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Low Franconian
Geographic
distribution:		Netherlands, northern Belgium, northern France, western Germany, Suriname, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Namibia and South Africa
Genetic
classification:		Indo-European
 Germanic
  West Germanic
   Low Franconian
Subdivisions:


The European Low Franconian language area (Southeast Limburgish around Aachen and Low Dietsch area in Belgium excluded)
The European Low Franconian language area
(Southeast Limburgish around Aachen and Low Dietsch area in Belgium excluded)

Low Franconian (also Low Frankish) is a group of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium (Flanders), in the northern department of France, in western Germany (Lower Rhine), as well as in Suriname, South Africa and Namibia that originally descended from Old Frankish. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Low Dietsch (Platdiets Platduutsj Thiois or fr ''Platdutch'' not to be confused with the generic term Plattdüütsch) is a term mainly used within the Flemish terminology Low Franconian, or Low Frankish, is a group of several West Germanic Languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium ( The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Lower Rhine (Niederrhein kilometers 660 to 1033 of the Rhine River flows from Bonn, Germany, to the North Sea. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Old Frankish was the language of the Franks and it is classified as a West Germanic language.

Contents

The Frankish language

Main article: Old Frankish
The Frankish Kingdom and the political divisions of Gaul at the inception of Clovis' career (481). Only in the northern and eastern parts of the original Austrasian kingdom Frankish was spoken
The Frankish Kingdom and the political divisions of Gaul at the inception of Clovis' career (481). Old Frankish was the language of the Franks and it is classified as a West Germanic language. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Only in the northern and eastern parts of the original Austrasian kingdom Frankish was spoken

The Frankish language, also Old Frankish, was the language of the Franks. Austrasia (rarely Austria, both meaning "eastern land" formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Old Frankish was the language of the Franks and it is classified as a West Germanic language. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Classified as a West Germanic language, it was spoken in Merovingian times, preceding the 6th/7th century. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Austrasia (rarely Austria, both meaning "eastern land" formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising The Franks first established themselves in the Netherlands and Flanders before they started to fight their way down south and east. The language had a significant impact on Old French. It evolved into Old Low Franconian in the north and it was replaced by French in the south. Old Frankish is not directly attested and is reconstructed from loanwords in Old French, and from Old Dutch.

Old Low Franconian (also Old Low Frankish) was a group of dialects spoken in the Low countries. They were the descendants of the Old Frankish language. Old Low Franconian was divided in two groups, Old Dutch (also Old West Low Franconian) and Old East Low Franconian. Old Dutch (aka Old West Low Franconian) is a branch of Old Low Franconian spoken and written during the early Middle Ages (c East Low Franconian was eventually absorbed by Dutch as it became the dominant form of Low Franconian, although it remains a noticeable substrate within the southern Limburgish dialects of Dutch. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic ( Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois [1] Because the two groups were so similar it is often very hard to determine whether a text is Old Dutch or Old East Low Franconian, hence most linguists will generally use Old Dutch synonymously with Old Low Franconian and most of the time do not differentiate.

Development of Dutch

The 17 Netherlands Provinces prior to the Dutch rebellion. Peoples of the most periphere regions (e.g. Cambrai or Eastern Frisia) never spoke Frankish or Dietsch
The 17 Netherlands Provinces prior to the Dutch rebellion. Peoples of the most periphere regions (e. g. Cambrai or Eastern Frisia) never spoke Frankish or Dietsch
Main article: Dutch language

Dutch, like other Germanic languages, is conventionally divided into three phases. Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Dietsch ( "Diets" in modern Dutch) is a colloquial word for the Middle Dutch language. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname In the development of Dutch these phases were:

Low-Franconian varieties are also spoken in the German area along the Rhine between Cologne and the border between Germany and the Netherlands. Old Dutch (aka Old West Low Franconian) is a branch of Old Low Franconian spoken and written during the early Middle Ages (c Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects (whose ancestor was Old Dutch) which were spoken and written between 1150 Dietsch ( "Diets" in modern Dutch) is a colloquial word for the Middle Dutch language. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge During the 19th and 20th centuries these dialects have partly and gradually been replaced by today's Standard German. Sometimes, Low Franconian is grouped together with Low German. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts However, since this grouping is not based on common linguistic innovations, but rather on the absence of the High German consonant shift and Anglo-Frisian features, modern linguistic reference books do not group them together. In Historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift was a phonological development ( Sound change) which took place The Anglo-Frisian languages (sometimes Insular Germanic) are a group of Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages consisting of Old English [2]

Meuse-Rhenish

Main article: Meuse-Rhenish

It is common to consider the Limburgish varieties as belonging to the Low Franconian languages; in the past, however, all these Limburgish dialects were sometimes seen as West Central German, part of High German. Meuse-Rhenish is a modern superordinating term in the geography of the southeastern Low Franconian dialects spoken in the greater Meuse - Rhine area West Central German ( Westmitteldeutsch) belongs to the Central, High German dialect family in the German language. The High German languages (in German, Hochdeutsch) are any of the varieties of standard German, Luxembourgish and This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. In Historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift was a phonological development ( Sound change) which took place Limburgish is also spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area, in what could be called German-administered Limburg: from the border regions of Kleve, Aachen, Viersen, Heinsberg stretching out to the Rhine river. Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic ( Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge At the Rhine near Duisburg, it adjoins a smaller strip of other Low Franconian varieties called Bergisch. Duisburg (ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area ( Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. Depending on the city in Germany, 50% to 90% of the population speak it (A. Schunck 2001). Together these distinct varieties, now often combined with the Kleve dialects (Kleverländisch) as Meuse-Rhenish ('Rheinmaasländisch'), belong to the greater Low Franconian area between the rivers Meuse and Rhine (A. Meuse-Rhenish is a modern superordinating term in the geography of the southeastern Low Franconian dialects spoken in the greater Meuse - Rhine area Welschen 2002). Limburgish straddles the borderline between 'Low Franconian' and 'Middle Franconian' varieties. They are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but show fewer 'High German shifts' (R. Hahn 2001). In a number of towns and villages in the north-east of the Belgian province of Liege, such as Homburg, Welkenraedt, and Eupen, a transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialect is spoken, called Low Dietsch (Dutch: Platdiets, Limburgish: Platduutsj, French: Thiois or Platdutch). Welkenraedt is a Walloon Municipality located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Eupen is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège, 15 km from the German border ( Aachen) from the Dutch Low Dietsch (Platdiets Platduutsj Thiois or fr ''Platdutch'' not to be confused with the generic term Plattdüütsch) is a term mainly used within the Flemish terminology

Modern Low Franconian languages

Contemporary continental Low Franconian language area. French Flanders however has become more and more francophone during the last century. Brussels Capital Region is officially bilingual, but largely francophone. In Germany, Low Franconian only exists as Meuse-Rhenish regiolects and dialects
Contemporary continental Low Franconian language area. Low Franconian, or Low Frankish, is a group of several West Germanic Languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium ( French Flanders however has become more and more francophone during the last century. French Flanders (La Flandre française Frans-Vlaanderen is a part of the historical originally Dutch-speaking region Flanders in present-day France. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places Brussels Capital Region is officially bilingual, but largely francophone. In Germany, Low Franconian only exists as Meuse-Rhenish regiolects and dialects

The modern Low Franconian languages are:

Dutch

Dialects of Dutch:

In Germany:

Afrikaans

Main article: Afrikaans

Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia, with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Angola, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Togo, and Zambia. Meuse-Rhenish is a modern superordinating term in the geography of the southeastern Low Franconian dialects spoken in the greater Meuse - Rhine area Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Standardization The first attempts on standardizing the Dutch language in the 1540s were based on the Brabantian dialect specifically that of Antwerp and its surroundings Dutch Low Saxon (Dutch Low Saxon Nedersaksisch) is a group of Low Saxon ( i Brabantic Expansion The French, Austrians and Spaniards have had influence on the vocabulary of East Flemish Hollandic or Hollandish (Hollands is together with Brabantian, the most frequently used dialect of the Dutch language. Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic ( Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois West Flemish (West Flemish Vlaemsch/Vlaams, Dutch: West-Vlaams, French: Flamand occidental) is a group of Dutch dialects spoken in Zeelandic ( Zeêuws in Zeelandic Zeeuws in Dutch is a Regional language spoken in the Dutch province of Zeeland and on the South Guelderish (D Zuid-Gelders) or (G Kleverländisch (E Kleverlandish, from Land of Cleves) is a dialect of the Low Rhenish (Nieder-Rheinisch is the collective name for the regional Low Franconian language varieties spoken along the Lower Rhine in the west of Germany Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic ( Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast

Afrikaans originated from the Dutch language. The dialect became known as "Cape Dutch". Later, Afrikaans was sometimes also referred to as "African Dutch" or "Kitchen Dutch", although these terms were mainly pejorative. Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the late 19th century, when it began to be recognised as a distinct language, and it gained equal status with Dutch and English as an official language in South Africa in 1925. Dutch remained an official language until the new 1961 constitution finally stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English (although, curiously, the 1961 constitution still had a sub-clause stipulating that the word "Afrikaans" was also meant to be referring to the Dutch language). It is the only Indo-European language of significance that underwent distinct development on the African continent.

Low Franconian (Dutch) in the world
Low Franconian (Dutch) in the world

Notes

  1. ^ Welschen, Ad 2000-2005: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, University of Amsterdam
  2. ^ Glück, H. (ed. ): Metzler Lexikon Sprache, pages 472, 473. Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler, 2000 (entries Niederdeutsch and Niederfränkisch)

See also

External links

300px|right|thumb|The Franconian languages in Europe|'''Legend'''{{legend|#a0f288|Low Franconian dialects in [[the Netherlands]] Dutch is a West Germanic language, that originated from the Old Frankish dialects Meuse-Rhenish is a modern superordinating term in the geography of the southeastern Low Franconian dialects spoken in the greater Meuse - Rhine area Low Dietsch (Platdiets Platduutsj Thiois or fr ''Platdutch'' not to be confused with the generic term Plattdüütsch) is a term mainly used within the Flemish terminology Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects (whose ancestor was Old Dutch) which were spoken and written between 1150 Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Dutch dialects are primarily dialects that are cognate with the Dutch language and are spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in
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