Citizendia

"Popular press" redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press". The University of Wisconsin Press (sometimes abbreviated as UW Press) is a University press and as such is a nonprofit publisher of peer-reviewed books and journals

Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. In Communication, media (Singular Medium) are the storage and transmission tools used to store and deliver Information Mainstream is generally the common current of Thought of the Majority. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media were present centuries before the term became common. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across media such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which may require union membership in some large markets such as Newspaper Guild, AFTRA, & text publishers. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have a means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass media producers. These internet media can include television, personal web pages, message boards, podcasts and blogs. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Personal web pages are World Wide Web pages created by an individual to contain content of a personal nature An, or message board, is a Bulletin board system in the form of a discussion site A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda. Mass society is a description associated with Society in the modern industrial era Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media bias. Blogosphere is a collective term encompassing all Blogs and their interconnections Media bias in the United States

Contents

History

Types of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient World. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. The Diamond Sutra is a short Mahayana Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom genre which teaches the practice of the avoidance of abiding in extremes Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about 1400. Popular Prints is a term for printed images of generally low artistic quality which were sold cheaply in Europe and later the New World from the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries often Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in 1453. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation This invention transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.

Newspapers developed around from 1612, with the first example in English in 1620 [2] ; but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience directly.

During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of material. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic

Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, units costs went down, increasing profit margins further. This article is about proportionality the mathematical relation Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, independent media serve to educate the public/electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see Media influence). In Psychology, Communication theory and Sociology, media influence or media effects refers to the theories about the ways the Mass media Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a grave threat to democracy. Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation) is a commonly used term that refers to the majority of the media outlets being owned by a small number of

Timeline

Purposes

Mass media can be used for various purposes:

Claimed negative characteristics of mass media

Another description of Mass Media is central media which implies:

This view of central media can be contrasted with lateral media, such as email networks, where messages are all slightly different and spread by a process of lateral diffusion. Lateral media can be seen as any specific technology to promote lateral communication Lateral diffusion is the process whereby information can be spread from one node in a social network to another often in a selective way and can rapidly traverse an entire population

Journalism

Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Current events are contemporary happenings of significance The phrase may also refer to the following Current Events, a journal published by Weekly Reader Publishing An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends

News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth Philip Leslie Graham ( July 18, 1915 &ndash August 3, 1963) was an American publisher and Businessman. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public Editing Language, Images or Sound through correction condensation organization and other modifications in various media Proofreading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable.

Public relations

Public relations is the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive image. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Examples include:

Citizen Journalism

In 2004 in South Korea citizen journalism was invented, with the launch of Ohmy News online daily newspaper. Today Ohmy News gets over 90% of its content from citizen journalists, has over 51,000 registered citizens as journalists, and has become one of South Korea's best read and most trusted news sources. Citizen Journalism news services have been introduced in over a dozen other countries.

Forms

Electronic media and print media include:

Audio recording and reproduction

Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical or mechanical re-creation and/or amplification of sound, often as music. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. This involves the use of audio equipment such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers. A piece of audio equipment is any device designed principally to reproduce record or process Sound. From early beginnings with the invention of the phonograph using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the 78 record, the magnetic wire recorder followed by the tape recorder, the vinyl LP record. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s A gramophone Wire recording is a type of analogue Audio storage in which the recording is made onto thin steel or stainless steel Wire. This article deals mainly with analog tape recorders for audio applications information on digital recording, recording of video signals, and A gramophone The invention of the compact cassette in the 1960s, followed by Sony's Walkman, gave a major boost to the mass distribution of music recordings, and the invention of digital recording and the compact disc in 1983 brought massive improvements in ruggedness and quality. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a Magnetic tape sound Walkman is a popular Sony Brand used to market its portable audio and Video players In digital recording, the analog signal of Video or Sound is converted into a stream of Discrete numbers representing the changes in Air A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio The most recent developments have been in digital audio players. A digital audio player, more commonly referred to as an MP3 player, is a Consumer electronics device that stores organizes and plays audio files Some

An album is a collection of related audio tracks, released together to the public, usually commercially.

The term record album originated from the fact that 78 RPM Phonograph disc records were kept together in a book resembling a photo album. An album or record album is a collection of related audio or Music tracks distributed to the public The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s A gramophone The first collection of records to be called an "album" was Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite, release in April 1909 as a four-disc set by Odeon records. The Nutcracker (Щелкунчик Shchelkunchik) Op 71 is a Fairy tale - Ballet in two acts three scenes by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Odeon Records was a Record label founded by Max Strauss and Heinrich Zunz in Berlin, Germany. [1][2] It retailed for 16 shillings — about £15 in modern currency. The shilling is a unit of Currency used in current and former Commonwealth countries and was continued to be used in countries that left the commonwealth The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency

A music video (also promo) is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Modern music videos were primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos go back much further, they came into their own in the 1980s, when Music Television's format was based around them. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. In the 1980s, the term "rock video" was often used to describe this form of entertainment, although the term has fallen into disuse.

Music videos can accommodate all styles of filmmaking, including animation, live action films, documentaries, and non-narrative, abstract film. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Abstract film is a subgenre of Experimental film. Its history often overlaps with the concerns and history of Visual music.

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of Marketing mix. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images In Telecommunication, signalling (UK spelling or signaling (US spelling has the following meanings The use of signals for controlling communications This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music world-wide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A public address or " PA " system is an electronic amplification system with a mixer, Amplifier and Loudspeakers used to Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [ Purpose ]" A sound bite is an audiolinguistic and social communications phenomenon whose nature was recognized in the late 20th century helped by people such as Marshall McLuhan.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Broadcast programming, or scheduling, is the practice of organizing Television or Radio programs in a daily weekly or season-long schedule With all technological endeavours a number of technical terms and slang are developed please see the list of broadcasting terms for a glossary of terms used. With every new technology a number of terms and slang words develop to assist in the rapid communication of ideas between the users of the technology

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting over frequency bands that are highly regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Such regulation includes determination of the width of the bands, range, licencing, types of receivers and transmitters used, and acceptable content.

Cable programs are often broadcast simultaneously with radio and television programs, but have a more limited audience. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, cable also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services. Decoding is the reverse of Encoding, which is the process of transforming information from one format into another A home is a place of Residence or Refuge. It is usually a place where an individual or a family can rest in and be able to store Personal property. The subscription business model is a Business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to have access to the product/service Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is the system in which Television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event

A broadcasting organisation may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. An organisation (or organization &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time. On the other hand, two or more organisations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble. Digital radio describes Radio technologies which carry Information as a Digital signal, by means of a Digital modulation method Digital television (DTV is the sending and receiving of moving images and sound by discrete ( digital) signals in contrast to the analog signals used by For multiplexing in electronics and signal processing see Multiplexer. DAB ensembles are groups of Digital audio broadcasting broadcasters transmitting multiple Digital radio channels on a single radio

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used. A webcast is a media file distributed over the Internet using Streaming media technology In 2004 a new phenomenon occurred when a number of technologies combined to produce podcasting. A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download Podcasting is an asynchronous broadcast/narrowcast medium, with one of the main proponents being Adam Curry and his associates the Podshow. Adam Clark Curry (born September 3 1964 in Washington DC) is a broadcasting and Internet personality well known for his stint from 1987 to 1994 as a mevio, formerly known as PodShow is a digital media entertainment network whose properties include PodShow+ PodShow Podcast Network PodShowPDN Podcast

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting. A narrowcast is the transmission of data to a specific list of recipients The term "broadcast" was coined by early radio engineers from the midwestern United States.

Film

Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. A data storage device is a device for recording (storing information (data Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures and "picture"), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.

Films are produced by recording people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called They comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown rapidly in succession, the illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an effect known as persistence of vision — whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye by which even nanoseconds of exposure to an image result in milliseconds of reaction (sight from the retina to the optic nerves Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion; a psychological effect identified as beta movement. Beta movement is a perceptual Illusion, described by Max Wertheimer in his 1912 Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion,

Film is considered by many to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that translate the film message. In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a Motion picture. Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs usually displayed at the bottom of the screen Films are also artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.

Internet

The Internet (also known simply as "the Net" or "the Web") can be briefly understood as "a network of networks". The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics In Computer science, data is anything in a form suitable for use with a Computer. Packet switching is a network communications method that splits data traffic (digital representations of text sound or video data into chunks called packets, that are then The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Online chat can refer to any kind of Communication over the Internet, but is primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or Text-based group A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a Web browser. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections etc. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot ; the Web is a collection of interconnected documents, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. In computing a hyperlink is a Reference or Navigation element in a Document to another Section of the same document or to another Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it The World Wide Web is accessible via the Internet, along with many other services including e-mail, file sharing and others described below. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving See Shared resource for the conventional meaning of file sharing File sharing refers to the providing and receiving of digital files over a

Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. For the first time, anyone with a web site can address a global audience, although serving to high levels of web traffic is still relatively expensive. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Web traffic is the amount of data sent and received by visitors to a Web site. It is possible that the rise of peer-to-peer technologies may have begun the process of making the cost of bandwidth manageable. For other uses of the term see Peer-to-peer (disambiguation For peer-to-peer networks used for file sharing see File sharing Although a vast amount of information, imagery, and commentary (i. e. "content") has been made available, it is often difficult to determine the authenticity and reliability of information contained in web pages (in many cases, self-published). The invention of the Internet has also allowed breaking news stories to reach around the globe within minutes. This rapid growth of instantaneous, decentralized communication is often deemed likely to change mass media and its relationship to society.

"Cross-media" means the idea of distributing the same message through different media channels. A similar idea is expressed in the news industry as "convergence". Many authors understand cross-media publishing to be the ability to publish in both print and on the web without manual conversion effort. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. An increasing number of wireless devices with mutually incompatible data and screen formats make it even more difficult to achieve the objective “create once, publish many”. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot

The internet is quickly becoming the center of mass media. Everything is becoming accessible via the internet. Instead of picking up a newspaper, or watching the 10 o'clock news, people will log onto the internet to get the news they want, when they want it. Many workers listen to the radio through the internet while sitting at their desk. Games are played through the internet. The Internet and Education: Findings of the Pew Internet & American Life Project[4] Even the education system relies on the internet. This is a list of articles on Education organized by country A Education in Afghanistan Education in Albania Teachers can contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They have web pages where students can get another copy of the class outline or assignments. Some classes even have class blogs where students must post weekly, and are graded on their contributions. The internet thus far has become an extremely dominant form of media.

Blogs (Web Logs)

Blogging has become a huge form of media, popular through the internet. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting) are part of a wider network of social media. Micro-blogging is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts.

RSS feeds

RSS is a format for syndicating news and the content of news-like sites, including major news sites like Wired, news-oriented community sites like Slashdot, and personal blogs. RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works – such as Blog entries news headlines audio and video – in a standardized Wired News is an online technology news Website, formerly known as HotWired, that split off from Wired magazine when the Slashdot, often abbreviated as /, is a technology-related news Website owned by SourceForge Inc A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of It is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines, and podcasts. An RSS document (which is called a "feed" or "web feed" or "channel") contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with web sites in an automated manner that can be piped into special programs or filtered displays.

Podcast

A podcast is a series of digital-media files which are distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download The term podcast, like broadcast, can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also called podcasting. The host or author of a podcast is often called a podcaster.

Mobile

Mobile phones were introduced in Japan in 1997 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile towers over that of internet content, and was worth over 31 billion dollars in 2007 (source Informa). The mobile media content includes over 8 billion dollars worth of mobile music (ringing tones, ringback tones, truetones, MP3 files, karaoke, music videos, music streaming services etc); over 5 billion dollars worth of mobile gaming; and various news, entertainment and advertising services. In Japan mobile phone books are so popular that five of the ten best-selling printed books were originally released as mobile phone books.

Similar to the internet, mobile is also an interactive media, but has far wider reach, with 3. 3 billion mobile phone users at the end of 2007 to 1. 3 billion internet users (source ITU). Like email on the internet, the top application on mobile is also a personal messaging service, but SMS text messaging is used by over 2. 4 billion people. Practically all internet services and applications exist or have similar cousins on mobile, from search to multiplayer games to virtual worlds to blogs. Mobile has several unique benefits which many mobile media pundits claim make mobile a more powerful media than either TV or the internet, starting with mobile being permanently carried and always connected. Mobile has the best audience accuracy and is the only mass media with a built-in payment channel available to every user without any credit cards or paypal accounts or even an age limit. Mobile is often called the 7th Mass Media and either the fourth screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens) or the third screen (counting only TV and PC). The seven mass media, or often used as " seventh mass media channel " to draw attention to the latest mobile phones as a Mass media, are a new concept

Publishing

Publishing is the industry concerned with the production of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings In some cases, authors may be their own publishers.

Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to include websites, blogs, and the like. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

As a business, publishing includes the development, marketing, production, and distribution of newspapers, magazines, books, literary works, musical works, software, other works dealing with information. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of Marketing mix. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new

Publication is also important as a legal concept; (1) as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy, and; (2) as the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society

Book

Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902.
Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902.

A book is a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. An e-book (for electronic book: also ebook) is the Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed Book.

In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to A monograph ( Classical Greek, "One Writer" or "Single Writing") is a work of writing upon a single subject usually also by a single To publish is to make content Publicly known. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper or to the placing of content Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint.

Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys or 'bound proofs' for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys redirects here For other uses see Galley (disambiguation. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale.

Magazine

A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally To publish is to make content Publicly known. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper or to the placing of content Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

Magazines are typically published weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly, with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually published. A week (also called sennight or sevennight) is a unit of Time longer than a Day and shorter than a Month. The month is a unit of Time, used with Calendars which is approximately as long as some natural period related to the motion of the Moon; Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Cover date refers to the date displayed on the covers of Periodical publications such as Magazines and Comic books However this is not necessarily the true They are often printed in color on coated paper, and are bound with a soft cover. Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a Book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of Paper or other material

Magazines fall into two broad categories: consumer magazines and business magazines. In practice, magazines are a subset of periodicals, distinct from those periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising.

Magazines can be classified as:

Newspaper

A selection of newspapers
A selection of newspapers

A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. Frontline ( is a Fortnightly English language magazine published by The Hindu Group of publications from Chennai, India. India Today is an Indian weekly Newsmagazine published by Living Media India Limited, in publication since 1975. The Week ( was created by Jolyon Connell and Jeremy O'Grady in 1995. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. To publish is to make content Publicly known. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper or to the placing of content Newsprint is low-cost non-archival Paper most commonly used to print Newspapers plus other publications and advertising material It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio and television. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to its business model, however. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper's income, is shifting from print to online; some commentators, nevertheless, point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing.

Software publishing

A software publisher is a publishing company in the software industry between the developer and the distributor. A software publisher is a Publishing company in the Software industry between the developer and the distributor. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies The software industry comprises businesses involved in the development, maintenance and publication of Computer software. A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of Marketing mix. In some companies, two or all three of these roles may be combined (and indeed, may reside in a single person, especially in the case of shareware). The term shareware, popularized by Bob Wallace, refers to Copyrighted commercial Software that is Distributed without payment on a trial

Software publishers often license software from developers with specific limitations, such as a time limit or geographical region. The terms of licensing vary enormously, and are typically secret.

Developers may use publishers to reach larger or foreign markets, or to avoid focussing on marketing. Or publishers may use developers to create software to meet a market need that the publisher has identified.

Mass wire media

Mass wire media is a new frontier of news reporting in the high-tech age. A few decades ago news reporting was through newspapers and radio and television. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The radio broadcasts that were made famous by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II changed the way radio was looked at. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These fireside chats made the radio news and news radio. Things are different now as we are witnessing a revolution of people-oriented reporting in real time and other times. This element of intimate knowledge of the event or story being reported has dramatically changed the way we all view news stories.

This is called by some the Social Media Revolution. This revolution has intrinsically altered the way news is reported almost the way it happens. The trend of people-oriented reporting is only on the rise as reporting news becomes more personal and more accurate - although also more subjective. [3] This form of media is also controlled by liberals.

Video games

A video game is a computer-controlled game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories. A teleprinter ( There always must also be some sort of input device, usually in the form of button/joystick combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard & mouse/trackball combination (computer games), or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above. An input device is any Peripheral (piece of Computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a A push-button (often simply " button " or " pushbutton " is a simple Switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a Machine In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) A trackball is a Pointing device consisting of a Ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two axes&mdashlike an upside-down A game controller is an Input device used to control a Video game. Also, more esoteric devices have been used for input. Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe.

In common usage, a "computer game" or a "PC game" refers to a game that is played on a personal computer. A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated "Console game" refers to one that is played on a device specifically designed for the use of such, while interfacing with a standard television set. This article is about games played on consoles Video gaming is about this form of gaming in general Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic "Arcade game" refers to a game designed to be played in an establishment in which patrons pay to play on a per-use basis. An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in businesses such as Restaurants Pubs Video arcades and Family Entertainment "Video game" (or "videogame") has evolved into a catchall phrase that encompasses the aforementioned along with any game made for any other device, including, but not limited to, mobile phones, PDAs, advanced calculators, etc. A calculator is device for performing mathematical calculations distinguished from a Computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive

Non-mass or "personal" media (point-to-point and person-to-person communication) include:

Arguably, blogs and other first-person, web-based communications are non-mass media. Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured deliberate manner intended to inform influence or entertain the listeners A gesture is a form of Non-verbal communication made with a part of the body used instead of or in combination with verbal communication. In Telecommunication, telephony (təˈlɛfəni or teh-LEH-fuh-nee encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances specifically Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Interactive media refers to media that allows for active participation by the recipient hence Interactivity.

References

  1. ^ Recording Technology History.
  2. ^ Chronomedia.
  3. ^ Reporting on Risk: How the Mass Media Portray Accidents, Diseases, Disasters and Other Hazards, Singer and Endreny [1]

External links

Dictionary

mass media

-noun

  1. Collectively, the communications media, especially television, radio, and newspapers, that reach the mass of the people.
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