Louis XIV (baptised as Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638 – September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre. Hyacinthe Rigaud ( Hiacint Riagau) ( July 20, 1659 – December 27, 1743) was a French painter of Catalan origin Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Notre-Dame de Reims ( Our Lady of Rheims) is the Cathedral of Reims, where the kings of France were once crowned Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a French royal Palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the département of For treaties with this name see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Maria Theresa of Spain (Marie Thérèse ( September 10, 1638 &ndash July 30, 1683) was the Queen consort of France Françoise d'Aubigné Scarron Marquise de Maintenon ( November 27, 1635 - April 15, 1719) was the Morganatic second wife of King A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage Marie-Thérèse de France was the fourth child and third daughter of Louis XIV and his Queen Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Catherine of Navarre, also known as Catherine de Bourbon (1559 Paris &ndash 13 February 1604, Nancy) was the daughter of Antoine For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between Nicholas Henri of France, duc d'Orléans, was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian Queen Marie de' Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) Philippe I Duke of Orléans ( September 21, 1640 &ndash June 9, 1701) was the second son of Louis XIII of France and Anne The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Marie-Thérèse de France was the fourth child and third daughter of Louis XIV and his Queen Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Marie Louise Élisabeth de France ( 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Henriette-Anne de France ( 14 August 1727 at Versailles —- 10 February 1752 at Versailles was the twin sister of Marie Adélaïde de France ( 23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French Princess. Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse de France ( May 11, 1733 - June 7, 1799) was the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine ( 27 July 1734 - 2 March 1782) was a French princess See also Louise-Marie of France (1812-1850 Queen of the Belgians Life Early life She was the elder daughter of Louis Dauphin of France, the only son of King Louis XV, and the Dauphin's wife Princess Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France ( 19 December 1778 &ndash 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of King Louis XVI of France Ancestry Son of Marie Antoinette Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Ancestry Louis XVII of France, also Louis VI of Navarre ( Versailles March 27 1785 – Paris June 8 1795) from birth Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 Louis Stanislas Xavier de France, was a King of France and Navarre. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Louis-Antoine of France Dauphin of France and Duke of Angoulême (born Louis-Antoine of Artois; August 6, 1775 – June 3, 1844) Charles Ferdinand duc de Berry ( Charles Ferdinand d'Artois; January 24, 1778 – February 14, 1820) was the younger son of Charles Henri V of France and Navarre ( Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois de France – September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883 Louise Marie Thérèse of France ( Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois; born September 21, 1819, Élysée-Bourbon Paris, France; died List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. He acceded to the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his First Minister ("premier ministre"), the Italian Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman [1] Louis would remain on the throne till his death just prior to his seventy-seventh birthday in 1715. His reign thus spanned seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, the longest documented of any European monarch to date. [2]
Louis XIV is also known as Louis the Great (in French Louis le Grand or Le Grand Monarque, "the Great Monarch"), because, following his victory in the Franco-Dutch War and the Treaty of Nijmegen, the Parlement de Paris decreed that all public inscriptions and statues of the king should carry that epithet attached to his name. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( Négotiations de Nimegue or Négotiations de la Paix de Nimègue) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city
He is also popularly known as The Sun King (in French Le Roi Soleil) because of the idea that, just as the planets revolve around the Sun, so too should France and the court revolve around him. As a result, he was commonly associated with Apollo Helios, the Greco-Roman god of the Sun. As a patron of the arts, this association was fitting because Louis was, like Apollo Musagetes, the "leader of the Muses".
During his reign, he increased the power and influence of France in Europe, engaging in three major wars—the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession—and two minor conflicts—the War of Devolution, and the War of the Reunions. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The War of Devolution ( 1667 &ndash 1668) saw Louis XIV 's French armies overrun the Hapsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands and The War of the Reunions (1683&ndash1684 was a small conflict between Louis XIV 's France and Spain and her allies
The political and military scene in France during his reign was filled with such illustrious names as Mazarin, Fouquet, Colbert, Michel le Tellier, Le Tellier's son Louvois, the Great Condé, Turenne, Vauban, Villars and Tourville. Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman Nicolas Fouquet marquis de Belle-Isle viscomte de Melun et Vaux ( January 27, 1615 – March 23, 1680) was the Superintendent of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under Michel le Tellier ( April 19, 1603 - October 30, 1685) was a French Statesman. François Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 – 16 July 1691 was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne, often called simply Turenne ( September 11 1611 &ndash July 27 1675) was Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to Claude Louis Hector de Villars Prince de Martigues Marquis and Duc de Villars and Vicomte de Melun ( May 8, 1653 – June 17, 1734) was the Anne Hilarion de Costentin comte de Tourville (1642&ndash1701 was a French Naval Commander who served under King Louis XIV. Under his reign, France achieved not only political and military pre-eminence, but also cultural dominance with various cultural figures such as Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Le Brun, Rigaud, Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin Mansart, Claude Perrault and Le Nôtre. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux ( November 1 1636 - March 13, 1711) commonly called Boileau, was a French Poet and Jean-Baptiste de Lully ( Giovanni Battista di Lulli) (ʒɑ̃batist də lyˈli in French (November 28 1632 &ndash March 22 1687 was a French Composer of Italian Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 - 22 February 1690 was a French painter and art theorist, one of the dominant artists in 17th century France. Hyacinthe Rigaud ( Hiacint Riagau) ( July 20, 1659 – December 27, 1743) was a French painter of Catalan origin Louis Le Vau (1612 – October 11 1670) was a French Classical Architect who worked for Louis XIV of France. Jules Hardouin-Mansart (Paris April 16, 1646 &ndash Marly-le-Roi, France May 11, 1708) was a French Architect whose Though Claude Perrault (Paris September 25, 1613 - Paris 1688 is best known as the Architect of the eastern range of the Louvre in Paris André Le Nôtre ( March 12, 1613 &ndash September 15 1700) was a Landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV The cultural achievements accomplished by these figures contributed to the prestige of France, its people, its language and its king.
Louis XIV worked successfully to create a centralized state governed from the capital in order to sweep away the fragmented feudalism which had hitherto persisted in France, thus giving rise to the modern state. A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed As a result of his efforts, which seemed absolutist, Louis XIV became the archetypal absolute monarch. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything The phrase "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the State") is frequently attributed to him, though this is considered by historians to be a historical inaccuracy and is more likely to have been conceived by political opponents as a way of confirming the stereotypical view of the absolutism he represented. Absolutism is a Historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by any other institutions such as churches legislatures or social Quite contrary to that apocryphal quote, Louis XIV is actually reported to have said on his death bed: "Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours. " ("I am going away, but the State will always remain"). [3]
Contents
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Early years
Birth and ancestry
Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5, 1638 and promptly received the title "Premier fils de France" ("First Son of France") as well as the traditional "Dauphin". The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a French royal Palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the département of Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Fils de France ( Son of France) was the style and Rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the [4] His birth came after the almost twenty-three years of childlessness of his estranged parents, Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria As a result, contemporaries regarded him as a divine gift and his birth as a miracle,[5][6][7] and, in a show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited arrival of an heir, he was aptly named Louis-Dieudonné ("God-given") by his parents.
His ancestors were figures from some of Europe's most noteworthy royal and noble houses. [8] His paternal grandparents were Henri IV of France and Marie de' Medici, who were French and Italian respectively; while both his maternal grandparents were Habsburgs, Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Marie de' Medici ( April 26, 1575 &ndash July 3, 1642) was Queen consort of France. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King In this manner, he counted as his ancestors various historical figures like Charles V and Frederick Barbarossa, both Holy Roman Emperors. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states He also found himself descended from the founder of the Rurik dynasty, Rurik the Viking, as well as Charles I "le Téméraire", duc de Bourgogne, the poet Charles, duc d'Orléans, and Giovanni de' Medici, last of the great Condottieri. The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty of Kievan Rus', the successor Russian principalities and early united Russia, from 862 to 1598 Rurik or Riurik (Рюрик; Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler" c Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (Charles le Téméraire ( 21 November 1433 &ndash 5 January 1477) baptised Charles Martin Charles of Valois Duke of Orléans ( November 24, 1394 &ndash January 5, 1465) became Duke of Orléans in 1407 following the murder Giovanni de' Medici, also known as Giovanni dalle Bande Nere ( April 5, 1498 - November 30, 1526) was an Italian Condottiero Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle Most importantly, he traced his paternal lineage, and hence his and his descendants' right to the throne, in unbroken male succession from Saint Louis, King of France.
Louis XIII and Anne had a second child, Philippe de France, duc d'Anjou (soon to be Philippe I, duc d'Orléans) in 1640. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) For the queen consort of Sigismund III of Poland see Anna of Austria (1573-1598 For the queen consort of Philip II of Spain see Anna of Austria Philippe I Duke of Orléans ( September 21, 1640 &ndash June 9, 1701) was the second son of Louis XIII of France and Anne List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father Louis XIII, however, did not trust his wife's ability to govern France after his own demise. Thus he decreed that a regency council, of which Anne would be head, should rule in his son's name in the event of Louis' minority, diminishing her power.
Royal minority and Fronde
Nevertheless, on May 14, 1643, after Louis XIII died and his young son became Louis XIV, Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement, did away with the Council and became sole Regent. La Fronde (1648–1653 was a Civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor She entrusted power to her First Minister, the Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, who was despised in most French political circles because of his alien non-French background, despite having already become a naturalized French subject. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman
The Thirty Years' War, which had commenced in the previous reign, ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, made up of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, the work of Cardinal Mazarin. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman This Peace ensured the Dutch independence from Spain, awarded a great degree of autonomy to the various German princes and granted Sweden territories which gave her control of the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser as well as seats on the Reichstag. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe. The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, It marked the apogee of Swedish power and influence in German and European affairs. However, it was France who had the most to gain from the terms of the Peace. Austria ceded to France all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace; and the petty German states eager to dislodge themselves from Habsburg domination placed themselves under French protection, paving the way for the formation of the League of the Rhine in 1658 and leading to the further dissolution of Imperial power. Not to be confused with the anti- Robber baron Rhine League (Rheinischer Bund or with the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine. The Peace of Westphalia humiliated Habsburg ambitions in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe and laid rest to the idea of the Empire having secular dominion over all of Christendom. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in
In the closing years of the Thirty Years' War, a civil war, the Fronde, which effectively curbed France's ability to make good the advantages gained in the Peace of Westphalia, broke out. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state La Fronde (1648–1653 was a Civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 The Frondeurs originally sought to protect the traditional feudal "liberties" from an increasingly centralized and centralizing royal government. On the other hand, Cardinal Mazarin had continued and would continue to follow the policies of centralization pursued by his predecessor, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, seeking to augment the power of the Crown at the expense of the nobility and the Parlements. This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. In 1648, he sought to levy a tax on the members of the Parlement, a court whose judges comprised mostly nobles or high clergymen. The members of the Parlement not only refused to comply, but also ordered all of Cardinal Mazarin's earlier financial edicts burned. When Cardinal Mazarin, strengthened by the news of Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé's victory at Lens, arrested certain members of the Parlement in a show of force, Paris erupted in rioting and insurrection. Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative The Battle of Lens ( 20 August 1648) was a French victory under Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé against the Spanish army Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city A mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. Led into the royal bedchamber, they gazed upon Louis XIV, who was feigning sleep, and quietly departed. Prompted by the possible danger to the royal family and the monarchy, Anne fled Paris with the king and his courtiers. Shortly thereafter, the signing of the Peace of Westphalia allowed the French army under Condé to return to the aid of Louis XIV and his royal court. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of By January 1649, Condé had started to besiege rebellious Paris; the subsequent Peace of Rueil temporarily ended the conflict. The Peace of Rueil (Paix de Rueil signed 11 March 1649, signalled an end to the opening episodes of the Fronde, France 's civil war after
After the first Fronde ("Fronde Parlementaire") ended, the second Fronde, that "of the princes", began in 1650. This second phase of the Fronde, unlike that which preceded it, was characterized by tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare. It was conducted by aristocrats for whom it represented a protest against and attempt to reverse the centralisation of France and their consequent demotion from vassals to courtiers. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, A courtier is a person who attends the court of a Monarch or other powerful person. This Fronde was led by France's highest-ranking nobles, from Louis' uncle Gaston de France, duc d'Orléans, and first cousin, Anne d'Orléans, duchesse de Montpensier (known as la Grande Mademoiselle); to more distant Princes of the Blood, such as the Great Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and sister Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon, duchesse de Longueville; to dukes of legitimated royal descent, like Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville, and François de Bourbon-Vendôme, duc de Beaufort; and to princelings descended from foreign dynasties (known as "princes étrangers"), such as Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, and his brother, Henri, vicomte de Turenne, as well as Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, duchesse de Chevreuse; as well as scions of France's oldest families, like François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld. RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κ B, also known as TRANCE Receptor is a type I membrane protein which is expressed on the surface of Osteoclasts and is involved Gaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, ( April 25, 1608 &ndash February 2, 1660, Blois) was the third son of Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans de Montpensier duchesse de Montpensier ( May 29, 1627 - April 3, 1693 was a French princess by birth Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative Armand de Bourbon Prince de Conti (1629 &ndash 1666 was the second son of Henry II Prince of Condé and brother of Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé and Anne Genevieve of Bourbon-Condé Duchess of Longueville ( August 28 1619 &ndash April 15 1679) was a French princess Henri II d'Orléans duc de Longueville or Henri de Valois-Longueville ( 6 April 1595 — 11 May 1663) a legitimated prince of France François of Bourbon-Vendôme (François Duke of Beaufort ( January 16 1616 &ndash 25 June 1669) was the illegitimate grandson Foreign Prince is the English translation of prince étranger, a high though somewhat ambiguous rank at the French royal court of the Ancien régime. A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon ( October 22 1605 &ndash August 9 1652) was prince of the independent Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne, often called simply Turenne ( September 11 1611 &ndash July 27 1675) was Marie Aimée de Rohan-Montbazon duchesse de Chevreuse (1600 &ndash August 12 1679) was a French aristocrat of great personal charm who placed herself at the François VI duc de La Rochefoucauld le Prince de Marcillac ( September 15, 1613 &ndash March 17, 1680) was a noted French Even the clergy was represented by Jean François Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz. Jean François Paul de Gondi cardinal de Retz ( September 29, 1613 – August 24, 1679) was a French churchman writer of memoirs and agitator
With the coming of age of Louis XIV and his subsequent coronation, the Frondeurs, who could hitherto have claimed to have been acting on his behalf and in his real interests against his Regent-Queen-Mother and First Minister, had lost their pretext for revolt. The Fronde thus gradually lost steam until it ended in 1653 when Mazarin returned triumphant from abroad after having fled into exile on several occasions. The result of these tumultuous times, when the Queen Mother reputedly sold her jewels to feed her children, was a king filled with a permanent distrust for the nobility and the mob.
End of war and marriage
Despite the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Fronde, war with Spain continued. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The French received aid in this military effort from England, then governed by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Anglo-French alliance achieved victory in 1658 with the Battle of the Dunes. The Battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14 (Gregorian calendar 1658 is also known as the Battle of Dunkirk.
The subsequent Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, fixed the border between France and Spain at the Pyrenees; according to its terms, Louis XIV pardoned Condé who had gone into the service of Spain against his king, while Spain ceded to France the whole of Roussillon, the northern half of Cerdanya and various provinces and towns in the Spanish Netherlands. The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is French Cerdagne is the northern half of Cerdanya, which came under French control as a result of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, while the southern The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The treaty signalled a change in the balance of power in Europe with the decline of Spain and the rise of France. In International relations, a balance of power exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces
By the terms of the treaty, Louis XIV became engaged to marry the daughter of Philip IV of Spain, his double first cousin, Maria Theresa (Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche). Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Maria Theresa of Spain (Marie Thérèse ( September 10, 1638 &ndash July 30, 1683) was the Queen consort of France The Spanish had understandably been ill-disposed to the idea of such a marriage since Marie-Thérèse had been heir presumptive for many years and appeared soon to return to that position with the latest heir apparent, her brother Philip Prospero (ultimately to die in 1661), nothing but a toddler. Philip Prospero of Spain Prince of Asturias (Felipe Próspero was the third child and first son of the marriage between Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria The possibility of Marie-Thérèse's acceding to the throne therefore loomed large. This made the unpleasant prospect of an eventual personal union between the two countries, the result of a royal marriage, all too probable and, in the eyes of Spanish diplomats, to be avoided. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct
To get around Spanish hesitation and intransigeance, Mazarin, in the words of Bussy-Rabutin, "invited the Duchess of Savoy to meet Louis and his Court at Lyon and to bring the princesses her daughters with her ostensibly for the purpose of marrying her eldest (Marguerite of Savoy, Louis' other first cousin) to the King". Christine Marie de France (Maria Cristina di Francia Madama Reale ( February 10 1606 - December 27 1663) was Regent of Savoy between [9] According to Bluche, on hearing the news of the meeting at Lyon and the possibility of an impending Franco-Savoyard union, Philip IV reputedly exclaimed, "Esto no puede ser, y no sera" ("This cannot be, and will not be"). [10] The marquis de Pimentel was thus promptly dispatched to Lyon to commence negotiations for a Franco-Spanish marriage.
This resulted in a marriage contract and treaty, stipulating an immense dowry of 500,000 gold écus, to be paid in three installments; the marriage would later serve as a pretext for the War of Devolution. Saint-Jean-de-Luz ( Basque Donibane Lohizune) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage This article is about the medieval and early modern French currency not the European Currency Unit (ECU or an Electronic control unit (ECU The War of Devolution ( 1667 &ndash 1668) saw Louis XIV 's French armies overrun the Hapsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands and [11] Louis and Marie-Thérèse were married on June 9, 1660 inside a church in Saint-Jean-de-Luz, near the Franco-Spanish border. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Saint-Jean-de-Luz ( Basque Donibane Lohizune) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France According to the terms of the marriage contract, as translated by Ian Dunlop, "that on condition (que moyennant) that the sums are made over to His Most Christian Majesty (Louis XIV). . . the said most serene Infanta (Marie-Thérèse) will rest content with the said dowry and not thereafter sue for any other of her rights", and thus she would renounce for herself and her descendants all claims the territories of the Spanish Monarchy. [12] Since the dowry was not fully paid, Spain being at the time bankrupt, the renunciation was theoretically null and void and was never officially recognized by the French Crown. In Law, void means of no legal effect The Latin phrase void ab initio means "to be treated as invalid from the outset"
Personal reign and reforms
Within France, upon the death of Cardinal Mazarin, his First Minister, in 1661, Louis XIV assumed personal control of the reins of government. He was able to exploit the widespread public yearning for peace and order, which had resulted from the long foreign wars and domestic civil strife, caused by events such as the Fronde and the abuses of the people perpetrated by certain nobles, to consoliate central authority at the feudal aristocracy's expense. Trials such as the "Grands Jours d'Auvergne" were used to impose order by punishing some of the most outrageous abuses by nobles, to "lift the people up from the oppression of the powerful" in the words of the Procureur-Général Denis Talon, and to increase public support for Louis' policies.
At the same time, the French treasury stood close to bankruptcy. Louis XIV eliminated Nicolas Fouquet, commuting his sentence of banishment to imprisonment for life, abolished the latter's position of Surintendant des Finances, and appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Contrôleur-Général des Finances in 1665. Nicolas Fouquet marquis de Belle-Isle viscomte de Melun et Vaux ( January 27, 1615 – March 23, 1680) was the Superintendent of Finances The Superintendent of Finances (Surintendant des finances was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1561 to 1661 Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under The Controller-General of Finances (Contrôleur général des finances was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791 While it is true that Fouquet had committed no other financial indiscretions which Mazarin had committed before him or Colbert would after and that he had, during the war with Spain and the Fronde, effectively performed his duties as Surintendant des Finances and had been a loyal supporter of the king, Fouquet's growing ambition to succeed to Richelieu and Mazarin as First Minister was such that Louis had to rid himself of him if he was to rule alone.
The commencement of Louis' personal reign was marked by a series of administrative and fiscal reforms. Colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation. Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under His principal means of taxation included the aides, the douanes, the gabelle, and the taille. AIDES is a French community-based non-profit organisation that was founded in 1984 by Daniel Defert following the death of his lifelong companion Michel Foucault. Douane commonly refers to one of two agencies: the French customs and excise agency the Directorate-general of customs and indirect taxes The following article is about a Tax. If you are looking for information about a literary character see A Tale of Two Cities. Taille was also a name used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach for the Baroque Cor anglais. The aides and douanes were customs duties, the gabelle a tax on salt, and the taille a tax on land. While Colbert did not abolish the historic tax exemption enjoyed by the nobility and clergy, he did improve the methods of tax collection then in use.
He also had wide-ranging plans to strengthen France through commerce and trade. His administration ordained new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Manufacture des Gobelins, which produced and still produces tapestries. The Manufacture des Gobelins is a Tapestry factory located in Paris, France, at 42 avenue des Gobelins near the Les Gobelins métro He also brought professional manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe, such as glassmakers from Murano, or ironworkers from Sweden or shipbuilders from the United Provinces. Murano is usually described as an Island in the Venetian Lagoon, although like Venice itself it is actually an Archipelago of islands linked "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In this manner, he sought to decrease French dependence on foreign imported goods while increasing French exports and hence to decrease the flow of gold and silver out of France. Outside of France, Colbert supported and encouraged the development of colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia not only to provide markets for French exports, but also to provide resources for French industries.
Colbert also made improvements to the navy to increase French naval prestige and to gain control of the high seas in times of war and of peace, improvements to the merchant marine to remove, at least partially, control of French commerce from Dutch hands, and improvements to the highways and the waterways of France which decreased the costs and time of transporting goods around the kingdom.
He ranks as one of the fathers of the school of thought regarding trade and economics known as mercantilism — in fact, France calls "mercantilism" Colbertisme, and his policies effectively increased French State revenue for the king. Mercantilism is the idea that a colony should export more goods than it imports and that a colony should sell at higher prices and buy at lower prices
| Silver coin of Louis XIV, dated 1674 | |
|---|---|
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| Obverse. The Latin inscription is LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA] ("Louis XIV, by the grace of God"). | Reverse. The Latin inscription is FRAN[CIÆ] ET NAVARRÆ REX 1674 ("King of France and of Navarre, 1674"). |
While Colbert, his family, clients and allies at Court, focussed on the economy and maritime matters, another faction at Court, with Michel Le Tellier and his son François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Louvois at its head, turned their attention to military matters. Michel le Tellier ( April 19, 1603 - October 30, 1685) was a French Statesman. François Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 – 16 July 1691 was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of
By creating these two opposing factions, Louis XIV sought to play them off against one another and thus create a sense of checks-and-balances, ensuring that no one group would attain such power and influence at Court as to destabilize his reign.
Le Tellier and Louvois had an important role to play in government, curbing the independent spirit of much of the nobility at Court and in the army. Gone were the days when army generals, without regard to the bigger political and diplomatic picture, protracted war at the frontiers and disobeyed orders coming from the capital, while quarrelling and bickering with each other over rank, precedence and status. Gone too were the days when positions of seniority and rank in the army were the sole possession of the old aristocracy. Louvois, in particular, pledged himself to modernizing the army, organizing it into a new professional, disciplined and well-trained force out of the old. He sought to contrive and direct campaigns and devoted himself to providing for the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and he did so admirably. Like Colbert and Louis XIV, Louvois was exceedingly hardworking. He was one of the greatest of the rare class of great war ministers and was comparable to Lazare Carnot. Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Comte Carnot ( May 13, 1753 &mdash August 2, 1823) the Organizer of Victory in the French
Louis also instituted various legal reforms. This is reflected in the sheer number of Great Ordinances enacted during his reign. The phrase "Great Ordinance" was also an early term for Artillery, more usually spelt "Great Ordnance" The Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile (Great Ordinance on Civil Procedure) of 1667, also known as Code Louis, was a comprehensive code regulating Civil Procedure in all of France in a uniform manner. It made it compulsory to record baptisms, marriages and burials in the registers of the State (as opposed to the registers of the Church). The Code Louis played an important part in France's legal history as it was the basis for Napoleon I's Code Napoléon, which is itself the basis for many of Western Europe's modern legal codes. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under
It sought to provide France with a single system of law where there were two: customary law in the north, and Roman law in the south. In Law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Another important Great Ordinance was the Ordonnance Criminelle de 1670 (Criminal Ordinance of 1670), which was one of the first legal texts attempting to codify Criminal Procedure in France. The Criminal Ordinance of 1670 (Ordonnance criminelle de 1670 a Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. One of Louis XIV's more infamous Great Ordinances was the Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies (Grand Ordinance on the Colonies) of 1685, also known as Code Noir. The Code Noir ( French language: The Black Code) was a decree passed by France 's King Louis XIV in 1685. It granted sanction to slavery, although it did extend a measure of humanity to the practice by prohibiting the separation of families. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another
However, no person could own a slave in the French colonies unless he were a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and a Catholic priest had to baptise each slave. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Another important legal text enacted under Louis XIV was the Code Forestier, which sought to control and oversee the forestry industry in France, protecting forests from destruction. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria
Patronage of the arts
The Sun King proved a generous spender, dispensing large sums of money to finance the Royal court, and supported those who worked under him. He brought the Académie Française under his patronage, and became its "Protector". L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. He also operated as a patron of the arts, funding literary and cultural figures such as Molière, Charles Le Brun, and Jean-Baptiste Lully. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 - 22 February 1690 was a French painter and art theorist, one of the dominant artists in 17th century France. Jean-Baptiste de Lully ( Giovanni Battista di Lulli) (ʒɑ̃batist də lyˈli in French (November 28 1632 &ndash March 22 1687 was a French Composer of Italian It was under his reign and indeed his patronage that Classical French literature flourished with such writers as Molière, who mastered the art of comic satire and whose works still have a major impact on modern French literature and culture, or such as Jean Racine, whose stylistic elegance is considered exceptional in its harmony, simplicity and poetry, or such as Jean de La Fontaine, the most famous French fabulist whose works are to this day learnt by generations of French students. Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are The visual arts also found in Louis XIV the ultimate patron for he funded and commissioned various artists, such as Charles Le Brun, Pierre Mignard, Antoine Coysevox, André Le Nôtre and Hyacinthe Rigaud whose works became famed throughout Europe. Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 - 22 February 1690 was a French painter and art theorist, one of the dominant artists in 17th century France. Pierre Mignard (1612&mdash1695 called "Le Romain" to distinguish him from his brother Nicolas was a French painter. Charles Antoine Coysevox ( September 29, 1640 - October 10, 1720) French sculptor, was born at Lyon, and belonged André Le Nôtre ( March 12, 1613 &ndash September 15 1700) was a Landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV Hyacinthe Rigaud ( Hiacint Riagau) ( July 20, 1659 – December 27, 1743) was a French painter of Catalan origin In music, composers and musicians like Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières and François Couperin occupied the scene. Jean-Baptiste de Lully ( Giovanni Battista di Lulli) (ʒɑ̃batist də lyˈli in French (November 28 1632 &ndash March 22 1687 was a French Composer of Italian Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, also known as "Jacques Champion" and as "Chambonnières" (circa 1601 &ndash 1672 Paris) was a French François Couperin (fʀɑ̃swa kuˈpʀɛ̃ (November 10 1668 &ndash September 11 1733 was a French Baroque composer organist and harpsichordist Lully introduced opera to France and founded French Opera and, with Molière, popularized the Comédie-Ballet, while Couperin's famous book L'Art de toucher le clavecin greatly influenced Bach, Strauss and Maurice Ravel. French opera is one of Europe's most important operatic traditions containing works by composers of the stature of Lully, Rameau, Berlioz, Bizet Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted
Louis XIV ordered the construction of the military complex known as the Hôtel des Invalides to provide a home for the officers and soldiers who had served him loyally in the army, but who had been rendered infirm by either injury or age. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating While methods of pharmaceuticals at the time were quite elementary, the Hôtel des Invalides pioneered new treatments frequently and set a new standard for the rather barbarous hospice treatment styles of the period. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Louis considered its construction one of the greatest achievements of his reign, which, along with the Château de Versailles, is one of the largest and most extravagant monuments in Europe, extolling a king and his country. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region
He also improved the Palais du Louvre, as well as many other royal residences. For the museum see Louvre Museum. The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine is a former royal Originally, when planning additions to the Louvre, Louis XIV had hired Gian Lorenzo Bernini as architect. "Bernini" redirects here For people named Bernini see Bernini (surname. However, his plans for the Louvre would have called for the destruction of much of the existing structure, replacing it with a most awkward-looking Italian summer villa in the centre of Paris. In his place, Louis chose the French architect Claude Perrault, whose work on the "Perrault Wing" of the Louvre is widely-celebrated. Though Claude Perrault (Paris September 25, 1613 - Paris 1688 is best known as the Architect of the eastern range of the Louvre in Paris
Against a shadowed void, and with pavilions at either end, the simplicity of the ground-floor basement is set off by the rhythmically paired Corinthian columns and crowned by a distinctly non-French classical roof. The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized Through the centre rose a pedimented triumphal arch entrance. A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure ( Entablature) typically supported by A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler Perrault's restrained classicizing baroque Louvre would provide a model for grand edifices throughout Europe and America for ages. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc
| Monarchical Styles of King Louis XIV Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre | |
 | |
| Reference style | His Most Christian Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Most Christian Majesty |
| Alternative style | Monsieur Le Roi |
Early wars in the Low Countries
After Louis XIV's father-in-law and uncle, Philip IV of Spain, died in 1665, Philip IV's son (by his second wife) became Charles II of Spain. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The War of Devolution ( 1667 &ndash 1668) saw Louis XIV 's French armies overrun the Hapsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands and The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England A father-in-law is a spouse's Father. See also Affinity (law Marriage Mother-in-law Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and Charles II ( November 6 1661, Madrid – November 1 1700, Madrid was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the Louis XIV claimed that Brabant, a territory in the Low Countries ruled by the King of Spain, had "devolved" to his wife, Marie-Thérèse, Charles II's elder half-sister by their father's first marriage. The Duchy of Brabant was a historical region in the Low Countries. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt
He argued that the custom of Brabant required that a child should not suffer from his or her father's remarriage, hence having precedence in inheritance over children of the second or subsequent marriages. Louis personally participated in the campaigns of the ensuing War of Devolution, which broke out in 1667. The War of Devolution ( 1667 &ndash 1668) saw Louis XIV 's French armies overrun the Hapsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands and
Problems internal to the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (the Netherlands) aided Louis XIV's designs on the Low Countries. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The most prominent political figure in the United Provinces at the time, Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary, feared the ambition of the young William III, Prince of Orange, who in seeking to seize control might thus deprive De Witt of supreme power in the Republic and restore the House of Orange to the influence it had hitherto enjoyed until the death of William II, Prince of Orange. Johan de Witt ( Dordrecht, Netherlands, 24 September 1625 &ndash The Hague, Netherlands, 20 August The Grand Pensionary (Dutch raad(spensionaris) was the most important Dutch official during the time of the United Provinces. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" William II Prince of Orange ( May 27, 1626 &ndash November 6, 1650) Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands Therefore, with the United Provinces in internal conflict between supporters of De Witt and those of William of Orange, the "States faction" and the "Orange faction" respectively, and with England preoccupied in the Second Anglo-Dutch War with the Dutch, who were being supported, in accordance with the terms of the treaties signed between them, by their ally, Louis XIV, France easily conquered both Flanders and Franche-Comté. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March, 1665 until 31 July, 1667. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Franche-Comté ( Franc-Comtois: Fràntche-Comté; Franco-Provençal: Franche-Comtât) the former "Free County" of Burgundy
Shocked by the rapidity of French successes and fearful of the future, the United Provinces turned on their former friends and put aside their differences with England and, when joined by Sweden, formed a Triple Alliance in 1668. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Triple Alliance ( 1668) of England, Sweden, and the United Provinces was formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV 's France Faced with the threat of the spread of war and having signed a secret treaty partitioning the Spanish succession with the Emperor, the other major claimant, Louis XIV agreed to make peace. Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), France retained Flanders, including the great fortress of Lille, but returned Franche-Comté to Spain. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Treaty of Aachen was signed on May 2, 1668 in Aachen. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Franche-Comté ( Franc-Comtois: Fràntche-Comté; Franco-Provençal: Franche-Comtât) the former "Free County" of Burgundy
The Triple Alliance did not last very long. In 1670, Charles II, lured by French bribes and pensions, signed the secret Treaty of Dover, entering into an alliance with France; the two kingdoms, along with certain Rhineland German princes, declared war on the United Provinces in 1672, sparking off the Franco-Dutch War. The Treaty of Dover, also known as the Secret Treaty of Dover, was an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England The rapid invasion and occupation of most of the Netherlands precipitated a coup, which toppled De Witt and allowed William III, Prince of Orange, to seize power. William III entered into an alliance with Spain, the Emperor and the rest of the Empire; and a treaty of peace with England was signed in 1674, the result of which was England's withdrawal from the war and the marriage between William III, Prince of Orange, and the Princess Mary, niece of the English King Charles II. The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 was the Peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Facing a possible Imperial advance on his flank while in the Low Countries in that year, Louis XIV ordered his army to withdraw to more defensible positions.
Despite these diplomatic and military reverses, the war continued with brilliant French victories against the overwhelming forces of the opposing coalition. In a matter of weeks in 1674, the Spanish territory of Franche Comté fell to the French armies under the eyes of the king; while Condé defeated a much larger combined army, with Austrian, Spanish and Dutch contingents, under the Prince of Orange, preventing them from descending on Paris. In the winter of 1674–1675, the outnumbered Turenne, through a most daring and brilliant of campaigns, inflicted defeat upon the Imperial armies under Montecuccoli, drove them out of Alsace and back across the Rhine, and recovered the province for Louis XIV. Through a series of feints, marches and counter-marches towards the end of the war, Louis XIV led his army to besiege and capture Ghent, an action which dissuaded Charles II and his English Parliament from declaring war upon France and which allowed him, in a very superior position, to force the allies to the negotiating table. After six years, Europe was exhausted by war, and peace negotiations commenced, being accomplished in 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegen. The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( Négotiations de Nimegue or Négotiations de la Paix de Nimègue) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city While Louis XIV returned all captured Dutch territory, he gained more towns and associated lands in the Spanish Netherlands and retained Franche-Comté, which had been captured by Louis and his army in a matter of weeks. As he was in a position to make demands which were much more exorbitant, Louis' actions were celebrated as evidence of his virtues of moderation in victory.
The Treaty of Nijmegen further increased France's influence in Europe, but did not satisfy Louis XIV. Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style The King dismissed his foreign minister, Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne, in 1679, as he was viewed as having compromised too much with the allies and for being too much of a pacifist. Simon Arnauld de Pomponne, Seigneur and then Marquis (1682 of Pomponne (Paris November 1618 - Fontainebleau September 26 1699) Louis XIV also kept up his army but, instead of pursuing his claims through purely military action, utilised judicial processes to accomplish further territorial aggrandizement. Thanks to the ambiguous nature of treaties of the time, Louis was able to claim that the territories ceded to him in previous treaties ought to be ceded along with all their dependencies and lands which had formerly belonged to them, but had separated over the years, as had in fact been stipulated in the peace treaties. French Chambers of Reunion were appointed to ascertain which territories formally belonged to France; the French troops later occupied them. The Chambers of Reunion ( Chambres des Réunions) were French courts established by King Louis XIV in the early 1680s The annexation of these lesser territories was designed to give France a more defensible frontier, the "pré carré" suggested by Vauban. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to
Louis sought to gain cities such as Luxembourg, for its strategic offensive and defensive position on the frontier, as well as Casale, which would give him access to the Po River valley in the heart of Northern Italy. Louis also desired to gain Strasbourg, an important strategic outpost through which various Imperial armies had in the previous wars crossed over the Rhine to invade France. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Strasbourg was a part of Alsace, but had not been ceded with the rest of Habsburg-ruled Alsace in the Peace of Westphalia. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of It was nonetheless occupied by the French in 1681 under Louis' new legal pretext, and, along with other occupied territories, such as Luxembourg and Casale, was ceded to France for a period of twenty years by the Truce of Ratisbon.
Height of power in the 1680s
By the early 1680s, Louis XIV had greatly augmented his and France's influence and power in Europe and the world. Louis XIV's most famous minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who died in 1683, exercised a tremendous influence on the royal treasury and coffers — the royal revenue had tripled under his supervision. Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under
The princes of Europe began to imitate France and Louis XIV in everything from taste in art, food and fashion to political systems; many even took official mistresses simply because it was done at Versailles.
In the sphere of Foreign Affairs outside Europe, French colonies abroad were multiplying in the Americas, Asia and Africa, while diplomatic relations had been initiated with countries as far afield as Siam (through the embassy of the Chevalier de Chaumont), India and Persia. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America For example, the explorer René Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed and named, in 1682, the basin of the Mississippi River in North America "Louisiane" in honour of Louis XIV (Both the Louisiana Territory and the State of Louisiana in the United States formed part of Louisiane), while French Jesuits and missionaries could be seen at the Manchu Court of the Emperor Kangxi in China. René Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle ( November 22, 1643 &ndash March 19, 1687) was a French The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Louisiana Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1805 until December 11, 1812. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
In France, Louis XIV received the visit of a Chinese Jesuit named Michael Shen Fu-Tsung as early as 1684,[13] and a few years later he had a Chinese librarian and translator at his court, named Arcadio Huang. Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-Tsung, also Michel Sin, Michel Chin-fo-tsoung, Shen Fo-tsung, Shen Fuzong (沈福宗 died 1691 was a Arcadio Huang, also Arcadius Huang or Arcade Huang ( 黄嘉略, Hanyu pinyin: Huáng Jiālüè born in Xinghua modern Putian, in [14][15]
Domestically, Louis XIV succeeded in establishing and increasing the influence and central authority of the King of France at the expense of the Church and the nobles. Louis sought to reinforce traditional Gallicanism, a doctrine limiting the authority of the Pope in France. Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority&mdashoften represented by the Monarchs authority or the State 's authority&mdashover the Catholic History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and He convened an assembly of clergymen (Assemblée du Clergé) in November 1681. The Assembly of the French Clergy ( Assemblée du Clergé de France) was in its origins a representative meeting of the Clergy of France held every five years for the purpose Before it was dissolved in June 1682, it had agreed to the Declaration of the Clergy of France. Under the Declaration of the Clergy of France of 1682 the following privileges were claimed by France in relation to the Holy See. The power of the King of France was increased in contrast to the power of the Pope, which was reduced. The Pope was not allowed to send papal legates to France without the king's consent; such legates as could enter France, furthermore, required further approval before they could exercise their power. A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic [1] Bishops were not to leave France without royal approval; no government officials could be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties; and no appeal could be made to the Pope without the approval of the king. The king was allowed to enact ecclesiastical laws, and all regulations made by the Pope were deemed invalid in France without the assent of the monarch. The Declaration was not accepted by the Pope, which is not surprising given the infringements of the document upon papal privileges. [1]
Louis also achieved immense control over the Second Estate, that is of the nobility, in France by attaching much of the higher nobility to his orbit at his palace at Versailles, requiring them to spend the majority of the year under his close watch instead of in their own local communities and power-bases plotting rebellion and insurrection. Only in this way were they able to gain the pensions and privileges that were necessary to their rank. He entertained his permanent visitors with extravagant parties and other distractions, which were significant factors contributing to Louis' power and control over his hitherto unruly nobility. Thus, Louis was continuing the work of the Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin.
He, as a result of the experiences derived from the Fronde, believed that his power would prevail only if he filled the high executive offices with commoners, or at least members of the relatively newer aristocracy (the "noblesse de robe"), because, he believed, while he could reduce a commoner to a nonentity by simply dismissing him, he could not destroy the influence of a great nobleman of ancient lineage as easily. Thus Louis XIV forced the older aristocracy to serve him ceremonially as courtiers, whilst he appointed commoners or newer nobles as ministers and regional intendants. As courtiers, the power of the great nobles grew ever weaker. The diminution of the power of the high aristocracy could be witnessed in the lack of such rebellions as the Fronde after Louis XIV.
In fact, the victory of the Crown over the nobles, finally achieved under Louis XIV, ensured that the Fronde was the last major civil war to plague France until the Revolution and the Napoleonic Age. Indeed, John A. Lynn has calculated that after Louis XIV there was a significant drop in years with internal civil war. The number of years dropped from a high of around 50 years out of 101 between 1560 and 1660 (50%), to 6 years out of 55 during Louis' personal reign from 1661 to 1715 (11%), to no civil wars till the Revolution in 1789. Not until the Revolution, about a hundred years later, did civil war once again trouble France.
Louis XIV had the Château of Versailles outside Paris, originally a hunting lodge built by his father, converted into a spectacular royal palace in a series of four major and distinct building campaigns. Cour d'Honneur, sometimes literally translated as "Court of Honour" is the architectural term for defining a three-sided Courtyard The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region By the end of the third building campaign, the Château had taken on most of the appearance that it retains to this day, except for the Royal Chapel in the last decade of the reign. He officially moved there, along with the royal court, on May 6, 1682. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Louis had several reasons for creating such a symbol of extravagant opulence and stately grandeur, and for shifting the seat of the monarch. The assertion that he did so because he hated Paris, however, is flawed as he did not cease to embellish his capital with glorious monuments while improving and developing it. On the other hand, contemporary writers such as Saint-Simon speculated that Louis viewed Versailles as an isolated power center where treasonous cabals could be more readily recognized. Louis de Rouvroy duc de Saint-Simon ( January 16, 1675 &ndash March 2, 1755) French soldier Diplomatist and writer [16]
Versailles served as a dazzling and awe-inspiring setting for state affairs and for the reception of foreign dignitaries, where the attention was not shared with the capital and the people, but was assumed solely by the person of the king. Court life centered on magnificence; courtiers lived lives of expensive luxury, dressed with suitable magnificence and constantly attended balls, dinners, performances, and celebrations. Thus, many noblemen had perforce either to give up all influence, or to depend entirely on the king for grants and subsidies. [16] Instead of exercising power and potentially creating trouble, the nobles vied for the honour of dining at the king's table or the privilege of carrying a candlestick as the king retired to his bedroom.
Reparation faite à Louis XIV par le Doge de Gênes. The Republic of Genoa ( Italy) was technically a Communal Republic in the early Middle Ages, but in actuality it was an Oligarchy ruled Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the 15 mai 1685 by Claude Guy Halle, Château de Versailles
By 1685, Louis XIV stood at the apogee of his power. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region One of France's chief rivals, the Holy Roman Empire, was occupied in fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War, which began in 1683 and lasted till 1699. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers then joined into a Holy League The Ottoman Grand Vizier had almost captured Vienna, but at the last moment King John III Sobieski of Poland led an army of Polish, German and Austrian forces to final victory at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. John III Sobieski, (Jan III Sobieski (17 August 1629 - 17 June 1696 was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Battle of Vienna ( German: Schlacht am Kahlenberg, Polish: Bitwa pod Wiedniem or Odsiecz Wiedeńska, Turkish: İkinci In the meantime, Louis XIV, by the Truce of Ratisbon, had acquired control of several territories, including Luxembourg and Strasbourg, which covered the frontier and protected France from foreign invasion. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory
After repelling the Ottoman attack on Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire was no longer in grave imminent danger from the Turks, but the Emperor nevertheless did not attempt to regain the territories annexed by Louis XIV, but rather acquiesced to the fait accompli of the Truce. After having his city bombarded by the French in 1685 from the sea as punishment for having supported the Spanish and having granted them use of Genoese ships in the Franco-Dutch War, the Doge of Genoa travelled to Versailles where he was received amidst courtly magnificence and made his apologies and peace to Louis XIV. The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England
Louis XIV's Queen, Marie-Thérèse, died in 1683. He remarked on her demise that that was the only one occasion in which she had caused him anguish. Although he was said to have performed his marital duties every night, he had not remained utterly faithful to her for long after their union in 1660: his mistresses included Louise de la Vallière, duchesse de Vaujours; Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, marquise de Montespan; and Marie-Angélique de Scoraille, duchesse de Fontanges. Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc de La Vallière ( August 6 1644 &ndash June 7 1710) was the mistress to Louis XIV of France Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart marquise de Montespan ( October 5, 1641 &ndash May 27, 1707) better known as Marie Angélique de Scorailles de Roussille duchesse de Fontanges (1661 – 1681 was one of the many paramours of Louis XIV King of France. As a result, he produced many illegitimate children, most of whom were joined in marriage with members of cadet branches of the Royal Family itself. A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant These children, as well as their descendants, would go on to claim positions of power and influence in the next century.
He proved, however, more faithful to his second wife, Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. Françoise d'Aubigné Scarron Marquise de Maintenon ( November 27, 1635 - April 15, 1719) was the Morganatic second wife of King The marriage between Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon, which probably occurred in late 1685, was secret and morganatic,[11] and would last to his death. A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Mme de Maintenon, once a Protestant, had converted to Roman Catholicism. It was once believed that she vigorously promoted the persecution of the Protestants, and that she urged Louis XIV to revoke the Edict of Nantes (1598), which granted a degree of religious freedom to the Huguenots. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth However, this view of her participation is now being questioned. It has been suggested that Marie-Thérèse, on her deathbed, had urged him on the subject, which, given her Spanish Catholic upbringing, is not surprising. Whatever the truth of such a proposition, Louis XIV himself clearly supported such a plan; he believed, along with the rest of Europe, Catholic or Protestant, that, in order to achieve national unity, he had to first achieve a religiously unified nation—specifically a Catholic one in his case. This was enshrined in the principle of "Cuius regio, eius religio", which defined religious policy throughout Europe since its establishment, by the Peace of Augsburg, in 1555. Cuius regio eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means "Whose region his Religion " He had already begun the persecution of the Huguenots by quartering soldiers in their homes, though it must be said that it was theoretically within his feudal rights, and hence legal, to do so with any of his subjects.
Louis continued his attempt to achieve a religiously united France by issuing an Edict in March 1685. The Edict affected the French colonies, and expelled all Jews from them. The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is The public practice of any religion except Roman Catholicism became prohibited. In October 1685, Louis XIV issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking that of Nantes, on the pretext that the near-extinction of Protestantism and Protestants in France made any edict granting them privileges redundant. The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685 was an Edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of [1] The new edict banished from the realm any Protestant minister who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. Protestant schools and institutions were banned. Children born into Protestant families were to be forcibly baptised by Roman Catholic priests, and Protestant places of worship were demolished. The Edict precluded individuals from publicly practising or exercising the religion, but not from merely believing in it.
The Edict provided "liberty is granted to the said persons of the Pretended Reformed Religion [Protestantism] . . . on condition of not engaging in the exercise of the said religion, or of meeting under pretext of prayers or religious services. " Although the Edict formally denied Huguenots permission to leave France, about 200,000 of them left in any case, taking with them their skills in commerce and trade. The Edict proved economically damaging to France,[11] though not ruinous; and while Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de Vauban, one of Louis XIV's most influential generals, publicly condemned the measure, its proclamation was celebrated by many Catholics throughout the realm. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to
The League of Augsburg
Causes and conduct of the war
The wider political and diplomatic result of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, however, was to provoke increased anti-French sentiment in Protestant countries. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th In 1686, both Catholic and Protestant rulers joined in the League of Augsburg, ostensibly a defensive pact to protect the Rhine, but really designed as an offensive alliance against France. The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the The coalition included the Holy Roman Emperor and several of the German states that formed part of the Empire — most notably the Palatinate, Bavaria, and Brandenburg. The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. The United Provinces, Spain and Sweden also adhered to the League.
Louis XIV sent his troops into the Palatinate in 1688 after the expiry of an ultimatum to the German princes to ratify the Truce of Ratisbon and confirm his possession of annexed territories, as well as to recognise his sister-in-law's claims. Ostensibly, the army had the task of supporting the claims of Louis XIV's sister-in-law, Charlotte-Elizabeth, duchesse d'Orléans, to the Palatinate. (The duchesse d'Orléans's brother, Charles II, Elector Palatine had died in 1685, and the comital Crown had gone, not to her, but to the junior Neuburg branch of the family. Charles II (Karl II 31 March 1651, Heidelberg &ndash 26 May 1685, Heidelberg) was Elector Palatine from 1680 ) The invasion had the real aim of applying diplomatic pressure and forcing the Palatinate to leave the League of Augsburg, and thus weakening it. These troops under the command of the Comte de Melac eventually executed Louis' order to "brûlez le Palatinat!" and devastated large areas of South Western Germany. Ezéchiel du Mas Comte de Mélac (about 1630 - May 10 1704 was a career soldier in the French army under King Louis XIV and war minister Louvois. This was done with the aim of preventing the larger gathering Imperial army from reaching the frontiers of France and invading Lorraine and Alsace.
Louis XIV's actions united the German princes behind the Holy Roman Emperor. Louis had expected that England, under the Catholic James II, would remain neutral. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James In 1688, however, the "Glorious Revolution" resulted in the deposition of James II and his replacement by his daughter, Mary II of England, who ruled jointly with her husband, William III of England (the Prince of Orange). The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" As William III had developed an enmity against Louis XIV during the Dutch War, he pushed England into the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the Grand Alliance. The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the
The campaigns of the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697) generally proceeded favorably for France. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th The forces of the Holy Roman Emperor proved ineffective, as many Imperial troops still concentrated on fighting the Ottoman Empire and the Imperials generally took to the field much later than the French. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Thus France could accumulate a string of victories from Flanders in the north, to the Rhine valley in the east, to Italy and Spain in the south, as well as on the high seas and in the colonies.
Louis XIV aided James II in his attempt to regain the British crown, but the Stuart king was unsuccessful and was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The Battle of the Boyne (Cath na Bóinne was a turning point in the Williamite claim on the English throne A year later, the last Stuart stronghold, Limerick, fell to Williamite forces after the Battle of Aughrim, and James' dreams of returning to the throne dissipated. Limerick (pronounced /ˈlɪmrɪk/ Luimneach in Irish) is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the Province of Munster The Battle of Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland. Williamite England could then devote more of her funds and troops to the war on the continent.
Nonetheless, despite the size of the opposing coalition, which encompassed most of Europe, French forces in Flanders under the famous pupil of the Great Condé, François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Piney (called the duc de Luxembourg), crushed the allied armies at the Battle of Fleurus in the same year as the Battle of the Boyne, as well as at the Battle of Steenkerque two years later and the Battle of Landen a year after that, gaining Luxembourg the nickname "le tapissier de Notre-Dame" for the number of captured enemy standards which he sent to decorate the Cathedral. Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville duc de Piney, called de Luxembourg ( January 8, 1628 - January 4, 1695) was a French The Battle of Steenkerque (Steenkerque also spelled Steenkerke or Steenkirk) was fought on August 3 1692, as a part of the Nine Years' The Battle of Landen (or Neerwinden) in the current Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in the
Under the personal supervision of Louis XIV, the French army captured Mons in 1691 and the hitherto impregnable fortress of Namur in 1692; and with the capture of Charleroi by Luxembourg in 1693 after his victory at Landen, France gained the forward defensive line of the Sambre. Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian Namur ( Namen in Dutch, Nameur in Walloon, Namurcum in Latin) is a City and municipality in Charleroi (Tchålerwè is the largest city and municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. At the battles of Marsaglia and Staffarde, France was victorious over the allied forces under Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, overrunning his dominion and reducing the territory under his effective command to merely the area around Turin. The Battle of Marsaglia was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in Italy on October 4, 1693 between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat The Battle of Staffarda was fought during Nine Years' War in Piedmont-Savoy modern-day northern Italy on 18 August 1690 Victor Amadeus II, Italian Vittorio Amedeo II ( May 14 1666 - October 31 1732) was the Duke of Savoy (1675-1730 In the southeast, along the Pyrenees, the Battle of Torroella opened Catalonia to French invasion. The Battle of Torroella, also known as Battle of the river Ter, was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought on 27 May 1694 along the banks The French naval victory at the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690, however, was offset by the Anglo-Dutch naval victory at the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue in 1692; but neither side was able to entirely defeat the opposing navy. The related naval battles of Barfleur and La Hougue took place between 29 May and 4 June New Style(NS, 1692 (19th-24 May in the Old Style(OS
The war continued for four more years, until the Duke of Savoy signed a separate peace and subsequent alliance with France in 1696, the Treaty of Turin, undertaking to join with French arms in a capture of the Milanese and allowing French armies in Italy to reinforce others; one of these reinforced armies, that of Spain, captured Barcelona and hastened the arrival of peace.
Treaty of Ryswick
The War of the Grand Alliance eventually ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. Louis XIV surrendered Luxembourg and all other "Réunion" territories he had seized since the end of the Dutch War in 1679, but retained Strasbourg, assuring the Rhine as the border between France and the Empire. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région He also gained de jure recognition of his hitherto de facto possession of Haiti, as well as the return of Pondicherry and Acadia. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Puducherry (formerly; புதுச்சேரி or பாண்டிச்சேரி పాండిచెర్రి പുതുശ്ശേരി Pondichéry is a The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Louis undertook to recognise William III and Mary II as Joint Sovereigns of Great Britain and Ireland, and assured them that he would no longer assist James II; at the same time he renounced intervention in the electorate of Cologne and claims to the Palatinate, in return for financial compensation.
Louis XIV returned Lorraine to her duke, but on terms which allowed French passage at any time and which severely restricted the Duke's political manoeuvrability. The Dutch were allowed to garrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands, the "Barrier", to protect themselves against possible French aggression. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish Spain recovered Catalonia and the many territories lost, both in this war and the previous one (War of the Reunions), in the Low Countries.
The generous terms of the treaty were seen as concessions to Spain designed to foster pro-French sentiment, which would eventually lead Charles II, King of Spain to declare Philippe de France, duc d'Anjou (Louis' grandson) his heir. Similarly of note, he secured the dissolution of the Grand Alliance by manipulating the rivalries and suspicions of its member states; in so doing, he divided his enemies and broke their power since no one state on its own was capable of taking on France. The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Moreover, despite such seemingly disadvantageous terms in the Treaty of Ryswick, French influence was still at such a height in all of Europe that Louis XIV could offer his cousin, François Louis de Bourbon, prince de Conti, the Polish Crown, duly have him elected by the Sejm and proclaimed as King of Poland by the Polish primate, Michał Radziejowski. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. François Louis de Bourbon ( April 30 1664 - February 9 1709) was Prince de Conti, succeeding his brother Louis Armand I de Bourbon However, Conti's own tardiness in proceeding to Poland claiming the throne allowed his rival, Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony to seize the throne and have himself crowned king. Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae
The Spanish Succession
Causes and build-up to the war
The great matter of the succession to the Spanish monarchy dominated European foreign affairs following the Peace of Ryswick. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The Spanish King Charles II, severely incapacitated, could not father an heir. Charles II ( November 6 1661, Madrid – November 1 1700, Madrid was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the The Spanish inheritance offered a much sought-after huge prize, for Charles II ruled not only Spain, but also Naples, Sicily, the Milanese, the Spanish Netherlands and a vast colonial empire—in all, twenty-two different realms, many of which were on the periphery of France, surrounding her. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries
France and Austria were the main claimants to the throne, both of which had close family ties to the Spanish royal family. Philippe, duc d'Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the French claimant, was the great-grandson of the eldest daughter of Philip III of Spain, Anne of Austria, and the grandson of the eldest daughter of Philip IV of Spain, Marie-Thérèse of Austria. after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Philip IV (es ''Felipe IV'' pt ''Filipe III'' ( 8 April, 1605 &ndash 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and The only bar to inheritance lay with their renunciations of claims to the throne, which in the case of Marie-Thérèse, however, was considered legally null and void as other terms of the treaty had not been fulfilled by Spain.
Charles, Archduke of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor), and younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor by his third marriage (with Elenor of Neuburg), claimed the throne through his paternal grandmother, Maria Anna of Spain, who was the youngest daughter of Philip III; this claim was not, however, tainted by any renunciation. Early life He was a younger brother of Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Mariana of Austria. Maria Anna ( 18 August, 1606 – 13 May, 1646) also known as Maria Anna of Austria Infanta of Spain Archduchess of Austria and Purely on the basis of the laws of primogeniture, however, France had the best claims since they were derived from the eldest daughters.
Many European powers feared that if either France or the Emperor came to control Spain, the balance of power in Europe would be threatened. Thus, both the Dutch and the English preferred another candidate, the Bavarian prince Joseph Ferdinand, who was the grandson of Leopold I, through his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain, younger daughter of Philip IV. Duke Joseph Ferdinand Leopold of Bavaria, also known as Infante Jose Fernando de Baviera y Austria Prince of Asturias ( 28 October 1692 - Margaret Theresa of Spain (Spanish Margarita Teresa de España) (German Margarete Theresia von Spanien) ( 12 August, 1651, Madrid Spain Under the terms of the First Partition Treaty, it was agreed that the Bavarian prince would inherit Spain, with the territories in Italy and the Low Countries being divided between the Houses of France and Austria. Spain, however, had not been consulted, and vehemently resisted the dismemberment of its empire. The Spanish court insisted on maintaining the entirety of the Spanish Empire. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries When the Treaty became known to Charles II in 1698, he settled on Joseph Ferdinand as his sole heir, assigning to him the entire Spanish inheritance.
The entire issue opened up again when smallpox claimed the Bavarian prince six months later. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The Spanish court, seeking to keep the inheritance united, acknowledged that they could only succeed in doing so by granting the crown to a member from either the House of France, or of Austria. Charles II, under pressure from his German wife, chose the House of Austria, settling on the Emperor's younger son, the Archduke Charles. Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia Ignoring this, Louis and William III signed a second treaty, allowing the Archduke Charles to take Spain, the Low Countries and the Spanish colonies, whilst Louis XIV's eldest son and heir, le Grand Dauphin, would inherit the territories in Italy, with a mind to exchange them for Savoy or Lorraine. For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French
Acceptance of the will and consequences
In 1700, as he lay upon his deathbed, Charles II unexpectedly interfered in the affair. He sought to prevent Spain from uniting with either France or the Empire, but, based on his past experience of French superiority in arms, considered France as more capable of preserving the empire in its entirety. The whole of the Spanish inheritance was thus offered to the Dauphin's second son, Philippe, duc d'Anjou, on condition he kept it undivided. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou In the event of his refusal or inability to accept the inheritance, it would be offered to the Dauphin's third son, Charles, duc de Berry, and thereafter to the Archduke Charles. If all these princes refused the Crown, it would be offered to the House of Savoy, distantly related to the Spanish royal family. The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region
Louis XIV thus faced a difficult choice: he could have agreed to a partition and to possible peace in Europe, or he could have accepted the whole Spanish inheritance but alienated the other European nations. Louis originally assured William III that he would fulfill the terms of their previous treaty and partition the Spanish dominions. However, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, the nephew of Colbert, advised Louis that even if France accepted a portion of the Spanish inheritance, a war with the Empire would almost certainly ensue; and William III had made it very clear that he had signed the Partition Treaties to avoid war, not make it, hence he would not assist France in a war to obtain the territories granted her by those treaties. Jean-Baptiste Colbert marquis de Torcy ( September 14, 1665, Paris &ndash September 2, 1746, Paris generally called Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under Louis agreed that if a war occurred in any event, it would be more profitable to accept the whole of the Spanish inheritance. Consequently, when Charles II died on November 1, 1700, Philippe, duc d'Anjou became Philip V, King of Spain. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
The rest of Europe reluctantly accepted Philip V as King of Spain. Louis, however, acted too precipitately. In 1701, he transferred the "Asiento", a permit to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies, to France, with potentially damaging consequences for British trade. In the History of Slavery, asiento (or assiento, meaning " Assent " refers to the permission given by the Spanish government Moreover, Louis ceased to acknowledge William III as King of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of James II, instead acclaiming as king James II's son, James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender"). Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the Furthermore, Louis sent forces into the Spanish Netherlands to secure its loyalty to Philip V and to garrison the Spanish forts, which had long been garrisoned by Dutch troops as part of the "Barrier" protecting the United Provinces from potential French aggression. The result was the further alienation of both Britain and the United Provinces, both then ruled by William III. Consequently, another Grand Alliance was formed between Great Britain, the United Provinces, the Emperor and many of the petty states within the Holy Roman Empire. The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the French diplomacy, however, secured as allies for Louis and Philip V, Bavaria, Portugal and Savoy. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French
Commencement of fighting
The subsequent War of the Spanish Succession continued for most of the remainder of the reign and proved costly for Louis. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting It began with Imperial aggression in Italy even before war was officially declared. France had some initial success, nearly capturing Vienna, but the victories of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy showed that the myth of French invincibility was broken. This article refers to the Austrian Habsburg military leader for the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte see Eugène de Beauharnais.
Defeat of French invincibility
Following the Battle of Blenheim, Bavaria was flung out of the war, being partitioned between the Palatinate and Austria, and her elector, Maximilian II Emanuel, forced to flee to the Spanish Netherlands. The Battle of Blenheim (referred to in some countries as the Second Battle of Höchstädt) fought on 13 August 1704 was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession Maximilian II ( July 11, 1662 - February 26, 1726) known as either Max Emanuel and Maximilian Emanuel, was a Wittelsbach Another consequence of the battle was the subsequent defection of Portugal and Savoy to the opposing side. With the Battle of Ramillies and that of Oudenarde, Franco-Spanish forces were driven ignominiously out of the Spanish Netherlands; while the Battle of Turin forced Louis to evacuate what few forces remained to him in Italy. The Battle of Ramillies ( was a major engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession fought on 23 May 1706 The Battle of Oudenaarde (or Oudenarde) was a key battle in the War of the Spanish Succession fought on July 11, 1708 between the forces The Battle of Turin took place on 7 September 1706 west of the city of Turin during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Such military defeats, coupled with famine and mounting debt, forced France into a defensive posture. By 1709, Louis' position was grievously weakened, and he was willing to sue for peace at nearly any cost, even to return all lands and territories ceded to him during his reign and to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, signed more than sixty years prior. Nonetheless, the terms dictated by the allies were so harsh, including demands that he attack his own grandson alone to force the latter to accept the humiliating peace terms, that war continued.
Turning point
Whilst it became clear that France could not retain the entire Spanish inheritance, it also seemed evident that its opponents could not overthrow Philip V in Spain after the definitive Franco-Spanish victory of the Battle of Almansa, and those of Villaviciosa and Brihuega, which drove the allies out of the central Spanish provinces. The Battle of Almansa, fought on April 25, 1707, was one of the most decisive engagements of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Battle of Villaviciosa took place on December 10, 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession, one day after the Battle of Brihuega. The Battle of Brihuega took place on December 8, 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession. Furthermore, the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709 showed that it was neither easy nor cheap to defeat the French, for while the Allies gained the field, they did so at an abominable cost, losing 25 000 men, twice that of the French, led by their admirable general, Claude Louis Hector de Villars, duc de Villars. The Battle of Malplaquet, fought on September 11 1709, was one of the main battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, which opposed the Bourbons Claude Louis Hector de Villars Prince de Martigues Marquis and Duc de Villars and Vicomte de Melun ( May 8, 1653 – June 17, 1734) was the The Battle of Denain in 1712 turned the war in favour of Louis XIV, when Villars led French forces to a decisive victory over the Allies under Eugene of Savoy, recovering much lost territory and pride. The Battle of Denain was fought on July 24, 1712, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession, and resulted in a French victory under Marshal
The death of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, who had succeeded his father Leopold I in 1705, made the prospect of an empire as large as that of Charles V being ruled by the Archduke Charles dangerously possible. Joseph I ( July 26, 1678 &ndash April 17, 1711) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was This was, to Great Britain, as undesirable as a union of France and Spain.
Road to and conclusion of peace
Thus, preliminaries were signed between Great Britain and France in the pursuit of peace. Louis XIV and Philip V eventually made peace with Great Britain and the United Provinces in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch Peace with the Emperor and the Holy Roman Empire came with the Treaty of Rastatt and that of Baden in 1714 respectively. The Treaty of Rastatt of March 7, 1714, was essentially part of the Treaty of Utrecht. The Treaty of Baden was the Treaty that ended hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire, who had been at war with one another since the The crucial interval between Utrecht and Rastatt-Baden allowed Louis XIV to capture Landau and Freiburg, permitting him to negotiate from a comparatively better position, if not from one of strength, with the Emperor and the Empire.
The general settlement recognised Philip V as King of Spain and ruler of the Spanish colonies. Spain's territory in the Low Countries and Italy were partitioned between Austria and Savoy, while Gibraltar and Minorca were retained by Great Britain.
Louis XIV, furthermore, agreed to end his support for the Old Pretender's claims to the throne of Great Britain. France was also obliged to cede the colonies and possessions of Newfoundland, Rupert's Land and Acadia, while retaining Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island) and Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), in the Americas to Great Britain; however, most of those continental territories lost in the devastating defeats in the Low Countries were returned to her, despite Allied persistence and pressure to the contrary, and she also received further territories to which she had a claim such as the principality of Orange, as well as the Ubaye Valley, which covered the passes through the Alps from Italy. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Orange ( Provençal Occitan: Aurenja in classical norm or Aurenjo in Mistralian norm norm is a town and commune in the The Ubaye Valley is an area in the Alpes de Haute-Provence département, in the French Alps and has approximately 7700 residents
The grandiose schemes of the Allies to curb and diminish French power in Europe came to naught. Moreover, France was shown to be able to protect her allies with the rehabilitation and restoration of the Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II Emanuel, to his lands, titles and dignities.
Death
Louis XIV died on September 1, 1715 of gangrene, a few days before his seventy-seventh birthday. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Please do not add warnings to this page about the pictures Wikipedia is not censored for taste and has a guideline preventing such warnings - WikipediaNo disclaimers in articles Almost all of Louis XIV's legitimate children died during childhood. The only one to survive to adulthood, his eldest son, Louis de France, known as "Le Grand Dauphin", predeceased Louis XIV in 1711, leaving three children. The eldest of these children, Louis, duc de Bourgogne, died in 1712, soon to be followed by Bourgogne's eldest son, Louis, duc de Bretagne. Thus Louis XIV's five-year-old great-grandson Louis, duc d'Anjou, the younger son of the duc de Bourgogne, and Dauphin upon the death of his grandfather, father and elder brother, succeeded to the throne and was to reign as Louis XV of France. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774
It was to this young child that Louis XIV was alleged, according to Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau in his memoirs, to have said, in the manner of baroque piety, "Do not follow the bad example which I have set you; I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Philippe de Courcillon Marquis de Dangeau ( September 21, 1638 - September 9, 1720) was a French officer and author Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects". This same Dangeau noted of his death that "he yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle extinguishing". Louis died while saying the words of the psalm "Domine, ad adjuvandum me festina (O Lord, make haste to help me)".
Louis XIV sought to restrict the power of his nephew, Philippe II d'Orléans, duc d'Orléans, who as closest surviving legitimate relative in France would become Regent for the prospective Louis XV. Philippe II Duke of Orléans ( August 2, 1674 &ndash December 2, 1723) was a member of the royal family of France Louis XIV instead preferred to transfer some power to his illegitimate son by Madame de Montespan, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine and created a regency council like that established by Louis XIII in anticipation of Louis XIV's own minority. Louis-Auguste de Bourbon duc du Maine ( March 31 1670 - May 14 1736) was a legitimised son of the French King Louis XIV and his
Louis XIV's will provided that the duc du Maine would act as the guardian of Louis XV, superintendent of the young king's education and Commander of the Royal Guards.
The duc d'Orléans, however, ensured the annulment of Louis XIV's will in Parlement, bribing the Parlementaires to do so with the return of their privileges which Louis had so tirelessly abolished. The duc du Maine was stripped of the title Prince du Sang (Prince of the Blood [Royal]), which had been given him and his brother, Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse, by Louis (This act has been viewed by some as the king's attempt to break the constitution of ancien régime France, that is to say, the customary laws of the kingdom. Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse (1681 duc de Penthièvre (1697 d'Arc, de Châteauvillain and de Rambouillet Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in On the other hand, it is also possible that this was simply the case of a dying man giving in to his wife and son), and of the command of the Royal Guards, but retained his position as superintendent, while the duc d'Orléans ruled as sole Regent. Toulouse, by remaining aloof from these court intrigues, managed to retain his privileges, unlike his brother.
His body lies in the Saint Denis Basilica in Saint Denis, a suburb of Paris. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French He had reigned for 72 years, making it the longest reign in the recorded history of Europe.
Legacy
Louis XIV placed a member of the House of France on the throne of Spain, effectively ending the centuries-old threat and menace that had arisen from that quarter of Europe since the days of Charles V. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The House of Bourbon retained the Crown of Spain for the remainder of the eighteenth century, but experienced overthrow and restoration several times after 1808. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Nonetheless, to this day, the Spanish monarch is descended from Louis XIV. Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
His numerous wars effectively bankrupted the State (though it must also be said that France was able to recover in a matter of years), forcing him to levy higher taxes on the peasants and incurring large State debts from various financiers as the nobility and clergy had exemption from paying these taxes and contributing to public funds. Yet, it must be emphasized that it was the State and not the country which was impoverished. The wealth and prosperity of France, as a whole, could be noted in the writings of the social and political thinker and commentator Montesquieu in his satirical epistolary novel, Lettres Persanes. Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Persian Letters ( Lettres persanes) is a satirical work by Charles de Secondat baron de Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of While the work mocks and ridicules French political, cultural and social life, it also portrays and describes the wealth, elegance and opulence of France between the end of the War of the Spanish Succession and Louis XIV's death.
On the whole, nevertheless, Louis XIV strengthened the power of the Crown relative to the traditional feudal elites, marking the beginning of the era of the modern State, and placed France in the predominant and preeminent position in Europe, giving her ten new provinces and an overseas empire, as well as cultural and linguistic influence all over Europe. Even with several great European alliances opposing him, he continued to triumph and to increase French territory, power and influence. As a result of these military victories as well as cultural accomplishments, Europe would admire France and her culture, food, way-of-life, etc. ; the French language would become the lingua franca for the entire European elite as faraway as Romanov Russia; various German princelings would seek to copy his mode of life and living to their great expense. Europe of the Enlightenment would look to Louis XIV's reign as an example of enlightened rule and strive to emulate him in all things as much as possible. For his vigorous promotion of French national greatness, Louis became known as the "Sun King" or "The Great Monarch".
While, the duc de Saint-Simon, who did not like Louis XIV as he had not been given what he thought was his due, offered the following assessment: "There was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it . Louis de Rouvroy duc de Saint-Simon ( January 16, 1675 &ndash March 2, 1755) French soldier Diplomatist and writer . . His vanity, which was perpetually nourished–for even preachers used to praise him to his face from the pulpit–was the cause of the aggrandisement of his Ministers", even the German philosopher Leibniz, who was a Protestant and had no cause for flattery, could call him "one of the greatest kings that ever was". Even Napoleon, hardly a friend of the Bourbons, described Louis XIV as "the only king of France worthy of the name" and "a great king. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. "[17] Voltaire, the apostle of the Enlightenment, compared him to Augustus and called his reign an "eternally memorable age", dubbing "the Age of Louis XIV" "Le Grand Siècle" (the "Great Century"). François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was
Style and arms
Louis XIV had the formal style: "Louis XIV, par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre", or "Louis XIV, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre". He bore the arms Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre). A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people
Depictions of Louis XIV in entertainment
Louis XIV features in the d'Artagnan Romances by Alexandre Dumas. The d'Artagnan Romances are a set of three novels by Alexandre Dumas telling the story of the Musketeer D'Artagnan from his humble beginnings in Gascony The plot of the last of the three Romances, The Vicomte de Bragelonne, involves a fictional twin brother of Louis XIV who tries to displace the King. The Vicomte of Bragelonne Ten Years Later ( Le Vicomte de Bragelonne ou Dix ans plus tard) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas père. In The Iron Mask, a 1929 movie based on The Vicomte de Bragelonne, William Blakewell portrayed Louis XIV and his twin. The Iron Mask is a 1929 Silent film adaptation of the last section of the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas Louis Hayward played the twins in the 1939 film The Man in the Iron Mask, Richard Chamberlain portrayed them in 1977, and Leonardo DiCaprio did the same in a 1998 remake of the 1939 film. Louis Hayward ( March 19 1909 – February 21 1985) was a British Actor born in South Africa. The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1939 film,very loosely adapted from the last section of the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (born November 11 1974 is a three-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning American film actor. The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998) is a film directed by Randall Wallace: it uses characters from Alexandre Dumas ' D'Artagnan Romances
Louis XIV also appears as a character in the movie Vatel. In the movie, the Prince de Condé invites him to his château at Chantilly and tries to impress him in order to earn a commission as a general in the war against the Netherlands. The prince de Condé (named after Condé-en-Brie, now in the Aisne département) is a historical French title originally assumed Circa In charge of the exhausting mission of receiving the royal guest is the master steward, Vatel, played by Gérard Depardieu. Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu CQ (born 27 December 1948) is one of France's most prominent actors
The Moon and the Sun, a 1997 Nebula Award-winning science fiction novel by Vonda N. McIntyre, is set in the court of Louis XIV in the late 17th century. The Nebula Award is an award given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA for the best Science fiction / Fantasy fiction Louis XIV himself appears as a character in the Baroque Cycle trilogy by Neal Stephenson. The Baroque Cycle is a series of novels written by Neal Stephenson. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre
Roberto Rossellini directed "La presa del potere da parte di Luigi XIV" in 1967 while, more recently in 2005 debuted the musical based on the life of Louis XIV, "Le Roi Soleil", starring Emmanuel Moire. Roberto Rossellini ( May 8 1906 – June 3 1977) was an Italian Film director. Le Roi Soleil is a successful French musical by Kamel Ouali, produced by Dove Attia and Albert Cohen about the life of Louis XIV Emmanuel Moire is a French singer born in Le Mans on June 16th 1979 Louis XIV also appears as a character in the film Le Roi Danse, which depicts the life of Lully and his relationship with Louis. The King Is Dancing ( Le Roi Danse) (2000 is a film by Belgian filmmaker Gérard Corbiau based on Philippe Beaussant 's biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Baptiste de Lully ( Giovanni Battista di Lulli) (ʒɑ̃batist də lyˈli in French (November 28 1632 &ndash March 22 1687 was a French Composer of Italian
Robert Michael Sheehan plays the role of fifteen-year-old Louis XIV in television series Young Blades. Young Blades is an Historical Fantasy television series that aired on PAX (now ION Television from January to June 2005 lasting only thirteen episodes
A rock band, Louis XIV, is named after him, while David Stewart of the Eurythmics dressed in the fashion of Louis XIV's day in the video to There Must Be an Angel in 1985. Louis XIV is an American Post-punk revival band from San Diego California. David Stewart may be David Stewart Earl of Strathearn (d c 1386 David Stewart Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland Eurythmics (often incorrectly referred to as The Eurythmics) is a British Musical duo, formed in 1980 by Annie Lennox and Dave Elton John also dressed up for his 50th birthday party in like manner. Sir Elton Hercules John CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947 is an English pop / rock Singer, Composer The costume reportedly cost 80,000 dollars.
Louis XIV is also a board game (source: http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/13642).
"Sun King" is a song on the The Beatles album Abbey Road. " Sun King " is a song by The Beatles that appeared on the Abbey Road album The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Abbey Road is the eleventh official album released by The Beatles.
In Civilization IV, Louis XIV is a leader for the French Empire. Sid Meier's Civilization IV ( Civilization 4 or Civ4) is a Turn-based strategy computer game released in He is industrious and creative.
In Encyclopedia, a television series created by HBO and geared towards educating children, there was a catchy song about Louis XIV the Sun King.
Ancestors
Issue
See also
- List of French monarchs
- French Baroque and Classicism
- Gallican Church
- Autocracy
- Mazarin
- Cardinal Richelieu
Notes
- ^ a b c d Louis XIV. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This article part of the French art history series covers the history of the visual and plastic arts in France in the 17th century The term Gallican Church usually refers to the Roman Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France ( An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov. Catholic Encyclopedia (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ Louis XIV. MSN Encata (2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ (French) Marquis de Dangeau. Philippe de Courcillon Marquis de Dangeau ( September 21, 1638 - September 9, 1720) was a French officer and author Mémoire sur la mort de Louis XIV (on page 24). Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ François Bluche (translated by Mark Greengrass (1990). Louis XIV. New York: Franklin Watts, p. 11.
- ^ (French) Henri Bremond. Henri Bremond ( 31 July[[ 865]]- 17 August[[ 933]] was a French literary scholar sometime Jesuit, and Catholic philosopher one of the theological modernists La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city pp. 381, 382.
- ^ (French) René Laurentin. Le Vœu de Louis XIII. Paris: FX de Guibert, 1988. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city pp. 62, 63.
- ^ (French) September 5, 1638 - The birth of the future "Sun King" and This happened on ... August 15 - The feast of Assumption, the website Herodote.net. Retrieved on 2008-02-19;
Louis XIV. MSN Encata (2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. - ^ Genealogist C. Carretier calculated Louis XIV's ancestry to the eighth generation, with his blood being approximately 28% French, 36% Spanish, 11% German and 8% Italian, the rest being Slavic, English, Savoyard and Lorrainer. ((French) Carretier, Christian (1980). Les Cinq Cents Douze Quartiers de Louis XIV. Angers-Paris. )
- ^ Dunlop, Ian (2001). Louis XIV. Pimlico London, p. 48
- ^ Lavisse, Ernest (1911). Histoire de France illustrée. . . , vol. VII (1st and 2nd parts) and vol. VIII (1st part). Paris
- ^ a b c Columbia Encyclopedia (2007). Louis XIV, king of France. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ (French) Contrat de mariage entre Louis XIV, roi de France, et Marie-Thérèse, infante d'Espagne (Ile des Faisans). Base Choiseul, Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France (1659).
- ^ The Meeting of Eastern and Western ArtPage 98 by Michael Sullivan (1989) ISBN 0520212363 [1]
- ^ Barnes, Linda L. (2005) Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts: China, Healing, and the West to 1848 Harvard University Press ISBN 0674018729, p. 85
- ^ Mungello, David E. (2005) The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800 Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 074253815X, p. 125
- ^ a b Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon. Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, volume 1 1691-1709: The Court of Louis XIV.
- ^ Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon’s Notes on English History made on the Eve of the French Revolution, illustrated from Contemporary Historians and referenced from the findings of Later Research by Henry Foljambe Hall. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. , 1905, 258.
Further reading
- Acton, J. E. E. , 1st Baron. (1906). Lectures on Modern History. London: Macmillan and Co.
- Beik, William. "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article", Past and Present, no. 188 (Aug 2005), pp. 195–224.
- Bluche, François, Louis XIV, Paris: Hachette Littératures, 1986. (English translation by Mark Greengrass; published in 1990 by Franklin Watts. )
- Burke, Peter En kung blir till (Swedish translation of The fabrication of a king, 1992)
- Cambridge Modern History vol 5 The Age of Louis XIV (1908)]
- Carretier, Christian, "Les cinq cent douze quartiers de Louis XIV", Angers-Paris, 1980
- Church, William F. Peter Burke (born 1937 is a British Historian. He was educated by the Jesuits and at St John's College Oxford, where he obtained his doctorate (ed. ). The Greatness of Louis XIV. London: D. C. Heath and Company, 1972.
- Cronin, Vincent. Vincent Cronin (born May 24, 1924 in Tredegar, Wales) is a British historical cultural and biographical writer whose works have Louis XIV. London: HarperCollins, 1996 (ISBN 0-00-272072-8).
- Dunlop, Ian. Louis XIV. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-312-26196-9).
- Fraser, Antonia. Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-297-82997-1); New York: Nan A. Talese, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-385-50984-7).
- Goyau, G. (1910). "Louis XIV". The Catholic Encyclopedia. (Volume IX). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Holt, Mack P. , "Louis XIV. " The New Book of Knowledge. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005.
- Jordan, David. The King's Trial: Louis XVI vs. the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-520-23697-1).
- Lynn, John A. , "The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714", New York: Longman, 1999
- Steingrad, E. (2004). "Louis XIV."
- Thompson, Ian. The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-58234-631-3).
- Wolf, J. B. (1968). Louis XIV. New York: Norton.
External links
- Chronology Louis XIV
- List of films dedicated to Louis XIV and period [2] Of particular interest: Documentary on Versailles—The Visit.
- Full text of marriage contract (PDF), France National Archives transcription (French)
- "Le siècle de Louis XIV" by Voltaire, 1751
Louis XIV of France Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: September 5 1638 Died: September 1 1715 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Louis XIII | King of France and Navarre May 14, 1643 – September 1, 1715 | Succeeded by Louis XV |
| French royalty | ||
| Preceded by Louis XIII | Dauphin of France September 5, 1638 – May 14, 1643 | Succeeded by Louis "le Grand Dauphin" |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Louis XIV of France |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | The Sun King, Louis the Great |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of France and of Navarre |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 5, 1638 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 1, 1715 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Château de Versailles, Versailles, France |
François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a French royal Palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the département of For treaties with this name see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
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