| Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov | |
 | |
| Born | November 19, 1711 Denisovka, Arkhangelsk Governorate |
|---|---|
| Died | April 15, 1765 (aged 53) Saint Petersburg |
| Occupation | Sphere of science: natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, philology, optical devices and others. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Lomonosov was a poet. |
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов) (November 19 [O.S. November 8] 1711 – April 15 [O.S. April 4] 1765) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Among his discoveries is atmosphere of Venus. Structure and composition Composition The atmosphere of Venus is composed mainly of Carbon dioxide, along with a small amount of Nitrogen and other Sphere of science: natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Lomonosov was also a poet, who created base of the modern Russian literary language.
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From peasant to scholar
Lomonosov was born in the village of Denisovka (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in the Arkhangelsk Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the Far North of Russia. Kholmogory (Холмого́ры is a historic village ( selo) and the administrative center of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk When he was ten years old the young Lomonosov had to help his father, a fisherman, work, but the boy's thirst for knowledge was unbounded. He almost learned by heart the few books he had access to – and, seeing there was no chance of education at home, he decided to walk to Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of
An opportunity occurred when he was nineteen and by the intervention of friends he obtained admission into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy in 1731. Slavic Greek Latin Academy ( Славяно-греко-латинская академия in Russian) was the first Higher education establishment in He lived on 3 kopecks a day but his progress was very rapid. In only 5 years he completed a 12 year course, finished at the top of his class, and in 1736 he was sent to Saint Petersburg with a scholarship. Year 1736 ( MDCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River There his proficiency, especially in physical science, again stood out. He also plunged into philological science, learned French and German, and ultimately received a 2 year grant to study in German universities. Upon his return to Russia in 1745, he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Academy itself.
Foreign education
He accordingly went to Marburg University in Hesse, Germany, then one of Europe's most important universities (at a time when universities in general were in some decay) because of the presence of the most eminent German Enlightenment philosopher of his time, Christian Wolff. The University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg 'Philip's University Marburg' was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse (usually Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf; also known as Wolfius) baron ( 24 January 1679 - 9 April 1754) was a German Lomonosov studied with Wolff and became one of his personal students; both philosophically and as a science administrator (also a forte of Wolff), this connection would be most influential for the rest of his life.
At Marburg, he also began to write poetry, imitating German authors, among whom he is said to have especially admired Günther. Johann Christian Günther (April 8 1695 - March 15 1723 was a German poet from Striegau in Lower Silesia. His Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks was composed in 1739, and attracted a great deal of attention at Saint Petersburg. Khotyn (Хотин see other names) is a City in Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) of western Ukraine, and is the administrative Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a During his residence in Germany, Lomonosov married a native of that country, and found it difficult to maintain his growing family on the allowance granted to him by the Saint Petersburg Academy, which was scanty and sent irregularly. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National His circumstances became desperate, and he resolved to leave the country and to return to Saint Petersburg. In 1743, his wife joined him there.
His achievements
When he arrived in Russia, he rapidly rose to distinction and was made chemistry professor at Saint Petersburg University, where he ultimately became rector. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Saint Petersburg State University ( Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a Russian federal state-owned higher The word rector ("ruler" from the Latin regere and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin has a number of different meanings but all of them indicate an academic Eager to improve Russian education, Lomonosov joined his patron Ivan Shuvalov in founding the Moscow State University (later named after him) in 1755. Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov ( 1 November, 1727 14 November, 1797) was called the Maecenas of the Russian Enlightenment Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of a secretary of state. Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
In 1756, he tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673 and concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry The phlogiston theory (from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlŏgistón "burning up" from φλόξ phlóx "fire" first stated Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments — of which I append the record in 13 pages — demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".
He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Kinetic theory (or kinetic theory of gases) attempts to explain Macroscopic properties of Gases such as pressure temperature or volume by considering The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov - Lavoisier law says that the Mass of So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760). Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1748, he also created a mechanical explanation of gravitation. The mechanical theories or explanations of Gravitation are attempts to explain the law of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes such as pushes and without the use of
Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg. For freezing as a method of food preservation see Frozen food. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the Planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Year 1761 ( MDCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater Ice that has broken off from a snow-formed Glacier or Ice shelf and is floating in open water
As a geographer, Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift[1], theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could only be formed on a dry land covered with ice)[2], and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. A geographer is a Scientist whose area of study is Geography, the study of Earth 's physical environment and Human habitat Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's Continents relative to each other An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater Ice that has broken off from a snow-formed Glacier or Ice shelf and is floating in open water In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia. Vasili Yakovlevich Chichagov Russian Василий Яковлевич Чичагов ( 28 February, 1726 &ndash 4 April, 1809) was The Northern Sea Route (Се́верный морско́й путь Severniy morskoy put’) is a Shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving
Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic In 1754, in his letter to Leonard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their color led to him became very involved into the mosaics art. Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the Battle of Poltava, measuring 4. 8 x 6. 4 meters. [3][4][5]
In 1755, he wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the Evening Meditation on the God's Grandeur. Ode (from the Ancient Greek) is a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, YU, whereas things that may caused fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U, Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism. Sound symbolism or phonosemantics is a branch of Linguistics and refers to the idea that vocal sounds have meaning Lomonosov published a history of Russia in 1760. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Year 1760 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap In addition, he unsuccessfully attempted to write an epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the Aeneid by Vergil. For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Most of his accomplishments were unknown outside Russia until long after his death.
He died in Saint Petersburg in 1765, leaving no male heirs. His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769-1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. Nikolay Nikolaevich Rayevsky (Николай Николаевич Раевский ( 14 September 1771 &ndash 16 September 1829 A moon crater bears his name. Lomonosov is a lunar crater that is located just behind the western limb of the Moon. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honour. The Lomonosov Ridge (Хребет Ломоносова tr: Khrebet Lomonosova; Dorsale de Lomonossov is an unusual underwater ridge of Continental crust
See also
External links
- Illustrated chronology of Lomonosov's life
- Evening Meditation on the Greatness of God on the occasion of the Northern Lights
- Some of Lomonosov's mosaics
- (Russian) The descendants Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov
References
- ^ Life and Death of Alfred Wegener by Alexey Fedorchuk (Russian)
- ^ Eduard Belcher Prediction of Antarctica by Lomonosov (Russian)
- ^ Lomonsov biography
- ^ [1]
- ^ М. А. Безбородое М.В.Ломоносов. Фабрика В Усть-Рудицах
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Scientist, writer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 19, 1711 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Denisovka |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 15, 1765 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Saint Petersburg |
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