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Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(II) chloride
IUPAC nameMercury(II) chloride
Mercury dichloride
Other namesMercuric chloride
Corrosive sublimate
Identifiers
CAS number[7487-94-7]
Properties
Molecular formulaHgCl2
Molar mass271. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 52 g/mol
Appearancewhite solid
Density5. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 43 g/cm³, solid
Melting point

277 °C

Boiling point

302 °C

Solubility in water7. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 4 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Solubility in other solvents33 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Structure
Coordination
geometry		linear
Molecular shapelinear
Dipole momentzero
Hazards
EU classificationVery toxic (T+)
Dangerous for
the environment (N)
R-phrasesR28, R34, R48/24/25, R50/53
S-phrases(S1/2), S36/37/39, S45, S60, S61
Flash pointnon-flammable
Related compounds
Other anionsMercury(II) fluoride
Mercury(II) bromide
Mercury(II) iodide
Other cationsZinc chloride
Cadmium chloride
Mercury(I) chloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Mercury(II) chloride or mercuric chloride (formerly corrosive sublimate), is the chemical compound with the formula HgCl2. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Mercury fluoride has the molecular formula HgF2 melting point 940k at 1atm Mercury(II bromide or mercuric bromide is the Chemical compound composed of mercury and Bromine with the formula HgBr2 Mercury(II iodide ( Hg[[Iodine I2]] is a Chemical compound with an appearance of red-orange crystals An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of Cadmium and Chlorine, with the formula CdCl2 Mercury(I chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Hg2Cl2 In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum This white crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. It was formerly used more widely, however it is one of the most toxic forms of mercury because it is more soluble than most other forms in water.

Contents

Production and basic properties

Mercuric chloride is not a salt but a linear triatomic molecule, hence its tendency to sublime. In the crystal, each mercury atom is bonded to two close chloride ligands with Hg---Cl distance of 2. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally 38 Å; four more chlorides are more distant at 3. 38 Å. [1]

Mercuric chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury(I) chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a hot, concentrated solution of mercury(I) compounds such as the nitrate:

HgNO3 + 2 HCl → HgCl2 + H2O + NO2,

Heating a mixture of solid mercury(II) sulfate and sodium chloride also affords volatile HgCl2, which sublimes and condenses in the form of small rhombic crystals. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Mercury(I chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Hg2Cl2 Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Mercury(II sulfate, commonly called mercuric sulfate is the Chemical compound Hg[[Sulfur S]] O 4 For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage

Its solubility increases from 6% at 20 °C to 36% in boiling water. In the presence of chloride ions, it dissolves to give the tetrahedral complex [HgCl4]2-.

Applications

The main application of mercuric chloride is as a catalyst for the conversion of acetylene to vinyl chloride, the precursor to polyvinylchloride :

C2H2 + HCl → CH2=CHCl

For this application, the mercuric chloride is supported on carbon in concentrations of ca 5 weight percent. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes Vinyl chloride is the Organic compound with the formula CH2CHCl This technology has been eclipsed by the thermal cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane. Other significant applications of mercuric chloride include its use as a depolarizer in batteries and as a reagent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry (see below). Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. [2]

As a chemical reagent

Mercuric chloride is often used to form an amalgam with metals, such as aluminium. WikipediaNaming When aluminium strips are soaked in mercuric chloride solution, they quickly become covered by a thin layer of mercury. Normally, aluminium is protected by a thin layer of oxide making it inert. Once amalgamated, aluminium can undergo a variety of reactions. For example, it will dissolve in water (this can be dangerous, as hydrogen gas and heat are generated). Halocarbon react with amalgamated aluminium in the Barbier reaction). Halocarbon compounds are Chemicals in which one or more Carbon Atoms are linked by Covalent bonds with one or more Halogen Atoms The Barbier reaction is an Organic reaction between an Alkyl halide and a Carbonyl group as an Electrophilic substrate in the presence of These alkylaluminium compounds are nucleophilic and can be used in a similar fashion to the Grignard reagent. In Chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a Reagent that forms a Chemical bond to Amalgamated aluminum is also used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Another metal commonly amalgamated using mercuric chloride include zinc.

Mercuric chloride is used to remove dithiane groups attached to a carbonyl in an umpolung reaction. Umpolung or polarity inversion in Organic chemistry is the chemical modification of a Functional group with the aim of the reversal of Polarity

Historic use in photography

Mercury(II) chloride was used as a photographic intensifier to produce positive pictures in the collodion process of the 1800s. The collodion process is an early photographic process which was quickly replaced at the end of the 19th century with today's gelatin emulsion process When applied to a negative, the mercury(II) chloride whitens and thickens the image, thereby increasing the opacity of the shadows and creating the illusion of a positive image. [3]

Historic use in preservation

For the preservation of anthropological and biological specimens during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, objects were dipped in or were painted with a mercuric solution. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Objects in drawers were protected by scattering crystalline mercuric chloride over them. [4] It finds minor use in tanning, and wood was preserved by kyanizing (soaking in mercuric chloride) beginning in 1848. All measures that are taken to ensure a long life of wood fall under the definition wood preservation (timber treatment [5]

Historic use in medicine

Syphilis was frequently treated with mercuric chloride before the advent of antibiotics. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa It was inhaled, ingested, injected, and applied topically. Poisoning was so common that its symptoms were confused with those of syphilis. [6]

Toxicity

Mercury(II) chloride is highly toxic and corrosive. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, Hg2+ combines with proteins in the plasma or enters the red blood cells. It does not readily pass into the brain or fetus but may enter into other body organs. The liver is a major site of metabolism for mercury, and all mercury absorbed from the stomach and intestine is carried in blood directly to the liver. It accumulates in the kidneys, and may cause severe damage. Poisoning can result from inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin.

Inhalation may result in corrosive bronchitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and death. Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the Bronchi. More specifically it may refer to Acute bronchitis, caused by viruses or bacteria and lasting Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue Systemic effects following inhalation exposure may include shock, renal disorders, and central nervous system effects characterized by lethargy and neurobehavioral effects (insomnia, loss of memory, excitability, etc). Chronic exposure to low levels of vapor may result in central nervous system effects including fatigue, tremors, and gingivitis. As exposure increases, the frequency and magnitude of muscle tremors increase and are accompanied by personality and behavioral changes (memory loss, excitability, depression, and hallucinations).

Ingestion may cause severe gastrointestinal irritation, renal failure, and death with acute lethal doses in humans ranging from 1 to 4 g. The toxic effects are usually evident within 10–15 minutes of ingestion. Death can occur within 24 hours, resulting from shock, renal damage, severe gastrointestinal damage or kidney failure. Chronic symptoms include increased salivation, bleeding gums and loosening of the teeth.

Dermal contact with mercuric chloride may cause dermatitis and neurological effects. Acrodynia occurs in children and is characterised by a generalised body rash. Mercury poisoning (also known as mercurialism, hydrargyria, Hunter-Russell syndrome, or acrodynia when affecting children is a Disease Other symptoms include swelling and irritation of the hands, feet, cheeks and nose, hair loss, irritability, insomnia, and profuse perspiration which may lead to dehydration. Chronic exposure through absorption is usually the result of regular applications of topical ointments containing mercuric chloride.

In popular culture

Humbert Humbert, the protagonist in Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita, contemplates killing his child lover's mother with "five bichloride-of-mercury tablets in her preprandial sherry. Lolita (1955 is a Novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author Lolita (1955 is a Novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author ", and newspaper headlines in the early part of the 20th century suggest that this compound was popular method of suicide and attempted suicide. Perhaps the most famous person to succumb to what the papers called "mercury bichloride" or "bi-chloride of mercury" was silent film star Olive Thomas whose 1920 death in Paris was ruled accidental. Olive Thomas ( October 20, 1894 &ndash September 10, 1920) was an American Silent film Actress and

In Patrick O'Brian's novel The Wine-Dark Sea, set in the early 19th century, the character Nathaniel Martin is a physician's assistant. Patrick O'Brian, CBE ( 12 December 1914 &ndash 2 January 2000; born as Richard Patrick Russ) was an English The Wine-Dark Sea (1993 is the sixteenth volume in the Aubrey/Maturin series and became Patrick O'Brian's first bestseller in the United States He nearly poisons himself with "The Vienna Treatment", a preparation of the "corrosive sublimate" which is considered extremely dangerous in the wrong hands.

References

  1. ^ Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
  2. ^ Matthias Simon, Peter Jönk, Gabriele Wühl-Couturier, Stefan Halbach "Mercury, Mercury Alloys, and Mercury Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006: Wiley-Interscience. DOI: 10. 1002/14356007. a16_269. pub2
  3. ^ Towler, J. (1864). Stereographic negatives and landscape photography. Chapter 28. In: The silver sunbeam: a practical and theoretical textbook of sun drawing and photographic printing. Retrieved on April 13, 2005.
  4. ^ Goldberg, L. (1996). A history of pest control measures in the anthropology collections, national museum of natural history, Smithsonian Institution. JAIC 35(1) 23–43. Retrieved on April 17, 2005.
  5. ^ Freeman, M. H. Shupe, T. F. Vlosky, R. P. Barnes, H. M. (2003). Past, present and future of the wood preservation industry. Forest Products Journal. 53(10) 8–15. Retrieved on April 17, 2005.
  6. ^ Pimple, K. D. Pedroni, J. A. Berdon, V. (2002, July 09). Syphilis in history. Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington. Retrieved on April 20, 2008.

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