Ancient Region of Anatolia Lycia (Λυκία)
Location	Southern Anatolia
State existed:	15-14th c. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black BC (as Lukka) 1250-546 BC
Language	Lycian
Historical capitals	Xanthos
Roman province	Lycia

Lycia (in Lycian, Trm̃mis (see List of Lycian place names); in ancient Greek, Λυκία and in modern Turkish, Likya) is a region in the modern-day provinces of Antalya and Muğla on the southern coast of Turkey. The Lukka lands are often mentioned in Hittite texts from the second millennium BC Lycian (Lycian Trm̃mili) is a modern adjective meaning in this case the inscriptional language of ancient Lycia as well as its presumed spoken counterpart Xanthos ( Lycian: Arñna, Greek: Ξάνθος was the name of a city in ancient Lycia, the site of present day Kınık, In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Lycian (Lycian Trm̃mili) is a modern adjective meaning in this case the inscriptional language of ancient Lycia as well as its presumed spoken counterpart This article contains a list of Lycian place names that have survived from ancient Lycia in Anatolia. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Turkey is divided into 81 provinces called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i Antalya Province is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea. Muğla is a province of Turkey, as the country's south-western corner on the Aegean Sea. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches It was the site of an ancient country which later became a province of the Roman Empire. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

Geography

Modern

Lycia is a mountainous and densely forested region along the coast of southwestern Turkey on and around the Teke Peninsula.

Turkey's first waymarked long-distance footpath, the Lycian Way, follows part of the coast of the region. Waymarking is a means by which people can catalog mark locate and log unique and interesting locations around the world usually with a GPS receiver The Lycian Way is a long-distance footpath in Turkey, researched by Kate Clow.

Ancient

Lycia was bounded by Caria to the west and north west, Pamphylia to the east, and Pisidia to the north east. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Origins of the Pamphylians There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people though the former had received colonies from Greece and other Geography Although close to Mediterranean Sea on the map the warm climate of the south cannot pass the height of the Taurus Mountains. The principal cities of ancient Lycia were Xanthos, Patara, Myra, Pinara, Tlos and Olympos (each entitled to three votes in the Lycian League) and Phaselis. Xanthos ( Lycian: Arñna, Greek: Ξάνθος was the name of a city in ancient Lycia, the site of present day Kınık, This article is about the ancient city named Patara in Lycia Turkey for the city named Patara in Cappadocia Turkey see Patara (Cappadocia, for the village named Patara Myra is an ancient town in Lycia, where the small town of Kale ( Demre) is situated today in present day Antalya Province of Turkey Pinara ( Lycian: Pilleñni; Greek:) &ndash formerly Artymnesus or Artymnesos &ndash was a large ancient city of Lycia Tlos is known to have been one of the most important religious centers of the Lycian region in Antalya province of Turkey. Olympos is a common variation of Olympus. This article refers to a National Park in Turkey Phaselis is an ancient Lycian city in the province of Antalya in Turkey.

Further information: List of Lycian place names

Features and sights of interest

Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan

Lycian tombs at Simena, Üçağız (Turkey). This article contains a list of Lycian place names that have survived from ancient Lycia in Anatolia. Dalyan is a town in Muğla Province located between the well-known districts of Marmaris and Fethiye on the south-west coast of Turkey.

Though the second-century CE dialogue Erotes found the cities of Lycia "interesting more for their history than for their monuments, since they have retained none of their former splendor", many relics of the Lycians remain visible today, especially their distinctive rock-cut tombs in the sides of cliffs in the region. The Erōtes or Amores ("Loves" or "The two kinds of love" is a Greek dialogue an example of contest literature, comparing the love The British Museum in London has one of the best collections of Lycian artifacts. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Lycia was an important center of worship for the goddess Leto and later, her twin children, Apollo and Artemis. Lētṓ ( Greek:, Λ&alphaτώ, Lato in Dorian Greek etymology and meaning disputed in Greek mythology, is a daughter of In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister

Ancient language

The eponymous inhabitants of Lycia, the Lycians, spoke an Indo-European language, belonging to its Anatolian branch. The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language The closest language to the Lycian language is the Luwian language, which was spoken in Anatolia during the 2nd and early 1st millennium BC; it may even be its direct ancestor. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the

Name of the region

The Lycians own name "Trm̃mi" comes from the region of Trimili which was recently discovered on an ancient road sign in Patara excavation. Interestingly, today a Turkish village named "Dirmil" stands on the lands of ancient Trimili which may prove that this is the evolved name of the land therefore the ancient Lycians.

History

Prehistory

The region of Lycia has been inhabited by human groups since prehistoric times.

Bronze age

Ancient Egyptian records describe the Lycians as allies of the Hittites. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Lycia may have been a member state of the Assuwa league of ca. The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia, defeated by the Hittites under an earlier Tudhaliya I around 1400 BC. 1250 BC, appearing as 'Lukka or Luqqa. The Lukka lands are often mentioned in Hittite texts from the second millennium BC After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Lycia emerged as an independent "Neo-Hittite" kingdom. The states that are called Neo-Hittite, or more recently Syro-Hittite, were Luwian, Aramaic and Phoenician -speaking political entities of According to Herodotus, Lycia was named after Lycus, the son of Pandion II of Athens. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash In Greek mythology, Pandion II (Πανδίων Β' was son and heir of Cecrops II, King of Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The region was never unified into a single territory in antiquity, but remained a tightly-knit confederation of fiercely independent city-states.

Lycia was frequently mentioned by Homer as an ally of Troy. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or In Homer's Iliad, the Lycian contingent was said to have been led by two esteemed warriors: Sarpedon (son of Zeus and Laodamia) and Glaucus (son of Hippolochus). The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient In Greek mythology, Sarpedon (Σαρπηδὠν referred to at least three different people Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Laodamia referred to two different women Laodamia was the mother of Sarpedon by Zeus, and a daughter of Bellerophon In Greek mythology, Glaucus ("shiny" "bright" or "bluish-green" (Γλαῦκος was the name of several different figures including Hippolochus ( Greek:Ιππόλοχος was a Macedonian writer a student of Theophrastus, who addressed to his fellow-student Lynceus of Samos Elsewhere in Greek mythology, the Lycian kingdom was said to have been ruled by another Sarpedon, a Cretan exile and brother of the king Minos; Sarpedon's followers were called Termilae, and they founded a dynasty after their conquest of a people called the Milyans. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, Sarpedon (Σαρπηδὠν referred to at least three different people Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. As with the founding of Miletus, this mythical story implies a Cretan connection to the settlement of Asia Minor. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Lycia appears elsewhere in Greek myth, such as in the story of Bellerophon, who eventually succeeded to the throne of the Lycian king Iobates (or Amphianax). Bellerophon (βελλεροφῶν or Bellerophontes (βελλεροφόντης was a Hero of Greek mythology, "the greatest hero and In Greek mythology, Iobates (Ἰοβάτης was a Lycian king the father of Antea and Philonoe.

Classical period

Lycia came under the control of the Persian Empire in 546 BC when Harpagus of Media, a general in the service of Cyrus conquered Asia Minor. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys Harpagus (also known as Harpagos or Hypargus) ( Akkadian: Arbaku, Arbaces) was a The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Harpagus's descendants ruled Lycia until 468 BC when Athens wrested control away. Harpagus (also known as Harpagos or Hypargus) ( Akkadian: Arbaku, Arbaces) was a Events By place Greece Sparta faces trouble near home chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Persia then retook Lycia in 387 BC and held it until it was conquered by Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon during 334-333 BC^[1]. Events By place Greece Antalcidas, commander of the Spartan navy actively assists Persia against Athens Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most

Hellenistic period

Chaos followed Alexander the Great's death in 324 BC, but Lycia had passed into the hands of the general Antigonos by 304 BC. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Events By place Macedonian Empire On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers Events By place Greece The siege of Rhodes ends after a year as Demetrius Poliorcetes meets with obstinate resistance from the In 301 BC Antigonos was killed by an alliance of the other successors of Alexander, and Lycia fell into the hands of the Kingdom of Lysimachos, who ruled until he was killed in battle in 281 BC. Events By Place Asia Minor In The Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria Lysimachus ( Greek: Λυσίμαχος Lysimachos; 360 BCE - 281 BCE was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i Events By place Asia Minor The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors ^[2] By 240 BC Lycia was part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom^[3] and remained in their control through 200 BC. Events By place Carthage Two of Carthage 's Mercenary commanders — Spendius and Mathos — convince the The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great 's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman Events By place Seleucid Empire Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine. ^[4] It had apparently come under Seleucid control by 190 BC, when the Seleucids' defeat in the Battle of Magnesia resulted in Lycia being awarded to Rhodes in the Peace of Apamea in 188 BC. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Events By place Greece The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and The Battle of Magnesia was fought in 190 BC near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia (modern Turkey) between the Romans Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island The Treaty of Apamea of 188 BC, was Peace treaty between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III (the Great ruler of the Seleucid Empire Events By place Greece The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a It was then granted independence by Rome in 168 BC (see Lycian League below) and remained so until becoming a Roman province in 43 AD. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. ^[5]

Roman period

In 43, the emperor Claudius annexed it to the Roman Empire and united it with Pamphylia as a Roman province. Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Origins of the Pamphylians There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people though the former had received colonies from Greece and other The heir of Augustus, Gaius Caesar, was killed there in 4 AD. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was See also Gaius Julius Caesar, for others of the same name Gaius Julius Caesar (20 BC - AD 4 most commonly known as Julius Caesar, was Year 4 ( IV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine era

It subsequently became part of the (Greek) Byzantine Empire.

Turkish era

It was overrun by the (Turkish) Ottoman Empire and eventually becoming part of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The last Greeks were displaced following the Greco-Turkish War in the early 20th century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Lycian league

The Lycian League, (koinon) was established in 168 BC with democratic principles. It comprised some 23 known city-states as members. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty.

Lycia, which had been under Rhodian control since the Peace of Apamea in 188 B. Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island The Treaty of Apamea of 188 BC, was Peace treaty between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III (the Great ruler of the Seleucid Empire C. , was granted independence by the Roman Empire at the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Third Macedonian War ( 171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. These city states joined together in a federalist style government that shared political resources against larger nations. A “Lyciarch” was elected by a senate that convened every autumn at a different city, where each member sent one, two or three representatives, depending on the city's size, to the senate, or Bouleuterion, as it was called. A bouleuterion was a building which housed the council of citizens ( Boule) in Ancient Greece. The major cities of the League included Xanthos, Patara, Pinara, Olympos, Myra, and Tlos, with Patara as the capital. Xanthos ( Lycian: Arñna, Greek: Ξάνθος was the name of a city in ancient Lycia, the site of present day Kınık, This article is about the ancient city named Patara in Lycia Turkey for the city named Patara in Cappadocia Turkey see Patara (Cappadocia, for the village named Patara Pinara ( Lycian: Pilleñni; Greek:) &ndash formerly Artymnesus or Artymnesos &ndash was a large ancient city of Lycia Olympos is a common variation of Olympus. This article refers to a National Park in Turkey Myra is an ancient town in Lycia, where the small town of Kale ( Demre) is situated today in present day Antalya Province of Turkey Tlos is known to have been one of the most important religious centers of the Lycian region in Antalya province of Turkey. Phaselis joined the League at a later time. Phaselis is an ancient Lycian city in the province of Antalya in Turkey. The league continued to function after Lycia became a Roman province in 46 AD. Lycia ceased being a federation in the fourth century A. D. , when it was taken over by the Byzantine Empire.

Sources on ancient Lycians

Primary sources

• “Poem on the Battle of Kadesh” 305-313, Ramesses II
• “Great Karnak Inscription” 572-592, Merneptah

Breasted, J. H. 1906. Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• “Plague Prayers of Mursilis” A1-11, b, Mursilis

Pritchard, J. B. 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Secondary sources

• R. D. Barnett (1975). "The Sea Peoples", in J. B. Bury, S. John Bagnell Bury ( 16 October 1861 &ndash 1 June 1927) known as J A. Cook, F. E. Adcock: The Cambridge Ancient History II, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 362-366. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534  

Refers to many different sea peoples and their contact with Egypt and Anatolia. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Also tells about the Philistines during the reign of Ramesses III. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, Usimare Ramses III (also written Ramesses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great

• T. Bryce (1993). Trevor Robert Bryce (born 1940 is a Hittitologist specializing in ancient and classical Near-eastern history "Lukka Revisited". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51: 121-130. The Journal of Near Eastern Studies is an Academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press, devoted to examination of the Ancient and  

Discusses Lukka's relations to other regions (like Miletus) and where they inhabited. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient

• T. Bryce and J. Trevor Robert Bryce (born 1940 is a Hittitologist specializing in ancient and classical Near-eastern history Zahle (1986). The Lycians 1. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. Museum Tusculanum Press (Danish Museum Tusculanums Forlag) is an academic press of the University of Copenhagen for the fields of humanities social sciences and  

Covers the Lycians and where they lived, their history, language, culture, cults, and their language.

• R. Drews (1995). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200 B. C. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.  

A description of the Egyptian evidence on the Sea Peoples.

Notes

1. ^ Haywood, John, et al. Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC - AD 600. Barnes & Noble Books: New York, New York, 2002. Plate 2. 09.
2. ^ Haywood, John, et al. Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC - AD 600 Barnes & Noble Books: New York, 2002. Plate 2. 09.
3. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. Collins Atlas of World History. Borders Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2003. Pg 77.
4. ^ Black, Jeremy, ed. World History Atlas. Dorling Kindersley: London, 2000. Pg. 179.
5. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. Collins Atlas of World History. Borders Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2003. Pgs 77, 89.

See also

• Saint Nicholas - born in the 3rd century in Patara, Lycia
• Lycian Way

External links

• Lycian Turkey
• Christian Lycia
• Gocek Informations Centre (www.thegocek.com)
• Etching of a Lycian tomb from A. Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint This article is about the ancient city named Patara in Lycia Turkey for the city named Patara in Cappadocia Turkey see Patara (Cappadocia, for the village named Patara The Lycian Way is a long-distance footpath in Turkey, researched by Kate Clow. D. F. Hamlin's A History of Ornament (New York: The Century Company, 1916)
• Lycian League: Prototype of America's Democracy? from Saudi Aramco World magazine, September/October 2007

Activities

• Lycian Adventures

Photos and videos

• QTVR fullscreen panoramas of the rock-cut tombs of the ancient Lycian necropolis at Myra