(MathML) Mathematical Markup Language
Developed byWorld Wide Web Consortium
Type of formatMarkup language
Extended fromXML
For help writing formulae in Wikipedia, please see Help:Formula. A markup language is an Artificial language using a set of annotations to text that give instructions regarding the structure of text or how it is to be displayed Don't change "Extensible"

Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content. Don't change "Extensible" Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into World Wide Web documents. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. It is a recommendation of the W3C math working group. Working Group can mean Working group, an interdisciplinary group of researchers or Working Group (dogs, kennel club designation for

## History

The specification of version 1. 01 of the format was released in July 1999 and version 2. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) 0 appeared in February 2001. February 2001: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September In October 2003, the second edition of MathML Version 2. October 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - 0 was published as the final release by the W3C math working group. In June 2006 the W3C has rechartered the MathML Working Group to produce a MathML 3 Recommendation until February 2008.

MathML was originally designed before the finalization of XML namespaces. XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named elements and attributes in an XML instance As such, MathML markup is often not namespaced, and applications that deal with MathML, such as the Mozilla browsers, do not require a namespace. For applications that wish to namespace MathML, the recommended namespace URI is http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML.

## Presentation and semantics

MathML deals not only with the presentation but also the meaning of formula components (the latter part of MathML is known as “Content MathML”). Because the meaning of the equation is preserved separate from the presentation, how the content is communicated can be left up to the user. For example, web pages with MathML embedded in them can be viewed as normal web pages with many browsers but visually impaired users can also have the same MathML read to them through the use of screen readers (e. A screen reader is a software application that attempts to identify and interpret what is being displayed on the screen (or more accurately sent to standard output g. using the MathPlayer plugin for Internet Explorer, Opera 9. Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical Opera is a Web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company 50 build 9656+ or the Fire Vox extension for Firefox).

## Example

$x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$

would be marked up using LaTeX syntax like this:

x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

in troff/eqn like this:

x={-b +- sqrt{b sup 2 - 4ac}} over 2a

in OpenOffice.org Math like this (both are valid):

x={-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 - 4 ac}} over {2 a}x={-b +- sqrt {b^2 - 4ac}} over 2a

The above equation could be represented in Presentation MathML as an expression tree made up from layout elements like mfrac or msqrt elements:

<math xmlns="http://www. In Mathematics, a quadratic equation is a Polynomial Equation of the second degree. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ See also Trough. TROFF may also refer to a command in the BASIC programming language. Part of the Troff suite of Unix document layout tools eqn is a Preprocessor that formats equations for printing OpenOfficeorg Math is a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulae similar to Microsoft Equation Editor and is part of the OpenOffice w3. org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac>  <mrow>   <mrow>    <mo>-</mo>    <mi>b</mi>   </mrow>   <mo>&PlusMinus;</mo>   <msqrt>    <msup>     <mi>b</mi>     <mn>2</mn>    </msup>    <mo>-</mo>    <mrow>     <mn>4</mn>     <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>     <mi>a</mi>     <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>     <mi>c</mi>    </mrow>   </msqrt>  </mrow>  <mrow>   <mn>2</mn>   <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>   <mi>a</mi>  </mrow> </mfrac></math>

The <annotation> element can be used to embed a semantic annotation in non-XML format, for example to store the formula in the format used by an equation editor. Alternatively, the equation could be represented in Content MathML as an expression tree for the functional structure elements like apply (for function application) or eq (for the equality relation) elements:

<math xmlns="http://www. w3. org/1998/Math/MathML">  <apply>    <eq/>    <ci>x</ci>    <apply>      <frac/>      <apply>        <csymbol definitionURL="http://www. example. com/mathops/multiops. html#plusminus">          <mo>&PlusMinus;</mo>        </csymbol>        <apply>          <minus/>          <ci>b</ci>        </apply>        <apply>          <power/>          <apply>            <minus/>            <apply>              <power/>              <ci>b</ci>              <cn>2</cn>            </apply>            <apply>              <times/>              <cn>4</cn>              <ci>a</ci>              <ci>c</ci>            </apply>          </apply>          <cn>0. 5</cn>        </apply>      </apply>      <apply>        <times/>        <cn>2</cn>        <ci>a</ci>      </apply>    </apply>  </apply>  <annotation encoding="TeX">     x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}  </annotation>  <annotation encoding="StarMath 5. 0">     x={-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 - 4 ac}} over {2 a}  </annotation></math>

In the expression tree above, elements like times are defined by the MathML specification and stand for mathematical functions that are applied to sibling expressions that are interpreted as arguments. The csymbol element is a generic extension element that means whatever is specified in the document referred to in the definitionURL attribute.

Although less compact than TeX, the XML structuring promises to make it widely usable and allows for instant display in applications such as Web browsers and facilitates a straightforward interpretation of its meaning in mathematical software products. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a MathML is not intended to be written or edited directly by humans. [1]

## Software support

### Editors

Some editors with native MathML support (including copy and paste of MathML) are Publicon from Wolfram Research and SciWriter from soft4science. Publicon is a technical Publication software marketed by Wolfram Research.

MathML is also supported by major office products such as OpenOffice.org, KOffice, and MS Office 2007, as well as by mathematical software products such as Mathematica and the Windows version of the Casio ClassPad 300. OpenOfficeorg ( OOo or OOo) is a free Cross-platform office application suite available for a number of different computer KOffice is an Office suite for the K Desktop Environment ( KDE) Microsoft Office 2007 (officially called 2007 Microsoft Office system) is the most recent Windows version of the Microsoft Office system, Microsoft's Mathematica is a computer program used widely in scientific engineering and mathematical fields The Casio ClassPad 300 is the first (and the only apart from the Sharp EL-9650 and EL-9600c pen based Calculator. The W3C Browser/Editor Amaya can also be mentioned as a WYSIWYG MathML-as-is editor. Amaya is a free and open source WYSIWYG web Authoring tool with browsing abilities created by a structured editor project at WYSIWYG (ˈwɪziwɪg or /ˈwɪzɪwɪg/ is an Acronym for W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G

### Conversion

Several utilities for converting mathematical expressions to MathML are available, including converters [1] between TeX and MathML. TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly ConTeXt does the reverse and uses TeX for typesetting MathML (usually resulting in PDF documents). ConTEXT is a closed-source Freeware Text editor for Microsoft Windows, aimed at software developers TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly MathType from Design Science allows users to create equations in a WYSIWYG window and export them as MathML. MathType, created by Design Science, is a proprietary interactive tool for Windows and Macintosh that allows the creation of mathematical notation for word WYSIWYG (ˈwɪziwɪg or /ˈwɪzɪwɪg/ is an Acronym for W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G Also, Wolfram Research provides a web page to convert typed mathematical expressions to MathML.

GNU TeXmacs is a what-you-see-is-what-you-get editor with extensive support for mathematics. GNU TeXmacs is a free scientific Word processor component of the GNU project which was "inspired" by both TeX and GNU Emacs WYSIWYG (ˈwɪziwɪg or /ˈwɪzɪwɪg/ is an Acronym for W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G Converters exist for presentation MathML in both directions. TeXmacs can be used to write mathematical articles which are exported to XHTML with embedded MathML. The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, is a Another WYSIWYG MathML-as-is editor, Formulator MathML Weaver [2] provides a means for importing/exporting MathML with support for some abstract entities such as &ExponentialE; and &DifferentialD;. WYSIWYG (ˈwɪziwɪg or /ˈwɪzɪwɪg/ is an Acronym for W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G Formulator MathML Weaver is a free software by Hermitech Laboratory that enables editing of MathML mathematical formulae in WYSIWYG way

### Web browsers

Of the major web browsers, those that directly support the format are recent versions of Gecko browsers (e. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a Gecko is a Layout engine currently developed by Mozilla Corporation, known as the layout engine of the Firefox web browser Mozilla Application g. , Firefox and Camino)[3][4], and the Opera web browser since version 9. Camino (Spanish for way / path / road) is a free, Open source, GUI-based Web browser based on Mozilla Opera is a Web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company 5.
For Gecko-based browsers, the user is currently required to download special fonts in order to display MathML correctly; this is likely to change soon with the release of the STIX fonts. The STIX Fonts project is a project sponsored by several leading scientific and technical publishers to provide under royalty-free license a comprehensive font set of mathematical symbols
Opera, since version 9. Opera is a Web browser and Internet suite developed by the Opera Software company 5, supports MathML for CSS profile [5][6]. Before it required User JavaScript to emulate MathML support. [7]
Other browsers do not support the format, and require third-party plugins.

### Web conversion

ASCIIMath [8] provides a JavaScript library to re-write a convenient Wiki-like text syntax used inline in web pages into MathML on the fly; it works in browsers with MathML support or plug-ins. JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development LaTeXMathML [9] does the same for (a subset of) the standard LaTeX mathematical syntax. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ

Blahtex is a TeX-to-MathML converter intended for use with MediaWiki. MediaWiki is a web-based Wiki software application used by all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, all wikis hosted by Wikia, and

Equation Server for .NET from soft4science can be used on the server side (ASP.NET) for TeX-Math (Subset of LaTeX math syntax) to MathML conversion. ASPNET is a Web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft, that Programmers can use to build dynamic Web sites Web applications LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ It can also create bitmap images (Png, Jpg, Gif,. . . ) from TeX-Math or MathML input.

### Support of software developers

Support of MathML format accelerates software application development in such various topics, as computer-aided education (distance learning, electronic textbooks and other classroom materials); automated creation of attractive reports; computer algebra systems; authoring, training, publishing tools (both for web and desktop-oriented), and many other applications for mathematics, science, business, economics, etc. Several software vendors propose a component edition of their MathML editors, thus providing the easy way for software developers to insert mathematics rendering/editing/processing functionality in their applications. For example, Formulator ActiveX Control [10] from Hermitech Laboratory can be incorporated into an application as a MathML-as-is editor, Design Science propose a toolkit for building web pages that include interactive math (WebEQ Developers Suite, [11]). Formulator ActiveX Control is a software component by Hermitech Laboratory that enables software developers to insert MathML edit control into their applications Hermitech Laboratory was founded in Zhytomyr Ukraine in 2003 to develop the mathematical software tools

## Other standards

Another standard called OpenMath which has been designed (largely by the same people who devised Content MathML) more specifically for storing formulae semantically can also be used to complement MathML. OpenMath is the name of a markup language for specifying the meaning of mathematical Formulae.

The OMDoc format has been created for markup of larger mathematical structures than formulae, from statements like definitions, theorems, proofs, or example, to theories and text books. OMDoc (Open Mathematical Documents is a semantic markup format for mathematical documents Formulae in OMDoc documents can either be written in Content MathML or in OpenMath; for presentation, they are converted to Presentation MathML.

The Office Open XML (OOXML) standard defines a different XML math syntax, derived from Microsoft Office products. Office Open XML (also referred to as OOXML or OpenXML) is a File format for representing Spreadsheets Charts Presentations Microsoft Office is a set of interrelated desktop applications servers and services collectively referred to as an Office suite, for the Microsoft Windows and However, it is partially compatible[2] through relatively simple XSL Transformations. Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations ( XSLT) is an XML -based language used for the transformation of XML documents into other XML or "human-readable"