other Commonwealth realms The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg There are some exceptions, however; for instance Angus Ogilvy was included in the Department of Canadian Heritage's Royal Family list,[116] whereas he was not considered a member of the British Royal Family. Sir Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, KCVO ( 14 September 1928 &ndash 26 December 2004) was a British businessman best known as the husband The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage, is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for policies and programs
There have been two marriages of Canadian citizens into the extended royal family. In 1988, Sylvana Jones (neé Tomaselli) married George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, a great-grandson of George V. Sylvana Palma Windsor Countess of St Andrews (born Sylvana Palma Tomaselli, May 28, 1957) is the wife of George Windsor Earl of St Andrews George Philip Nicholas Windsor Earl of St Andrews (born 26 June 1962 is the son of Prince Edward Duke of Kent and his wife Katharine Duchess of Kent. On May 18, 2008, Autumn Kelly, originally from Montreal, married Peter Phillips. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Autumn Patricia Phillips (born Autumn Patricia Kelly on 3 May 1978 is the wife of Peter Phillips, himself the only son of The Princess Anne Princess Royal Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (born 15 November 1977 is the only son of The Princess Anne The Princess Royal and her first husband Captain Mark Phillips. [117] Phillips is the son of Princess Anne, and the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Divorced spouses of the monarch's descendants are removed from the official government list of Royal Family members, as was the case with Diana, Princess of Wales. [115]
Canadian poet George Elliott Clarke has publicly opined on a fully First Nations royal family, asking "why can't a truly Canadian royal family be Aboriginal or Métis? I think the project . George Elliott Clarke (born February 12 1960) is a Canadian Poet and Playwright. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, . . would do wonders for national identity and national unity". [118] However, this would contravene the convention laid out in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster (a part of the Canadian Constitution). The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo
The existence of a Canadian royal family has been contested by some, mostly in the small Canadian republican movement. Debate on the Monarchy of Canada has been taking place since before Confederation in 1867 though it has rarely been of significance since the Rebellions of 1837 However, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Iona Campagnolo has also stated she feels Canada does not "really have a royal family". The Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia is the vice-regal representative of the Queen of Canada in the province of British Columbia. Iona Campagnolo PC, CM, OBC (born October 18, 1932) is a Canadian politician and was the Lieutenant-Governor [26]
- See also: List of Members
Styles
Unlike in the United Kingdom, in Canada the sovereign is the only member of the Royal Family who has a title established through law. The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Though it would be possible for other members of the Royal Family to be granted distinctly Canadian titles (as is the case for the Duke of Rothesay in Scotland), they have always been, and continue to only be accorded the use of a courtesy title, which is the style they have been granted via Letters Patent in the United Kingdom. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A courtesy title is a form of address in systems of Nobility used by children former wives and other close relatives of a peer. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right
However, in Canada these styles are also translated to French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The most senior members of the Royal Family are styled as follows:
- His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh: Son Altesse Royale le prince Philip, duc d'Édimbourg
- His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales: Son Altesse Royale le prince de Galles
- His Royal Highness The Duke of York: Son Altesse Royale le duc d'York
- His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex: Son Altesse Royale le comte de Wessex
- Her Royal Highness The Countess of Wessex: Son Altesse Royale la comtesse de Wessex
- Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal: Son Altesse Royale la princesse Royale
Popularity
The popularity of the Royal Family with Canadians, as well as individual members of it, has fluctuated over the years. Sophie Countess of Wessex ( née Rhys-Jones, born 20 January 1965 is a member of the British Royal Family, the wife of Prince Edward Earl of Wessex Mirroring the mood in the United Kingdom, the family's lowest approval was during the mid-1980s to 1990s when the children of the monarch were enduring their divorces, and were the targets of negative tabloid reporting. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest Some recent poll results follow:
- An EKOS Research Associates Poll conducted in May 2002, concluded that 35% of Canadians found the Royal Family boring, 52% saw them as interesting, with 12% stating neither. EKOS Research Associates Inc is a Canadian public opinion research company founded by Carleton University graduate Frank Graves 44% said they were irrelevant, 46% said the opposite, and 8% said neither. 59% saw the Royal Family as tired, 22% deemed them vibrant, and 17% put them at neither. [119]
- A March 2005, Decima Research Poll found some interesting support levels for members of the Royal Family. Decima Research is a public opinion and market research company in Canada, founded in 1979 by Progressive Conservative Party of Canada strategist 71% of Canadians had a favourable impression of the Royal Family. Only 20% had an unfavourable impression of the Royal Family. The poll found that 28% of Canadians saw the Queen as their favourite member of the Royal Family, Prince William was second with 26%, Prince Harry was third with 9%, Prince Charles was fourth with 6% and Prince Philip last with 2%. For actual Princes of Wales called Henry see Henry Prince of Wales.
Residences
The sovereign's primary official residence is Rideau Hall in the city of Ottawa. Rideau Hall is since 1867, the Official residence of the Governor General of Canada, and of the monarch of Canada when in Ottawa. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. [104],[120][121] which is also the official home of the Governor General. Rideau Hall is the site of most state banquets, investitures, swearing-in of ministers, and other ceremonies. Moreover, visiting heads of state usually reside at that palace. Another principal residence is La Citadelle, in Quebec City, and is used principally as retreat for the Governor General. The Citadelle —the French name is used both in English and French—is a military installation and official residence located atop Cap Diamant, adjoining the Plains of Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province The provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island also maintain residences, used primarily by the respective Lieutenant Governor, though the monarch or other members of the Royal Family will reside there when in the province. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P
The aforementioned residences belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers, and cannot be sold by the monarch. However, monarchs have owned certain homes in a private capacity: King Edward VIII owned Bedingfield Ranch, near Pekisko, High River, Alberta. High River is a town in southwestern Alberta, Canada with a population of 10716 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905
The Crown and the First Nations
The Crown has a long relationship with the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of Canada. The relationship between the Canadian Crown and the First Nations Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada stretches back to the first interactions between European First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page As with the Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, Canada's First Nations view their treaties as being agreements directly between them and the Crown, not with the ever-changing government of Canada. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 remains an important document, mentioned in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, outlining the Crown's responsibility to protect First Nations' territories. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the [122][123]
Over the centuries there have been literal and symbolic gestures to demonstrate the "nation-to-nation" relationship, from the commemoration by Queen Anne of the "Four Mohawk Kings" in 1710,[124] to Queen Elizabeth II donating a piece of Balmoral granite engraved with the ciphers of Queen Victoria and herself to the First Nations University of Canada in 2005. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of The Four Mohawk Kings or Four Kings of the New World were the three Mohawk and one Mahican Chiefs of the Iroquoian Confederacy For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The First Nations University of Canada (formerly Saskatchewan Indian Federated College) is a university in Saskatchewan, Canada with campuses in [125] The First Nations, in return, honour members of the Royal Family with ceremonies and traditional titles.
The Crown and the Canadian Forces
The Crown holds a prominent place within the Canadian Forces. The Canadian Crown is the controlling authority of the Canadian Forces, evidenced in the command structure symbols and history of the armed forces of Canada. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence The Queen is the Commander-in-Chief of the entire Forces, though the Governor General holds this title and exercises the duties on behalf of the sovereign. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces [126] The Queen is also the Honorary Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. [127]
The sovereign's position and role in the military is reflected by naval vessels bearing the prefix Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS) – His Majesty's Canadian Ship during the reign of a king – and all members of the Armed Forces must swear allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors. The designation Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS (in French Navire Canadien de Sa Majesté) is applied as a prefix to any Canadian Forces Members of the Royal Family are also Colonel-in-Chief of many Canadian regiments. In the British and other Commonwealth armies the Colonel-in-Chief of a Regiment is its (usually royal) Patron. As such, members of the Royal Family have presided over many military ceremonies both abroad and at home, including Trooping the Colours, inspections of the troops, and anniversaries of key battles; whenever the sovereign or a member of her family is in Ottawa, they lay a wreath at the National War Memorial. Trooping the Colour is a military ceremony performed by Regiments of the Commonwealth and the British Army. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. The National War Memorial (also known as The Response) is a tall granite Cenotaph with acreted bronze sculptures that stands in Confederation Square
- Further information: List of Canadian Organizations with royal patronage – Military
Organizations with royal association
Besides government and military institutions, a number of Canadian civilian organizations have associations with the monarchy, either through their being founded via a Royal Charter, or because at least one member of the Royal Family serves as a patron. This is a list of Canadian organizations with royal patronage.
Organizations under Royal Charter
A Royal Charter is granted by the monarch on the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council This is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organizations under Royal Charters. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy Such organizations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, and cities. Today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters.
Examples of organizations under Royal Charter are: the Hudson's Bay Company, founded by Royal Charter issued by King Charles II in 1670;[128] Saint John, New Brunswick, receiving its charter in 1786 from King George III;[129] and McGill University, which received a Royal Charter from King George IV in 1821. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places
Canadian Organizations with royal patronage
Until modern industrial times, all development of the sciences and the arts were under the direct control of the monarch, exercised by the foundation of colleges that today form the basis of modern universities. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The endowments to provide for these colleges were established by the Crown to further education in both ecclesiastical and secular matters. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs
As time progressed, the educated members of these organizations formed into groups to lecture, demonstrate and debate their various subjects. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. These groups either sought royal patronage, or were created as memorials for the predecessors of the reigning monarch. A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something usually a person (who has died or an event Other colleges and foundations have been endowed by the owners of the great landed estates and, in later times, by industrialists and finally modern corporate bodies. An estate is the Net worth of a person at any point in time It is the sum of a person's Assets - legal rights interests and entitlements to Property of A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business However, even in present times, relatively new organizations still seek royal patronage, though it is a ceremonial function wherein the royal will either volunteer their time for service or make a charitable donation. To receive royal patronage, an organization must prove to be long lasting.
- Further information: List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage
Awards and charities
A number of awards in Canada are issued in the name of previous or present members of the Royal Family. This is a list of Canadian organizations with royal patronage.
Charities and volunteer organizations have also been founded as gifts to, or in honour of some of Canada's monarchs, or members of the Royal Family. This is a list of all known awards in Canada, conferred by either members of the Canadian Royal Family, Viceroys governments or private organizations These include:
- The Victorian Order of Nurses was a gift to Queen Victoria for her Diamond Jubilee in 1897
- The Canadian Cancer Fund was set up in honour of King George V's Silver Jubilee in 1935
- The Queen Elizabeth II Fund to Aid in Research on the Diseases of Children
- The Queen Elizabeth II Trust Fund to assist young Canadians in better understanding each other's language and culture was established during Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977
Debate
To date, there has been little national debate about ending the monarchy in Canada, in contrast to some other Commonwealth realms where the issue has gained a relatively higher profile. The Victorian Order of Nurses ( VON) is a Non-profit Charitable organization founded in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada on A Diamond Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 60th Anniversary in the case of a person (e A Silver Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 25th anniversary Debate on the Monarchy of Canada has been taking place since before Confederation in 1867 though it has rarely been of significance since the Rebellions of 1837 A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch Many Canadians continue to be unaware that the Queen serves as their head of state; a 2002 EKOS poll found that only five percent of Canadians could correctly identify Elizabeth II as Canada's head of state (the majority believing it to be the Prime Minister). EKOS Research Associates Inc is a Canadian public opinion research company founded by Carleton University graduate Frank Graves [130]
Where debate does exist, it tends to be a largely academic one, and several books have been written that explore the subject from a political science perspective. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Neither of Canada's two main political parties, the Liberal Party or the Conservative Party, is officially in favour of abolishing the monarchy; though the latter makes support for constitutional monarchy a founding principle in its policy declaration. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative [131] The New Democratic Party (NDP) has no official position on the role of the monarchy. Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots Unlike other Commonwealth realms, Canada has never had a head of government who has been openly republican. Some politicians, having pledged allegiance to the Queen, have occasionally publicly voiced their opinion on the matter, following former-Deputy Prime Minister John Manley's 2002 statement that he was in favour of abolishing the monarchy – later stating that it was his personal opinion. The Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (Vice-premier ministre du Canada is an honorary position in the cabinet, conferred at the discretion of the prime minister.
The one province that has shown significant republican sentiment is Quebec; the Parti Québécois has at times expressed hostility to the institution of the monarchy. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and However, as the party views Quebec sovereignty as a more pressing concern, and sees the Crown as a purely federal institution (despite the existence of the Crown in Right of Quebec), it has recently tended to decline comment on the issue. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some The Monarchy in Quebec is the Constitutional system of government in which a hereditary Monarch is the sovereign and Head of state of the
Canada has two special-interest groups representing both sides of the debate, who frequently argue the issue in the media: Monarchist League of Canada and the Citizens for a Canadian Republic. The Monarchist League of Canada is a national non-partisan non-profit organization whose mission is "to promote the understanding of and loyalty to the Canadian Crown Citizens for a Canadian Republic (CCR is a non-partisan not-for-profit Canadian organization founded in 2002 that advocates the replacement of the Canadian monarchy
See also
Other realms: monarchy
Other realms: royal family
Canada
- List of Canadian monarchs
- Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces
- Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada
- National symbols of Canada
- Canadian royal sites
Other
- States headed by Elizabeth II
- Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II
- List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II
- Dominion
- List of monarchies
Notes
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: The Canadian Monarchy
- ^ a b Buckingham Palace: The Queen and Commonwealth: Canada
- ^ a b c d Forsey, Eugene; How Canadians Govern Themselves: The Institutions of Our Federal Government; Library of Parliament; sixth edition; pg. 1
- ^ a b c Forsey, Eugene; How Canadians Govern Themselves: Introduction; Library of Parliament; sixth edition; pg. 1
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Prince of Wales Royal Visit
- ^ Constitution Act, 1867; 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (U.K.); III.9; March 29, 1867
- ^ Governor General: Role
- ^ The Honourable Jason Kenney; Talking Points for The Honourable Jason Kenney, Secretary of State (Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity); Lieutenant Governors Meeting; Regina, Saskatchewan; April 23, 2007
- ^ Lord Grey stated about his inauguration of Alberta and Saskatchewan in a telegram to King Edward VII: "[each one] a new leaf in Your Majesty's Maple Crown". A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. This page lists those Monarchs who have reigned over Canada since Confederation in 1867, at which time the country was deemed to have become a kingdom In Canada Commander-in-Chief can refer to both the position of supreme commander of the Canadian Forces, and to the title granted to the Viceroy. The Canadian honours system has developed as a unique entity since the centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 when the first distinctly Canadian honour the National symbols of Canada are the Symbols that are used in Canada and abroad to represent the country and its people. The Canadian royal sites are Palaces Chapels monuments and the like built for and/or under the patronage of the British, French, or Canadian The number of states headed by Queen Elizabeth II has varied during her years on the throne all-together seeing her as Head of state of a total of thirty-three countries during Queen Elizabeth II has been head of state of 32 different Commonwealth Realms since 1952 Below is a list of visits to Commonwealth countries made by Queen Elizabeth II. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and There are and were a very large number of monarchies in the world Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Grey Papers; Grey to Edward VII; 4 March and 1 Sept. 1905
- ^ a b The Crown in CanadaPDF (376 KB)
- ^ Zines, The High Court and the Constitution, 4th ed. (1997) at 314: "The Queen as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand is in a position resembling that of the King of Scotland and of England between 1603 and 1707 when two independent countries had a common sovereign"; the relationship between England and Scotland during those years is described as a personal union. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct
- ^ P. E. Corbett (1940). "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law". The University of Toronto Law Journal 3: 348. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ F. R. Scott (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". The American Journal of International Law 38: 34–49. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ a b The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth . The Court of Appeal of England and Wales is the second most senior court in the English legal system, with only the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords above . . in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada". R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association, QB 892 at 928; as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999 HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998]
- ^ In 1997, British Prime Minister Tony Blair intended to offer a Life Peerage to Canadian businessman Conrad Black. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to In the United Kingdom, life peers are created members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as Hereditary Conrad Moffat Black Baron Black of Crossharbour PC, KCSG, OC, (born 25 August 1944, in Montreal, Quebec) is Citing the 1919 Nickle Resolution, the Canadian government advised the Queen that they have objected to such honours for many years. The Canadian titles debate has been ongoing since the adoption of the Nickle Resolution in 1919 If Blair had not backed down, the Queen would have been in the situation of having to grant an honour on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and to object to the same as Queen of Canada on the advice of then Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien. Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime The problem was resolved when Black renounced his Canadian citizenship. Canada raised no further objections and he was granted his peerage, becoming Lord Black of Crossharbour. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets ( is a London borough to the east of the City of London, England and north of the River Thames in East
- ^ a b Canadian Heritage: Royal Style and Titles Act; 1 - 2 Elizabeth II; Chap. 9; February 11, 1953
- ^ a b c The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian
- ^ $1.53 per Canadian: The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy, 2005PDF (1. 08 MB)
- ^ The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: 74 Cents per Canadian
- ^ The Constantian Society. The Constantian Society's detailed comparison of the costs of monarchies versus republics. The Constantian Society is a political group in the United States devoted to promoting the system of Constitutional monarchy as a superior form of government A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its
- ^ a b Toporoski, Richard; Monarchy Canada: The Invisible Crown; Summer, 1998
- ^ Justice Rouleau in a 2003 court ruling wrote that "Union under the . O'Donohue v Canada was a legal challenge to the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the throne of Canada. . . Crown together with other Commonwealth countries [is a] constitutional principle". O’Donohue v. Canada, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.)
- ^ McWhinney, Edward (2005). The Governor General and the Prime Ministers. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press, 16-17; 34. ISBN 1-55380-031-1
- ^ Documents on Canadian External Relations; Volume #18 - 1, Chapter 1, Part 1; Death and Accession of the Monarch
- ^ Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Secretaries of State; Library and Archives Cataloguing in Publication; 2007; p. 49
- ^ a b McCullough, John; Interview with Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo; April 23, 2004
- ^ Forsey, Eugene; How Canadians Govern Themselves; Parliament of Canada
- ^ a b Documents on Canadian External Relations: Chapter VIII: Relations with the United States; Part III
- ^ a b c Cox, Noel; Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law: Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence; Volume 9, Number 3 (September 2002)
- ^ Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: Parliamentary Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “In very exceptional circumstances, the Governor General could refuse a request for a fresh election. ”
Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: The Institutions of Our Federal Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “But they almost invariably must act on their Ministers’ advice, though there may be very rare occasions when they must, or may, act without advice or even against the advice of the Ministers in office. ”
Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: Canadian and American Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “Yes: in Canada, the head of state can, in exceptional circumstances, protect Parliament and the people against a Prime Minister and Ministers who may forget that "minister" means "servant," and may try to make themselves masters. For example, the head of state could refuse to let a Cabinet dissolve a newly elected House of Commons before it could even meet, or could refuse to let Ministers bludgeon the people into submission by a continuous series of general elections. ”
Zolf, Larry (June 28, 2002). CBC News: Boxing in a Prime Minister. CBC News. “The Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister prematurely calling for the death of a Parliament. ”
By Executive Decree: The Governor General. Library and Archives Canada. “In exceptional circumstances, the governor general may appoint or dismiss a prime minister. ”
Governor General of Canada: Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General. Office of the Governor General of Canada. “One of the governor general’s most important responsibilities is to ensure that Canada always has a prime minister and a government in place. In the case of the death of a prime minister, it is the governor general’s responsibility to ensure the continuity of government. ”
McWhinney, Edward (2005). The Governor General and the Prime Ministers. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press, 16-17; 34. ISBN 1-55380-031-1. - ^ The Citizen's Guide to the Alberta Legislature Part I: The Foundation
- ^ "Frank Lindsay Bastedo", Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
- ^ Speech by Governor General Roland Michener, Nov. 19, 1970
- ^ a b Governor General of Canada: The Swearing in of a new Ministry
- ^ a b Buckingham Palace: The Queen and Commonwealth: Canada: The Queen's role in Canada
- ^ Smith, David E. ; The Invisible Crown; University of Toronto Press; 1995; p. 26
- ^ Parliament of Canada: Officers and Officials of Parliament
- ^ Jackson, Michael; Canadian Monarchist News: Golden Jubilee and Provincial Crown; Spring, 2003
- ^ Smith; p. 8
- ^ Bill C43: An Act to provide for consultations with electors on their preferences for appointments to the Senate
- ^ Munro, Kenneth and Toporoski, Richard; Canadian Monarchist News: Can the Queen Give Royal Assent in a Provincial Legislature?; Fall/Winter 2005; pg. 17
- ^ Department of Justice Canada: Northwest Territories Act; 1985
- ^ Department of Justice Canada: Yukon Act; 2000
- ^ Department of Justice Canada: Nunavut Act; 1993
- ^ Courts of British Columbia
- ^ Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador - Home
- ^ Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change; May 21, 2004
- ^ Lac La Ronge Indian Band vs. Her Majesty the Queen In Right of Canada, and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of the Province of Saskatchewan; Q. B. No. 2655 of 1987
- ^ Natural Resources Canada: Map of Canada
- ^ Canadian Heritage: 2005 Royal Visit: The Queen and Canada: 53 Years of Growing Together
- ^ Canada: a Constitutional Monarchy
- ^ Biography: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Queen of Canada
- ^ Saskatchewan Government Relations: The Crown in Canada
- ^ a b According to the official Royal Tour historian Gustave Lanctot, George VI was to be present in Canada as a living example the fact of Canada's status as an independent kingdom. Gustave Lanctot, OC, FRSC, also spelled Gustave Lanctôt, ( 5 July 1883 &ndash 2 February 1975) was a Canadian Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page During the tour of the United States, the King and Queen were accompanied by Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, as the sole Minister in Attendance, rather than by a British minister, by way of reinforcing that their visit to the United States was a visit from Canada. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Source: Galbraith, William (1989), “Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit”, Canadian Parliamentary Review 12 (3), <http://www.parl.gc.ca/Infoparl/english/issue.htm?param=130&art=820>
- ^ Franco, Guida; Canadian Almanac & Directory 2006; Toronto: Micromedia ProQuest; 2006; p. 3. ISBN 1-895021-90-1.
- ^ Royal Heraldry Society of Canada: The Coat of Arms
- ^ Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly - April 10, 1996 - Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995
- ^ National Defence: Crown held automobiles
- ^ Smith; p. 79
- ^ Beauchesne, Arthur; Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada; Fourth Edition; The Carswell Company Limited; Toronto; 1958; p. 14
- ^ The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953
- ^ Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly - April 10, 1996 - Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995
- ^ Buckingham Palace: The Monarchy Today: Canada
- ^ CBC News: Queen arrives in Saskatchewan; May 18, 2005
- ^ Royal Insight Magazine: The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh pay a centenary visit to Canada, 17-24 May 2005
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: The 2005 Royal Visit - Day 9
- ^ Buckingham Palace: Guidelines and Procedures for the Acceptance, Classification, Retention and Disposal of Gifts to Members of the Royal Family
- ^ a b Jackson, Michael; Canadian Monarchist News: The "Working" Princess: Saskatchewan Welcomes the Princess Royal; Summer, 2004
- ^ Canada Post; Canada's Stamp Details: Queen Elizabeth: 1926-2006; Vol. XV No 1; January to March 2006
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Reinforcement of constitutional links with the institutions of the Canadian Monarchy
- ^ Governor General of Canada: Report on Performance
- ^ Library and Archives Canada: By Executive Decree: The Governor General
- ^ Foot, Richard; The Vancouver Sun: Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own; April 4, 2007; p. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A4
- ^ The Royal Tour of 1939. Library and Archives Canada. Library and Archives Canada (in French: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is a Canadian federal government department responsible for the collection Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ The Queen's Speeches
- ^ Time Magazine: Royal Visit; October 21, 1957
- ^ Buckner, Phillip Alfred; Canada and the End of Empire; UBC Press; 2004
- ^ Cout Circular: Wednesday, 13 May 1998
- ^ a b The Canadian Royal Heritage Trust: Elizabeth II Queen of Canada
- ^ Valpy, Michael; The Globe and Mail: A Queen and her agent may mix Flap over Clarkson's D-Day appearance with Queen based on false convention; June 8, 2004
- ^ CTV News: Remembering Vimy - 90th Anniversary Celebrations on CTV, April 9; April 6, 2004
- ^ Canadian Monarchist News: Royal Respect for Canada's Vimy Heroes, Queen of Canada Rededicates Memorial on French Soil; Summer, 2007; No. 26
- ^ CTV News: Prince Charles, Clarkson honour D-Day fallen; June 6, 2004
- ^ Court Circular: Sunday, 14th April 2007
- ^ Canadian Monarchist News: Another Member of the Canadian Royal Family Performs Duties Abroad; Summer, 2007; No. 26
- ^ Former External Affairs Minister Mitchell Sharp commented on a situation wherein Elizabeth II was in Latin America to promote British goods at the same time a Canadian ministerial trip to the same area was underway to promote Canadian products. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Mitchell William Sharp PC, CC ( May 11, 1911 &ndash March 19, 2004) was a Canadian politician and a Companion Sharp stated: "We couldn't ask Her Majesty to perform the function she was performing for Britain on that Latin American trip because the Queen is never recognized as Queen of Canada, except when she is in Canada". Sharp, Mitchell; Which Reminds Me. . . , A Memoir; Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1994; p. 223
- ^ MacKinnon, Frank; The Crown in Canada; Glenbow-Alberta Institute; 1976; p. 69
- ^ Department of National Defence: The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces; pg. 404
- ^ Department of National Defence: The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces; pg. 449-450
- ^ Heritage Canada: Victoria Day
- ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia:Victoria
- ^ The Four Indian Kings
- ^ Canada: History
- ^ Ferguson, Will; The Lost Kingdom; Macleans, October 27, 2003
- ^ O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada
- ^ The Royal Tour of 1939
- ^ Dr. Stephen Phillips; Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark
- ^ Premiers Nix Monarchy Abolition: "Not a Government Project at this point"
- ^ CBC News: Queen drops puck, raises cheer in arena
- ^ CBC News: Queen helps CBC TV mark 50th anniversary
- ^ CBC News: Queen begins visit to New Brunswick
- ^ Ministry of Indian and Northern Affairs: Commissionners of the Territories: Honours of Office
- ^ Toffoli, Gary; The Royal Family and the Armed Forces; Canadian Royal Heritage Trust
- ^ a b Galbraith, William; Canadian Parliamentary Review: Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit; Vol. 12, No. 3, 1989
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada: VAC Canada Remembers: The Battle of Vimy Ridge - Fast Facts
- ^ Text of The Queen's address to the Legislative Assembly in Nunavut, Canada, 4 October 2002
- ^ Peter; Toronto Star: Queen rules for city critics; December 20, 2006
- ^ Canadian Press; Winnipeg Sun: Royal wedding details emerge; April 11, 2005
- ^ Ministry of Indian and Northern Affairs: Commissionners of the Territories: Honours of Office
- ^ a b Noonan, Peter C. ; The Crown and Constitutional Law in Canada; Sripnoon Publications, Calgary; 1998
- ^ Department of National Defence: The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces; pg 281
- ^ Queen Mother appointed to Order of Canada
- ^ Commemoration Service for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,C.C.
- ^ Heraldica: FAQ
- ^ a b Copps, Sheila; Toronto Sun: PM should ignore flag bureaucrats; April 26, 2006
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Royal Family
- ^ CBC News: Montrealer Autumn Kelly weds Queen's eldest grandson; May 17, 2008
- ^ Lingley, Scott; University of Alberta Senate: Clarke calls on grads to help achieve the ideals of Canada; June 7, 2005
- ^ EKOS: Trust and the Monarchy: and examination of the shifting public attitudes toward government and institutions; May 30, 2002
- ^ Lanctot, Gustave; Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939; E. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. P. Taylor Foundation; 1964
- ^ Aimers, John; Monarchy Canada: The Palace on the Rideau; April 1996
- ^ A Historical Analysis of Early Nation to Nation Relations in Canada and New Zealand:The Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Treaty of Niagara and The Treaty of Waitangi
- ^ Fundamental Treaty Principals
- ^ Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
- ^ Monchuk, Judy; The Globe and Mail: Natives decry 'token' presence for Queen's visit; May 11, 2005
- ^ Governor General of Canada: Commander in Chief of the Canadian Forces
- ^ Land Forces: H.M. Elizabeth II Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Test your royal skills
- ^ Canada's Cities: Unleash our Potential
- ^ Eskos poll
- ^ Conservative Party of Canada: Policy Declaration
External links
Official sites from the Canadian government
- Canadian government website for the Canadian Monarchy
- Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy from the Government of Canada
- 2005 Royal Tour official website
- Golden Jubilee Celebrations in Canada
- House of Windsor Family TreePDF (74. 2 KB)
- Writing to the Canadian Royal Family
Other external links
- Buckingham Palace website for the Canadian Monarchy
- Maple Leaf Web: The Monarchy in Canada
- Learning About the Canadian Crown Website
- CBC Archives: Their Majesties in Canada
- The Canadian Crown
- The Unofficial Website of the Canadian Monarchy
- Film footage of Queen Elizabeth II in Canada
- Film footage of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada, 1939
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic