A Master of Arts (Latin:Magister Artium) is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in a large number of countries. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The degree is typically studied for in Fine Art, Humanities, Social Science or Theology and can be either fully-taught, research-based, or a combination of the two. Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective At Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, however, it is awarded without further examination to those who are entitled to the undergraduate degree of Bachelor of Arts after a certain number of years, and in the ancient universities of Scotland it is awarded as a first degree to undergraduates. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The University of Dublin, corporately designated the Chancellor Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin (since the 19th century located in Dublin, In the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, the degree of Master of Arts or Master in Arts ( MA) is awarded to Bachelors The ancient universities of Scotland are medieval and renaissance universities that continue to exist until the present day A Master of Arts in Scotland is an academic degree in Humanities and Social sciences awarded by the Ancient universities of Scotland –

It originated in the teaching licence, or Licentia docendi, for the University of Paris. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century ^[1]

North America

The Master of Arts (Magister Artium) and Master of Science (Magister Scientiæ) degrees are the basic type of in most subjects and may be entirely course-based, entirely research-based or (more typically) a mixture. A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M

Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a bachelor's degree, and progressing to a doctoral program usually requires a master's degree. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement In some fields or graduate programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelors degree. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's degree after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, and due to the flexibility of word order in Latin, Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM) may be used at some schools. The grammar of Latin, like that of other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflected, which allows for a large degree of flexibility when choosing word order For example, Brown University, MIT and the University of Pennsylvania use the degree abbreviations A. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. M. and S. M. for some of their master's degrees.

Theological Degrees: Theological degrees require special attention because they are amongst the oldest Master's degrees offered by universities. In the discipline of theology there are at least four master's degree programs. The standard degree for pastoral ministry is the Master of Divinity (M. In Christian Theology, the Master of Divinity ( MDiv, Magister Divinitatis in Latin) is the first Professional degree Div, formerly Bachelor of Divinity) which is required by many ordaining denominations as it is the most comprehensive program usually entailing biblical studies (including the original languages) church history, theology, counseling and church administration. The M. Div. balances academic rigor and pastoral approaches. The second is the Master of Arts in Practical Theology (M. A. P. T. ) This degree is designed for those with a prior BA in Bible and Theology who desire to focus primarily on pastoral theology and sharpen skills in spiritual formation and church leadership. While just as rigorous academically as the M. Div. the M. A. P. T. tends to focus primarily on that which is imminently "practical" in church leadership. The third possibility is the Master of Arts in a specialized area. This degree is usually shorter in duration and is focused on individuals who want to specialize in a specific area of ministry such as Spiritual Formation, Christian Education, Philosophy, and so on. The fourth is the Master of Theology (Th. M. ). This final degree is considered higher both in rank and in academic repute than the M. Div. M. A. R. or the M. A. P. T. and is more academic in nature rather than practical. The Th. M. is technically a half-step between the Master's and Doctoral level. The Th. M. almost always requires a thesis of at least 100 pages.

Scandinavia

In Denmark and Norway, the degree magister artium is a research degree, awarded normally after 7 years of studies. The student is required to write a scientific thesis, which is often comparable to a doctoral thesis. The degree formally qualifies for university positions like a professorship.

The degree rank above the candidate or masters degrees, but formally slightly below the traditional doctoral degrees. It is however often considered approximately equal to the PhD degree.

United Kingdom

The Master of Arts (MA) is awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies However, some universities—particularly those in Scotland—award the Master of Letters (MLitt) to students in the Arts, Humanities, Divinity and Social Sciences. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Master of Letters (MLitt from the Latin magister litterarum) is a Postgraduate Master's degree. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative Divinity is the study of Christian and other Theology and Religious ministry at a School, Divinity school, University The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies (It should be noted that the MLitt is a research degree at the University of Cambridge, where the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the In the usage of India, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and some other countries the Master )

The MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a short dissertation. Taught masters programmes involve 1 or 2 years of full-time study.

In law, the standard taught degree is the Master of Laws, but certain courses may lead to the award of an MA, MLitt, Master of Studies (MSt), and at Oxford, the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL). Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL The Master of Studies (MSt is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by Oxford University and Cambridge University in the United Kingdom The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Bachelor of Civil Law or BCL is the name of various degrees in Law conferred by English-language universities These degrees are all considered susbtitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent.

Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate masters degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree). A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Nowadays however, masters degrees are normally classified into the categories of Pass, Merit or Distinction.

The degree of Master of Arts may also be awarded, in the case of the oldest British universities only, without further examination to those who have graduated as Bachelor of Arts and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (see Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)). The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the In the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, the degree of Master of Arts or Master in Arts ( MA) is awarded to Bachelors It is also the case at the University of Dublin in Ireland. The University of Dublin, corporately designated the Chancellor Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin (since the 19th century located in Dublin, Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world In Scotland, the degree of Master of Arts is awarded in some universities as a first degree to undergraduates (see Master of Arts (Scotland)). Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A Master of Arts in Scotland is an academic degree in Humanities and Social sciences awarded by the Ancient universities of Scotland – The practice of awarding these degrees of Master of Arts without postgraduate examination or coursework is very ancient although, among modern universities, anomalous.

This education pattern in United Kingdom is followed in India and many Commonwealth Nations. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

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