Magnus Maximus
Usurper of the Western Roman Empire
Reign	383 - August 28, 388 (against Gratian, then Valentinian II and Theodosius I)
Born	ca. Usurpers are individuals or groups of individuals who obtain and maintain the power or rights of another by force and without legal authority The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Events By Place The British Isles Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland Roman Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Events By Place Roman Empire The rebellion of Magnus Maximus is put down at the Battle of the Save, and Valentinian II For other figures with this name see Gratian (disambiguation. Flavius Valentinianus Junior (371 – 15 May 392) known usually by his Anglicised name Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ 335
Birthplace	Hispania
Died	August 28, 388
Place of death	Aquileia
Predecessor	Octavius
Successor	Caradocus
Wife	Helen
Issue	Flavius Victor, two daughters

Magnus Maximus (ca. 335–August 28, 388), also Maximianus, was an Hispanic usurper of the Western Roman Empire from 383 until his death, in 388, by order of Emperor Theodosius I. Events By Place Roman Empire 19 September — Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Events By Place Roman Empire The rebellion of Magnus Maximus is put down at the Battle of the Save, and Valentinian II Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically Usurpers are individuals or groups of individuals who obtain and maintain the power or rights of another by force and without legal authority The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Events By Place The British Isles Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland Roman Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄

Life

Maximus was a distinguished general who served under Theodosius the Elder. Flavius Theodosius was a senior military officer serving in the Western Roman Empire. He certainly served with him in Africa in 373 and on the Danube in 376. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes Proconsul of Africa. Events By Place Roman Empire Many Goths appear on the Danube and request entry into the Roman Empire in their flight from the It is likely he also may have been a junior officer in Britain during the quelling of the Great Conspiracy in 368. The Great Conspiracy is a term given to a year-long war that occurred in Roman Britain near the end of the Roman occupation of the island Events By Place Roman Empire Valentinian I, based in Trier, defeats the Alemanni along the border at the Rhine Assigned to Britain in 380, he defeated an incursion of the Picts and Scots in 381. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Events By Place Roman Empire January / February – Emperor Theodosius I is baptized. The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century Events By Place Roman Empire A deputation from the Roman Senate delivers to Gratianus the robe of the Pontifex Maximus Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 383. He went to Gaul to pursue his imperial ambitions taking a large number of British troops with him. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western

Following his conquest of Gaul, Maximus went out to meet his main opponent, Gratian, whom he defeated near Paris. For other figures with this name see Gratian (disambiguation. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Gratian, after fleeing, was killed at Lyon on August 25, 383. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Continuing his campaign into Italy Maximus was stopped from overthrowing Valentinian II, who was aged only twelve, when Theodosius I, the Eastern Roman Emperor, sent Flavius Bauto with a powerful force to stop him. Flavius Valentinianus Junior (371 – 15 May 392) known usually by his Anglicised name Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Flavius Bauto (died c 385 was a Romanised Frank who served as a Magister militum of the Western Roman Empire. Negotiations followed in 384 including the intervention of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, leading to an accord with Valentinian II and Theodosius I in which Maximus was recognized as an Augustus in the west. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century

Maximus made his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier) in Gaul and ruled Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Africa. Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. He issued coinage and a number of edicts reorganizing Gaul's system of provinces. Some scholars believe Maximus may have founded the office of the Comes Britanniarum as well. Comes Britanniarum was a military post in Roman Britain, with command of the mobile field army from the mid 4th century onwards He became a popular emperor, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus delivered a panegyric on Maximus' virtues. Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (c 340 &ndash c 402 the cultured and prominent son of a prominent father Lucius Aurelius Avianius Symmachus in the patrician Gens Aurelia He used barbarian forces such as the Alamanni to great effect. The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany He was also a stern persecutor of heretics. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief It was on his orders that Priscillian and 6 companions became the first people in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy, in this case of Priscillianism, by other Christians (though the civil charges were for the practice of magic), and their property was confiscated. Priscillian, Bishop of Ávila (died 385 a theologian from Roman Gallaecia (in the Iberian Peninsula) was the first person in the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Priscillianism is a Christian doctrine developed in the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania) in the 4th century by Priscillian Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and These executions went ahead despite the wishes of prominent men such as St. Martin of Tours. Saint Martin of Tours (Martinus (316/317 Savaria, Pannonia &ndash November 8, 317, Candes, Gaul; buried November Maximus' edict of 387 or 388 which censured Christians at Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, was condemned by Bishop Ambrose who said people exclaimed: ‘the emperor has become a Jew’ ^[1]

In 387 Maximus managed to force Valentinian II out of Rome after which he fled to Theodosius I. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century For the processor see Intel 80387. Events By Place Roman Empire The widowed Emperor Theodosius I Flavius Valentinianus Junior (371 – 15 May 392) known usually by his Anglicised name Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ Theodosius I and Valentinian II then invaded from the east and campaigned against Magnus Maximus in July-August 388 their troops being led by Richomeres and other generals. Flavius Valentinianus Junior (371 – 15 May 392) known usually by his Anglicised name Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor Events By Place Roman Empire The rebellion of Magnus Maximus is put down at the Battle of the Save, and Valentinian II Flavius Richomeres (Richomer was a Frank who lived in the late 4th century Maximus was defeated in the Battle of the Save, and retreated to Aquileia. The Battle of the Save was fought in 388 between the forces of Roman usurper Magnus Maximus and the Eastern Roman Empire. Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Acuilee/Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is Meanwhile the Franks under Marcomer had taken the opportunity and invaded at the same time further weakening Maximus' position. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Marcomer (Marcomeres Marchomer Marchomir was a Frankish leader ( dux) in the late 4th century that invaded the Roman Empire in the year

Andragathius, magister equitum of Maximus and killer of Gratian, was defeated near Siscia, his brother Marcellinus again at Poetovio. The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases is a historical position of varying importance in several European nations Sisak ( German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a City in Ptuj (Pettau Latin: Poetovio) is a City and one of 11 urban municipalities in Slovenia. Maximus surrendered in Aquileia and although pleaded for mercy was executed. The Senate passed a decree of Damnatio memoriae against him. Damnatio memoriae is the Latin phrase literally meaning "damnation of memory" in the sense of removed from the remembrance. However, his wife and two daughters were spared. Maximus' son, Flavius Victor, was defeated and executed by Valentinian's magister peditum Arbogast in the fall of the same year. Flavius Victor was the infant son of Magnus Maximus by his wife Elen, allegedly the daughter of Octavius. Flavius Arbogastes (died September 6 394) or Arbogast was a Frankish general in the Roman Empire. What happened to his family is not related, although it is clear that they survived and that his descendants continued to occupy influential posts. We encounter a possible daughter of Magnus Maximus, Sevira, on the Pillar of Eliseg, an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales which claims her marriage to Vortigern, king of the Britons. The Pillar of Eliseg also known as Elise's Pillar or Croes Elisedd in Welsh stands near Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire, Wales, Vortigern (ˈvɔrtɨɡɝːn also spelled Vortiger and Vortigen and in Welsh Gwrtheyrn was a 5th century warlord in Britain, a leading ruler among Another daughter was possibly married to Ennodius, proconsul Africae (395). Events By Place Roman Empire After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Empire is re-divided into an eastern and a western half Their grandson was Petronius Maximus, who was another ill-fated emperor, ruling in Rome for but 77 days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on May 24, 455. Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (c 396 - May 31 455) was a Roman aristocrat and briefly Western Roman Emperor with the designation Events By Place Western Roman Empire March 16 — Valentinian III is murdered by former soldiers of Aëtius, in revenge Other descendants included Anicius Olybrius, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as St. Magnus Felix Ennodius (Bishop of Pavia c. Flavius Anicius Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor with the designation and name Dominus Noster Flavius Anicius Olybrius Augustus from March 23 or July Events By Place Western Roman Empire Relations between Emperor Anthemius and general Ricimer deteriorate completely Magnus Felix Ennodius (473 or 474 - July 17, 521) was Bishop of Pavia in 514 and a Latin Rhetorician and Poet Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south 514-21).

Role in British and Breton History

In Gildas's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae written in the sixth century Maximus is attributed an important role as the man responsible for withdrawing Roman troops from Britain on a major scale and thus leaving it open to barbarian attack. Saint Gildas (c 494 or 516 – c 570 was one of the best-documented figures of the Christian church in the British Isles during the sixth century The archaeological evidence backs up Gildas's account in that the late fourth century seems to have been the period when Roman troops were withdrawn from areas like Hadrian's Wall and Segontium with no coins found later than 383. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman Segontium is a Roman fort for a Roman auxiliary force located on the outskirts of Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales. The earliest Welsh genealogies give Maximus (Welsh: Macsen/Maxen Wledig) a role as a founding father of the dynasties of many of Welsh kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Powys, Kingdom of Gwent and the Kingdom of Dyfed the sort of claims reflected in the Pillar of Eliseg and in lists of the Fifteen Tribes of Wales. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic   Gwent was one of the kingdoms or principalities of Mediæval Wales, in the Welsh Marches. The Kingdom of Dyfed was a sub-Roman and early medieval kingdom in south-west Wales. The Pillar of Eliseg also known as Elise's Pillar or Croes Elisedd in Welsh stands near Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire, Wales, The Fifteen Tribes of Wales (also called the Royal and Noble Tribes of Wales) were a number of families in Wales endowed with inherited noble or royal qualities from ^[2] It has been argued that this role may be a result of genuine land grants and delegation of authority by Roman authorities to local leaders such as Vortigern and Padarn Beisrudd on troop withdrawal. Vortigern (ˈvɔrtɨɡɝːn also spelled Vortiger and Vortigen and in Welsh Gwrtheyrn was a 5th century warlord in Britain, a leading ruler among Padarn Beisrudd ap Tegid literally translates as Paternus of the Scarlet Robe son of Tegid. It also has been suggested he settled the Déisi and Attacotti in Britain. The Déisi was a term used to describe a class of peoples in ancient Ireland. Attacotti (variously spelled refers to a people who despoiled Roman Britain between 364 and 368 along with Scotti, Picts, Saxons, Roman military ^[3] Although it is impossible to back these ideas with any certainty, and they could be later invention what is obvious that a connection to Mascen was seen as highly desirable early in Welsh history.

The ninth century Historia Brittonum gives another account of Maxiumus and assigns him an important role:

The seventh emperor was Maximianus. The Historia Brittonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 833 and exists in several He withdrew from Britain with all its military force, slew Gratianus the king of the Romans, and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike companions to their wives, families, and possessions in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of Mons lovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, that is Cruc Occident. These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with his assistance.

Modern historians believe that this idea of mass British troop settlement in Brittany by Maximus may very well reflect some reality as it accords with other historical evidence and later Breton traditions. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into

Welsh Legend

Legendary versions of Maximus' career in which he marries a Welsh princess Helen may have been in popular circulation in Welsh speaking areas from an early point. Although the story of Helen and Maximus's meeting is almost certainly fictional, there is some evidence for the basic claims. He is certainly given a prominent place in the earliest version of the Welsh Triads which are believed to date from c. The Welsh Triads ( Welsh Trioedd Ynys Prydein, literally "Triads of the Island of Britain " are a group of related texts in Medieval 1100 and which reflect far older traditions. Maxen is also frequently referred to Welsh poetry as a point of comparison to later Welsh leaders. These legends come down to us in two separate versions. ^[4]

Geoffrey of Monmouth

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's semi-fictional Historia regum Britanniae, basis for many English and Welsh legends, Maximian as he calls him, was a Roman senator and nephew of King Coel through his brother Ioelinus and was king of the Brythons following the death of Octavius. Geoffrey of Monmouth ( Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c The Historia Regum Britanniae ( English: The History of the Kings of Britain) is a pseudohistorical account of British history A legendary king of Celtic Britain, about all that can be said about Old King Cole with any certainty is that Old King Cole was a merry Octavius (Eydaf was a legendary king of the Britons in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia regum Britanniae, a fictional account of the rulers Geoffrey tells this came about because Octavius, the king of the Britons, wanted to wed his daughter to such a powerful half-Roman, half-Briton and give the kingship of Britain as a dowry to that husband so he sent a message to Rome offering his daughter to Maximian.

Caradocus, the Duke of Cornwall, had suggested and supported the marriage between Octavius's daughter and Maximian. In Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia regum Britanniae, a fictional account of the kings of the Britons, Caradocus ( middle Welsh This article is about British history For the soul group "Legendary Dukes" that originated in the 1960s please see Wilmer and the Dukes Legendary Maximian accepted the offer and left Rome for Britain. Geoffrey claims further that Maximian gathered an army as he sacked Frankish towns along the way. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group He invaded Clausentum (modern Southampton) unintentionally and nearly fought the army of the Britons under Conanus before a truce was made. Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England Conan Meriadoc (modern Breton Konan Meriadeg, Welsh Cynan Meiriadog; Latin Conanus Meridiadocus; died ca Following further negotiations, Maximian was given the kingship of Britain and Octavius retired. Five years into his kingship, Magnus Maximus assembled a vast fleet and invaded Gaul, leaving Britain in the control of Caradocus. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Upon reaching the kingdom of Armorica, he defeated the king and killed thousands of inhabitants. Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany Peninsula and the territory between the Before departing to Rome, he summoned Conanus, the rebellious nephew of Octavius, and asked him to rule as king of the land, which was renamed Brittany, or 'Little Britain'. Conan Meriadoc (modern Breton Konan Meriadeg, Welsh Cynan Meiriadog; Latin Conanus Meridiadocus; died ca Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Conan's men married native women after cutting out their tongues to preserve the purity of their language. Geoffrey of Monmouth presents this legend to explain the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw, as originating from lled-taw or half-silent. Given that Conan was well established in genealogies as the founder of Brittany this certainly is connected to an older tradition than Geoffrey.

Following the death of Caradocus rule of Britain as regent passed to Dionotus, who facing a foreign invasion appealed to Maximus who finally sent a man named Gracianus Municeps with two legions to stop the attack. In Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia regum Britanniae, a fictional account of the rulers of Britain Dionotus was a legendary King of the Britons Gracianus Municeps was a legendary King of the Britons, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia regum Britanniae, a fictional account of He killed many thousands before the invaders fled to Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Maximus died in Rome soon after and Dionotus became the official king of the Britons. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Unfortunately, before he could begin his reign, Gracianus took hold of the crown and made himself king over Dionotus.

The Dream of Macsen Wledig

Although the Mabinogion tale The Dream of Macsen Wledig is written in later manuscripts than Geoffrey's version the two accounts are so different that scholars agree the Dream cannot be based purely on Geoffrey's version. The Dream's account also seems to accord better with details in the Triads so it perhaps reflects an earlier tradition.

Macsen Wledig, the Emperor of Rome, dreams one night of a lovely maiden in a wonderful, far-off land. Awakening, he sends his men all over the earth in search of her. With much difficulty they find her in a rich castle in Britain daughter of a chieftain based at Segontium (Caernarfon), and lead the Emperor to her. Segontium is a Roman fort for a Roman auxiliary force located on the outskirts of Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales. Caernarfon (the original Welsh spelling is now almost always used in preference to the anglicised forms "Caernarvon" or "Carnarvon" is a Everything he finds is exactly as in his dream. The maiden, whose name is Helen or Elen, accepts and loves him. Because Elen is found a virgin, Macsen gives her father sovereignty over the island of Britain and orders three castles built for his bride. In Macsen's absence, a new emperor seizes power and warns him not to return. With the help of men from Britain led by Elen's brother Conanus (Welsh: Kynan Meriadec, French: Conan Meriadoc), Macsen marches across Gaul and Italy and recaptures Rome. Conan Meriadoc (modern Breton Konan Meriadeg, Welsh Cynan Meiriadog; Latin Conanus Meridiadocus; died ca Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In gratitude to his British allies, Macsen rewards them with a portion of Gaul that becomes known as Brittany.

Later Literature

The prominent place of Macsen in history, Welsh legend and in the Matter of Britain means he is often a character or referred to in historical and Arthurian fiction. The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the Legends that concern the Celtic and legendary History of Great Britain, especially those Such stories include Lawhead's Pendragon Cycle, Mary Stewart's The Hollow Hills, and Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill. The Pendragon Cycle is a series of Fantasy or semi- Historical books based on the Arthurian legend, written by Stephen R The Hollow Hills is a Novel by Mary Stewart. It is the second in a quintet of novels covering the Arthurian Legends Puck of Pook's Hill is a children's book by Rudyard Kipling, published in 1906 containing a series of short stories set in different periods of history

See also

• Pillar of Eliseg

References

1. ^ Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, 16–17 (1845), nos. The Pillar of Eliseg also known as Elise's Pillar or Croes Elisedd in Welsh stands near Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire, Wales, 40
2. ^ Rachel Bromwich, editor and translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, Third Edition, 2006. 441-444
3. ^ "Attacotti, Déisi and Magnus Maximus: the Case for Irish Federates in Late Roman Britain", Philip Rance, Britannia 32 (2001) 243-270;
4. ^ Rachel Bromwich, editor and translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, Third Edition, 2006. 441-444

Primary Sources

Magnus Maximus is mentioned in a number of ancient and Medieval sources.

• Ammianus Marcellinus Rerum Gestarum Libri Qui Supersunt XXXI. Amiricanus Gambilinus (325/330-after 391 was a fourth-century Roman historian. 4. 9
• Geoffrey of Monmouth Histories of the Kings of Britain V. 5-6
• Gildas De Excidio Britannie II. 13-14
• 'Nennius' Historia Brittonum 27; 29
• Orosius Historium adversum paganos VII. Nennius, or Nemnivus, is either of two shadowy personages traditionally associated with the history of Wales. Paulus Orosius (b circa 375 d 418? was a Christian Historian, theologian and disciple of St 34
• Pacatus Panegyricus Latini Pacati Deprani Dictus Theodosio
• Prosper (Tiro) of Aquitaine Chronicon 384; 388
• Socrates Scholasticus Historia Ecclesiastica V. Latinus (or Latinius) Pacatus Drepanius, one of the Latin Panegyrists flourished at the end of the 4th century AD Saint Prosper of Aquitaine (c 390 – c 455 a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome 's Universal Socrates of Constantinople was a Greek Christian church historian a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret, who used his work he was born at Constantinople 8; V. 11
• Sozomen Historia Ecclesiastica VII. Salminius Hermias Sozomenus (Σωζομενός (c 400 - c 450 was a Historian of the Christian church 13
• Sulpicius Severus Dialogi II. Sulpicius Severus (c 363 &ndash between 420 and 425 wrote the earliest Biography of Saint Martin of Tours. 6;III. 11,13
• Sulpicius Severus Historia Sacra II. 49-51
• Sulpicius Severus Vita Sancti Martini XX
• Trioedd Ynys Prydein (The Welsh Triads)
• Zosimus Historia Nova

External links

Historical Magnus

• De Imperatoribus Romanis account
• Roman Empire account
• Vortigern Studies Magnus Maximus and the Picts

Legendary Magnus

• Translated text of "The Dream of Macsen Wledig", included in The Mabinogion