Servius Maurus Honoratus was a late fourth-century grammarian, with the contemporary reputation of being the most learned man of his generation in Italy; he was the author of a book of commentary of Virgil, In tria Virgilii Opera Expositio which was the first manuscript to be printed at Florence, by Bernardo Cennini, 1471. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Bernardo Cennini (1415 — c 1498 was an Italian Goldsmith, Sculptor and early printer of Florence.

In the Saturnalia of Macrobius, he is made to be one of the interlocutors; allusions in that work and a letter from Symmachus to Servius show that he was a pagan. This article is about Macrobius the author for Macrobius the bishop of Seleucia and Calycadnum see Macrobius of Seleucia Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius "Servius" redirects here For the Roman king see Servius Tullius.

The commentary on Virgil has survived in two distinct manuscript traditions. The first is a comparatively short commentary, which is attributed to Servius in the superscription in the manuscripts and by other internal evidence. A second class of manuscripts, all deriving from the tenth and eleventh centuries, embed the same text in a much expanded commentary. The copious additions are in contrast to the style of the original; none of these manuscripts bears the name of Servius. "The added matter is undoubtedly ancient, dating from a time but little removed from that of Servius, and is founded to a large extent on historical and antiquarian literature which is now lost. The writer is anonymous and probably a Christian. " ^[1] A third class of manuscripts, written for the most part in Italy, gives the core text with interpolated scholia, which demonstrate the continued usefulness of the Virgilii Opera Expositio. A scholium, plural scholia (σχόλιον "comment" "lecture" is a grammatical, critical or explanatory comment either original or extracted

The authentic commentary of Servius Maurus Honoratus is in effect the only complete extant edition of a classic author written before the collapse of the Empire in the West. It is constructed very much on the principle of a modern edition, and is partly founded on an extensive Virgilian critical literature, much of which is known only from the fragments and facts preserved in this commentary. The notices of Virgil's text, though seldom or never authoritative in face of the existing manuscripts, which go back to, or even beyond, the time of Servius, yet supply valuable information concerning the ancient recensions and textual criticism of Virgil. In the grammatical interpretation of his author's language, Servius does not rise above the stiff and overwrought subtleties of his time; while his etymologies, as is natural, violate every modern law of sound and sense in favour of creative excursus. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time

In particular, Servius deserves credit for setting his face against the prevalent allegorical methods of exposition of text. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation For the antiquarian and the historian, the abiding value of his work lies in his preservation of facts in Roman history, religion, antiquities and language, which but for him might have perished. Not a little of the laborious erudition of Varro and other ancient scholars has survived in his pages.

Other works

Besides the Virgilian commentary, other works of Servius are extant: a collection of notes on the grammar (Ars grammatica) of Aelius Donatus;^[2] a treatise on metrical endings in verse (De finalibus); and a tract on the different poetic meters (De centum metris). Aelius Donatus (fl late 4th century AD was a Roman Grammarian and teacher of Rhetoric. In Poetry, the meter or metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse.

The edition of Georg Thilo and Hermann Hagen (1878 - 1902), remains the only edition of the whole of Servius' work. Currently in development is the Harvard Servius (Servianorum in Vergili Carmina Commentariorum Editio Harvardiana).

Notes

Sources

• E. K. Rand, "Is Donatus's Commentary on Virgil Lost?" Classical Quarterly 10 (1916), 158-164. Donatus's authorship of the supplementary material.

John J. Savage provides a complete listing of the manuscripts of the Virgilian commentary in two separate articles:

• "The Manuscripts of the Commentary of Servius Danielis on Virgil", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 43 (1932), 77-121;
• "The Manuscripts of Servius's Commentary on Virgil", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 45 (1934), 157-204.

On-Line Texts and Resources

• Servius's Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil is available online through the Perseus Project in Latin.
• On-line edition of De Centum Metris at Intratext.com
• On-line edition of De Centum Metris at Forum Romanorum