Marburg virus
Marburg virus particles, approx. 100,000x magnification
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA) Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Genus: Marburgvirus
Species
Lake Victoria Marburgvirus

Marburg virus disease Classification and external resources
ICD-10	A98.3
ICD-9	078.89
DiseasesDB	7835
eMedicine	ped/2406
MeSH	C02.782.417.560

The Marburg virus is the causative agent of Marburg haemorrhagic fever. Virus classification involves naming and placing Viruses into a taxonomic system An RNA virus is a Virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid as its Genetic material. The Mononegavirales are an order of Viruses comprising species that have a Non-segmented, negative sense RNA Genome Filoviridae is the family of Viruses that belong to the order Mononegavirales. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings A00-A79 - Bacterial infections and other intestinal infectious diseases and STDs (A00-A09 Intestinal Infectious diseases ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A biological agent is an Infectious disease or Toxin that can be used in Bioterrorism or Biological warfare. Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district The viral hemorrhagic Fevers ( VHFs') are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses that are caused by five distinct families of Both the disease and virus are related to Ebola and originate in Uganda and Eastern Congo. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Ebola is the common term for a group of Viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, and for the disease which they The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The zoonosis is of unknown origin, but Egyptian fruit bats are suspected. A zoonosis (ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs or zoonose is any Infectious disease that is able to be transmitted (by a vector) from other Animals both wild and domestic The Egyptian Fruit Bat or Egyptian Rousette ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a species of Old World fruit bat found throughout Africa, except ^[1]

In the spring of 2005, the virus attracted widespread press attention for an outbreak in Angola. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central

In September 2007, New Scientist magazine reported^[2] that the virus has been found in cave-dwelling African fruit bats in Gabon, the first time the virus has been found outside humans and primates. New Scientist is a weekly International science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English -speaking Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic A team in Uganda is also testing bats in a mine after two miners contracted Marburg in August 2007. Ebola genes (a close relative to Marburg) were found in three species of fruit bats in 2005. Ebola is the common term for a group of Viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, and for the disease which they The same techniques used to identify those genes were also used to identify Marburg genes found in Egyptian fruit bats, Rousettus aegyptiacus. The Egyptian Fruit Bat or Egyptian Rousette ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a species of Old World fruit bat found throughout Africa, except Marburg antibodies have now been found in healthy bats,^[3] suggesting that the bats had been previously infected. Although no-one has yet found complete live viruses from a bat, the team suggest that "[I] think we can be sure that these fruit bats are the reservoir of Marburg virus".

Contents 1 The Marburg virus 2 Infection 3 Treatment and prevention 4 Early outbreaks 5 2004-2005 outbreak in Angola 5.1 Deaths by month 5.2 Deaths by week 5.3 Control efforts 6 2007 Uganda cases 7 As a weapon 8 Fiction 9 Further reading (Nonfiction) 10 References 11 External links

The Marburg virus

The viral structure is typical of filoviruses, with long threadlike particles which have a consistent diameter but vary greatly in length from an average of 800 to 14,000 nanometers (nm), with peak infectious activity at about 790 nm. Filoviridae is the family of Viruses that belong to the order Mononegavirales. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a Virions (viral particles) contain seven known structural proteins. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl While nearly identical to Ebola virus in structure, Marburg virus is antigenically distinct from Ebola virus; in other words, it triggers different antibodies in infected organisms. Ebola is the common term for a group of Viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, and for the disease which they An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily It was the first filovirus to be identified. Filoviridae is the family of Viruses that belong to the order Mononegavirales. The Marburg virus was briefly described in the book The Hot Zone written by Richard Preston. The Hot Zone A Terrifying True Story is a Best-selling 1994 Non-fiction bio-thriller by Richard Preston about the origins of incidents Richard Preston (b August 5, 1954) is a New Yorker writer and bestselling Author best-known for his alarming books about Infectious

Infection

Because many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg haemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other infectious diseases, such as malaria or typhoid, diagnosis of the disease can be difficult, especially if only a single case is involved. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium

The disease is spread through bodily fluids, including blood, excrement, saliva, and vomit. Bodily fluids listed below are found in the bodies of men and/or women Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials For the band see Saliva (band; for the village in Azerbaijan see Səliva. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Early symptoms are often non-specific, and usually include fever, headache and myalgia after an incubation period of three to nine days. Myalgia means " Muscle Pain " and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders After five days, a maculopapular rash is often present on the trunk. A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. Later-stage Marburg infection is acute and can include jaundice, pancreatitis, weight loss, delirium and neuropsychiatric symptoms, haemorrhaging, hypovolemic shock and multi-organ dysfunction, with liver failure most common. Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes Pancreatitis is the Inflammation of the Pancreas. See also Acute pancreatitis and Chronic pancreatitis for more details Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days decline in attention-focus perception and Cognition. Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from In Physiology and Medicine, hypovolemia (also hypovolaemia is a state of decreased Blood volume more specifically decrease in volume of Blood plasma Accounts of external haemorrhaging from bodily orifices are pervasive in popular references to the disease but are in fact rare. A body orifice is any external opening in the body of an animal Time course varies but symptoms usually last for one to three weeks until the disease either resolves or kills the infected host. The fatality rate is from 23% to over 90%. ^[4][5]

If a patient survives, recovery is usually prompt and complete, though it may be prolonged in some cases. These symptoms may include inflammation or secondary infection of various organs, including: orchitis (testicles), hepatitis (liver), transverse myelitis (spinal cord), uveitis (eyes), or parotitis (salivary glands). Orchitis is an often very painful condition of the Testicles involving inflammation swelling and frequently infection The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Transverse myelitis is a Neurological disorder caused by an Inflammatory process of the grey and white matter of the Spinal cord, The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected Uveitis specifically refers to Inflammation of the middle layer of the Eye, termed the " Uvea " but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Parotitis is an Inflammation of one or both Parotid glands the major salivary glands located on either side of the face in humans For the toad wart see Parotoid gland. The parotid gland is the largest of the Salivary glands It is found wrapped around the Mandibular ramus

Treatment and prevention

There is no specific antiviral therapy indicated for treating Marburg, and hospital care is usually supportive in nature. Hypotension and shock may require early administration of vasopressors and haemodynamic monitoring with attention to fluid and electrolyte balance, circulatory volume, and blood pressure. In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) patients tend to respond poorly to fluid infusions and may develop pulmonary edema. The viral hemorrhagic Fevers ( VHFs') are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses that are caused by five distinct families of Pulmonary Edema (American English or oedema (British English is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the Lungs It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause

Caregivers require barrier infection control measures including double gloves, impermeable gowns, face shields, eye protection, leg and shoe coverings.

A few research groups are working on drugs and vaccines to fight the virus. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease In 1998, a group at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) published the first peer reviewed article detailing the development of the first experimental Marburg virus vaccine demonstrated to completely protect animals from lethal Marburg virus infection^[6] Following, in 2002, Genphar, a company doing research for the United States Army's biodefense program, announced that an experimental vaccine protected animals from a high dose of Marburg virus. The US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID pronounced you-SAM-rid is the U See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Biodefense refers to short term local usually Military measures to restore Biosecurity to a given group of persons in a given area &mdash in the Civilian The tests were conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID pronounced you-SAM-rid is the U According to the company, all animals in the control group died within days whereas all animals that received the regular dosage of the vaccine were fully protected. The company has moved on to non-human primate trials. Late in 2003, the US government awarded the company a contract worth $8. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 4 million for what was described as "a multivalent Ebola, Marburg filovirus vaccine program".

In June 2005 scientists at Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory announced that they had also developed vaccines for both Marburg and Ebola that showed significant promise in primate testing. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML is located in the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Studies on mice also suggested that the vaccine might be an effective treatment for the disease if it is administered shortly after a patient is infected. To make the vaccines the scientists fused a surface protein from the viruses they hope to protect against onto an animal virus - vesicular stomatitis - which is thought to be of no threat to humans. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV is a Virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known Rabies virus belongs to the same family ^[7] In the rhesus macaque monkey model of the disease, the vaccine is effective even when given after infection with the virus. ^[8]

Early outbreaks

This virus was first documented in 1967, when 31 people became ill in the German town of Marburg, after which it is named, as well as in Frankfurt am Main and the then Yugoslavian city of Belgrade. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. The outbreak involved 25 primary infections, with 7 deaths, and 6 secondary cases, with no deaths. The primary infections were in laboratory staff exposed to the Marburg virus while working with monkeys or their tissues. A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being The secondary cases involved two doctors, a nurse, a post-mortem attendant, and the wife of a veterinarian. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician All secondary cases had direct contact, usually involving blood, with a primary case. Both doctors became infected through accidental skin pricks when drawing blood from patients.

The outbreak was traced to infected African grivets of the species Cercopithecus aethiops taken from Uganda and used in developing polio vaccines. The Grivet ( Chlorocebus aethiops) is an Old World monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of the face In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease The monkeys were imported by Behringwerke, a Marburg company founded by the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Emil von Behring. Generally a company is a form of Business organization. The precise definition varies The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Emil Adolf von Behring ( March 15, 1854 &ndash March 31, 1917) was a German Physiologist who received the 1901 The company, which at the time was owned by Hoechst, was originally set up to develop sera against tetanus and diphtheria. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of Skeletal muscle fibres Diphtheria ( Greek διφθερα ( diphthera)—“pair of leather scrolls" is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore

In 1975, three people in Johannesburg city of South African were infected by the Marburg virus by a man returning from Zimbabwe, resulting in one death. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Two similar cases in 1980 and 1987 occurred in Kenya after European visitors went to Kitum Cave. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Kitum Cave is a non-solutional Cave developed in pyroclastic (volcanic rocks (not as some have presumed a Lava tube) in Mount Elgon National Park in Both later died. The next major outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1998 to 2000, where 128 of 154 cases were fatal. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[9] This outbreak originated with miners in Durba and Watsa in Orientale, Congo. Orientale (also Oriental (formerly Haut-Zaire is a province of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

2004-2005 outbreak in Angola

In early 2005, the World Health Organization began investigating an outbreak of a then-undiagnosed haemorrhagic fever in Angola, which was centered around the northeastern Uige Province. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The disease may have surfaced as early as March 2004 in a crowded children's ward. A doctor noted that a child, who subsequently died, was displaying signs of haemorrhagic fever. By October, the death rate on the ward went from three to five children a week to three to five a day. On March 22, 2005, as the death toll neared 100, the cause of the illness was identified as the Marburg virus. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By July, 2005, Angola's health department reported more than 300 cases were fatal. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There were cases in 7 of 18 provinces but the outbreak was mostly confined to Uige province.

According to the World Health Organization, 80% of the deaths in the early stages of the Angola outbreak were children under the age of 15, but that dropped to 30 to 40% in later stages. The virus has also taken a toll on health care workers, including 14 nurses and two doctors.

There has been speculation that the high death rate among children in the early stages of this outbreak may simply be due to the initial appearance of the disease in the children's ward at the Uige hospital. Early death rates (prior to effective monitoring) are meaningless as only the dead are adequately counted.

Deaths by month

Monthly Reported Deaths

Month year	Deaths reported during month
October 2004	17
November 2004	4
December 2004	7
January 2005	20
February 2005	30
March 2005	47
April* 2005	123
May** 2005	80

• *This represents the difference between WHO reports of April 1 and April 29. .
• **This represents the difference between WHO reports of April 29 and May 27.

Deaths by week

Weekly Reported Deaths

WHO report date	Cumulative deaths	Deaths during prior week
April 1,2005	132	n/a
April 8, 2005	180	48
April 15, 2005*	207	27
April 22, 2005	244	37
April 29, 2005	255	11
May 6, 2005	277	22
May 11, 2005**	276	-1****
May 18, 2005	311	35
May 27, 2005***	335	24
June 7, 2005***	357	22
June 17, 2005***	356	-1****
July 13, 2005	312	*****

• *No WHO report was issued between the 15th and the 21st. This appears associated with the administrative reclassification of cases.
• **Not an entire week. No WHO report for the 13th.
• ***Over a week.
• **** No explanation provided for the decrease in cumulative deaths.
• ***** Report states that a review of data has led to a downward estimation in total deaths.

Control efforts

Countries with direct airline links, such as Portugal, screened passengers arriving from Angola. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Angolan government asked for international assistance, pointing out that there are only about 1,200 doctors in the entire country, with some provinces having as few as two. Health care workers also complained about a shortage of personal protection equipment such as gloves, gowns and masks. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) reported that when their team arrived at the provincial hospital at the center of the outbreak, they found it operating without water and electricity. Médecins Sans Frontières (pronounced) or Doctors Without Borders, is a secular humanitarian-aid Non-governmental organization best known Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Contact tracing is complicated by the fact that the country's roads and other infrastructure have been devastated after nearly three decades of civil war and the countryside remains littered with land mines. In Epidemiology, contact tracing is the identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person The Angolan War of Independence (1961&ndash1974 Civil disobedience (1948-1959 See also 1950s in Angola The Portuguese Colonial Act passed on June A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person

One innovation in the Angola outbreak has been the use of a portable laboratory operated by a team of Canadian doctors and technicians. The lab, which can operate on a car battery, has eliminated the need to send blood samples outside the country for testing. A car battery is a type of Rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an Automobile. This has reduced the turnaround time from days or weeks to about four hours.

Meanwhile, at Americo Boa Vida Hospital in the capital, Luanda, an international team prepared a special isolation ward to handle cases from the countryside. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the The ward was able to accommodate up to 40 patients, but there was some resistance to medical treatment. Because the disease almost invariably resulted in death, some people came to view hospitals and medical workers with suspicion and there was a brief period when medical teams were attacked in the countryside. ^[10]

A specially-equipped isolation ward at the provincial hospital in Uige was reported to be empty during much of the epidemic, even though the facility was at the center of the outbreak. WHO was forced to implement what they described as a "harm reduction strategy" which entailed distributing disinfectants to affected families who refused hospital care. An education effort and an increase in the number of Angolan health practitioners in the outbreak area, resulted in improved relations with the community.

2007 Uganda cases

Marburg haemorrhagic fever was confirmed in a 29-year-old man in Uganda. The man became symptomatic on 4 July 2007, was admitted to hospital on 7 July and died on 14 July. The disease was confirmed by laboratory diagnosis on 30 July.

The man had had prolonged close contact with a 21-year-old co-worker with a similar illness to whom he had been providing care. The 21-year-old had developed symptoms on 27 June and was hospitalized with a haemorrhagic illness. He then recovered and was discharged on 9 July. Both men were working in a mine in western Uganda.

As a weapon

The former Soviet Union reportedly had a large biological weapons program involving Marburg. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The development was conducted in Vector Institute under the leadership of Dr. The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, also known as the Vector Institute, is a highly sophisticated biological research center in Koltsovo Nikolai Ustinov, who died after accidentally injecting himself with the virus. The post-mortem samples of Marburg taken from Dr. Ustinov's organs were more powerful than the original strain that he had infected himself with. This new strain, called "Variant U," was successfully weaponized and approved by Soviet Ministry of Defense in 1990. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ^[11] Bioterrorism grants in the United States are funding research to develop a vaccine for Marburg virus. ^[12]

Fiction

In the TV series Millennium, a prion version of the Marburg virus breaks out in Seattle, killing (amongst others) Frank Black's wife, Catherine. Millennium is an American supernatural thriller and crime drama television series produced by Chris Carter (creator of The X-Files A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded

In the TV series Medical Investigation, episode 17, the Marburg virus breaks out in New York City, killing 5 from a total of 6 infected persons. Medical Investigation is an American Medical drama Television series that began September 9, 2004, on NBC. The City of New York

In the TV series ReGenesis, episode 11, the source of an earlier Marburg outbreak is investigated.

In the Sarah Jane Smith series of audios (Series Two) the virus is used as a weapon by a doomsday cult. " Doomsday cult " is a term used to describe groups obsessed with Apocalypticism and Millenarianism, and can refer to both groups that prophesy Catastrophe here

In the novel Cain by James Byron Huggins, the being known as Cain, a genetically engineered monster, is infected with a modified form of the Marburg virus which, if released, could potentially wipe out humanity.

In the short story Hell Hath Enlarged Herself by Michael Marshall Smith, one of the original scientists is infected with Marburg in an attempt to test ImmunityWorks ver. Michael Marshall Smith (born May 3, 1965) is a British Novelist, Screenwriter and Short story Writer. 1. 0.

In the novel Gravity by Tess Gerritsen, an outbreak of Marburg virus is suspected on the International Space Station. Dr Tess Gerritsen (born June 1953 is an international and New York Times -bestselling thriller writer published in over thirty countries The infectious agent turns out to be not Marburg, but rather a chimera virus. A chimera virus is defined by the United States Department of Agriculture Center for Veterinary Biologics as a "new hybrid microorganism created by joining

In the novel Microserfs by Douglas Coupland, the Marburg virus is mentioned several times as a metaphor for the spread of information through the internet. Microserfs, published by HarperCollins in 1995 is an Epistolary Novel by Douglas Coupland. Douglas Coupland (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian Novelist.

In the film WW3: Winds of Terror (2001), directed by Robert Mandel, a variant of Marburg becomes a deadly bioweapon that can be used by terrorists.

In The novel Resident Evil: Caliban Cove a mad Scientist named Nicolas Griffith is referred to by Rebecca Chambers as having infected two men with the Marburg virus after they had been led to believe it was a harmless cold virus. Resident Evil Caliban Cove is a Video game -based novelization for Resident Evil by S

In the novel Pandora's Legion by Harold Coyle and Barrett Tillman, an Al-Qaeda cell in Pakistan injects volunteers with Marburg virus, who then board flights to major international airports in the Western world where the large flow of people would facilitate the spreading of the virus into a pandemic. Harold Coyle (born 1952 is an American author of historical speculative fiction and war novels Barrett Tillman (born 1948 is an American Author who specializes in Naval and Aviation topics in addition to Fiction and technical Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through

Further reading (Nonfiction)

• Ebola
• Biohazard, a book by Ken Alibek
• The Hot Zone, a book by Richard Preston ISBN 0-517-17158-9
• The Coming Plague, a book by Laurie Garrett ISBN 0-374-12646-1
• Plagues and Peoples, a book by William McNeill ISBN 0-8446-6492-8
• Lassa fever

References

External links

• Center for Disease Control, Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated
• Center for Disease Control, Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever.
• Center for Disease Control, Known Cases and Outbreaks of Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever
• World Health Organization, Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever.
• Red Cross PDF

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic