Citizendia

"Heathrow" and "LHR" redirect here. For other uses, see Heathrow (disambiguation) and LHR (disambiguation).
London Heathrow Airport


Heathrow Airport radar tower

IATA: LHR – ICAO: EGLL
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorBAA
LocationLondon
Elevation AMSL83 ft / 25 m
Coordinates51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.4775, -0.46139
Websitewww.heathrowairport.com
Runways
DirectionLengthSurface
mft
09L/27R3,90212,802Grooved Asphalt
09R/27L3,65812,001Grooved Asphalt
Statistics (2007)
Aircraft Movements481,476
Passengers68,066,028
Statistics from the UK CAA[1]

London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), located in London, England, is the principal and biggest airport serving the United Kingdom. An IATA airport code, also known an IATA location identifier, IATA station code or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter code designating many The ICAO (ˌaɪˌkeɪˈoʊ Airport code or location indicator is a four-letter Alphanumeric Code designating each airport around BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The term above mean sea level ( AMSL) refers to the Elevation (on the ground or Altitude (in the Air) of any object relative to the A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as Asphalt, is a Composite material commonly used for construction of pavement, Highways and Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as Asphalt, is a Composite material commonly used for construction of pavement, Highways and An IATA airport code, also known an IATA location identifier, IATA station code or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter code designating many The ICAO (ˌaɪˌkeɪˈoʊ Airport code or location indicator is a four-letter Alphanumeric Code designating each airport around London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The tables below contain United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority data from 2006 and 2002 on the busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic including An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Heathrow is also Europe's busiest airport for passenger traffic, and handles more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world. The following is a list of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic. [2] Heathrow is owned and operated by BAA, which also owns/operates six other UK airports[3] and is itself owned by an international consortium led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [4] Heathrow is the primary hub of British Airways and Virgin Atlantic and a major hub for bmi. An airline hub is an Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and British Midland Airways Limited or BMI, styled as bmi (the company's trademark formerly operated as British Midland) is a scheduled Airline

Located 15 miles (24 km) west of Central London, England, Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and five terminals. The term Central London refers to the districts of London England which are considered closest to the centre England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland An airport terminal is a building at an Airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from Airplanes The site covers 12. 14 square kilometres (4. 69 square miles). Terminal 5 was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008 and opened to passengers on 27 March 2008. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Construction of Heathrow East to replace Terminal 2 and The Queens Building is planned to start in 2008 and be completed by 2012, and Terminals 3 and 4 will be refurbished during this period. [5] In November 2007 a consultation process began for the building of a new third runway.

Heathrow Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P527) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. [6]

Contents

Location

Heathrow (Greater London)
Heathrow
Heathrow
The location of Heathrow airport within Greater London
Qantas Boeing 747-400 descending near London Heathrow Airport
Qantas Boeing 747-400 descending near London Heathrow Airport

Heathrow is located 15 miles (24 km) west of Central London, England, near the southern end of the London Borough of Hillingdon and in the historic county of Middlesex. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The term Central London refers to the districts of London England which are considered closest to the centre England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The London Borough of Hillingdon ( is the westernmost Borough in Greater London, England. Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The airport stands on a parcel of land that was designated part of the London Metropolitan Green Belt. In United Kingdom town planning, the Green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth To the north, the airport is surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford. Harlington is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon. It is a suburban development situated 13 Harmondsworth is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon nearby to London Heathrow Airport. Longford is a Village immediately west of Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon. To the east are Hounslow and Hatton, and to the south are East Bedfont and Stanwell. Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow. Hatton is a small settlement in the London Borough of Hounslow, on the southern perimeter of London Heathrow Airport and on the A30 road. East Bedfont (or simply Bedfont is a small suburban town in Greater London, some to the west of central London and only from Heathrow Airport. Stanwell is a suburban village in the Surrey borough of Spelthorne. To the west, the M25 motorway separates the airport from Colnbrook in Berkshire. To see information about the M25 motorway under construction in Ireland, see N25 road. Colnbrook is a large Village in the Unitary authority of Slough, in Berkshire, England. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South

The location of the airport to the west of London, and the east-west orientation of its runways, means that airliners usually approach to land directly over the city. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Other leading European airports such as those at Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Paris were located north or south of their cities to minimise the overflying problem.

Another disadvantage of the site is that it is low lying, at 83 feet (25 m) above sea level, and so is prone to fog.

Heathrow is one of six airports serving the London area, along with Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, Southend and City although only Heathrow and City airports are located within Greater London. Gatwick Airport is London 's second largest Airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. London Stansted Airport is a passenger Airport located in the Uttlesford District of the English County of Essex about 38 miles (61 London Luton Airport (previously called Luton International Airport) is an International airport located on the edge of the Town of Luton London Southend Airport or Southend Airport is a regional airport in south east England, in the county of Essex. London City Airport is a single-runway Airport, intended for use by STOL (Short Take Off and Landing Airliners and principally serving the financial Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England.

History

1930s and 1940s

Aviation at the location of what is now Heathrow Airport began during World War I when the site was used as a military airfield. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All By the 1930s the airfield, then known as the Great Western Aerodrome, was privately owned by Fairey Aviation and was used for aircraft assembly and testing. The Fairey Aviation Company Limited was a British Aircraft manufacturer of the first half of the 20th century based in Hayes in Greater London [7] Commercial traffic used Croydon Airport which was London's main airport at the time. Croydon Airport was an airport in South London which straddled the boundary between what are now the London boroughs of Croydon and Sutton.

In 1943 Heathrow came under the control of the Ministry of Air to be developed as a Royal Air Force transfer base. [7][8] Construction of runways began in 1944 on land that was originally acquired from the vicar of Harmondsworth. In the broadest sense a vicar (from the Latin Vicarius) is a representative anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior The new airport was built by Wimpey Construction[9] and named after the hamlet Heath Row which was demolished to make way for the airport, and was located approximately where Terminal 3 now stands. George Wimpey Limited (formerly George Wimpey Plc) is one of the UK 's largest housebuilders with corporate headquarters in London, England Heathrow was a small hamlet of Middlesex on the outskirts of London, that was demolished for construction of the London Heathrow Airport in 1945 [10]

The Royal Air Force never made use of the airport, and following the end of World War II control was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation on 1 January 1946. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first civil flight that day was to Buenos Aires, via Lisbon for refuelling. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The airport opened fully for civilian use on 31 May 1946 and by 1947 Heathrow had three runways, with three more under construction. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These older runways, built for the piston-engined planes of that era, were each slightly longer than a mile in length, arranged in a 6-point star pattern to allow for all wind conditions. An aircraft engine is a Propulsion system for an Aircraft. Aircraft engines are almost always a type of lightweight Internal combustion engine.

1950s and 1960s

Heathrow in the 1960s
Heathrow in the 1960s

In 1953, the first slab of the first modern runway was ceremonially placed by Queen Elizabeth II. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II She also opened the first permanent terminal building, the Europa Building (now known as Terminal 2), in 1955. On 1 April 1955, a new 38. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) 8 metre control tower designed by Frederick Gibberd was opened, replacing the original RAF control tower. A control tower, or more specifically an air traffic control tower is the name of the airport building from which the Air traffic control unit controls the movement of aircraft Sir Frederick Ernest Gibberd (7 January 1908 - 9 January 1984 was an English Architect and Landscape designer Gibberd was born in Coventry

The Oceanic Terminal (renamed as Terminal 3 in 1968) opened on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [11] At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service from central London and gardens on the roof of the terminal building. [12] By the time Terminal 1 was opened in 1968, completing the cluster of buildings at the centre of the airport site, Heathrow was handling 14 million passengers annually.

The location of the original terminals in the centre of the site has since become a constraint to expansion. The decision to locate them here reflected an early assumption that airline passengers would not require extensive car parking, as air travel was then only affordable to the wealthy - who would be chauffeur-driven. [13]

In the late 1960s a 160 acres (0. 6 km²) cargo terminal was built to the south of the southern runway, connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by a tunnel. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land The Heathrow Cargo Tunnel is a road tunnel in the London Borough of Hillingdon, London, UK that serves London Heathrow Airport.

1970s to 1990s

The centralised waiting area at London Heathrow airport's terminal 3
The centralised waiting area at London Heathrow airport's terminal 3

In 1970 Terminal 3 was expanded with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities were also added, including the UK's first moving walkways. A moving walkway, moving sidewalk (in the US moving pavement (elsewhere walkalator, travelator, autowalk, horizontal escalator [14] Heathrow's two main runways, 9L-27R and 9R-27L, were also extended to their current lengths in order to accommodate new large jets such as the Boeing 747. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The other runways were closed to facilitate terminal expansions, except for Runway 23 which was preserved for crosswind landings until 2002.

In 1977, the London Underground was extended to Heathrow; connecting the airport with Central London in just under an hour via the Piccadilly line. The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. On 23 June 1998 the Heathrow Express train was inaugurated, providing a direct rail service to London's Paddington station via a specially constructed line between the airport and the Great Western Main Line. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Heathrow Express is a Train service from Heathrow Airport to Paddington in Central London operated by the Heathrow Express Operating Authority London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station The Great Western Main Line is a main line Railway in England that runs westwards from London Paddington station to Temple Meads

Terminal 4 arrivals
Terminal 4 arrivals

Continued growth in passenger numbers to 30 million annually by the early 1980s led to the need for more terminal space. Terminal 4 was constructed to the south of the southern runway next to the existing cargo terminal, away from the three older terminals, and was connected with Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the already-existing Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The Heathrow Cargo Tunnel is a road tunnel in the London Borough of Hillingdon, London, UK that serves London Heathrow Airport. Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales in April 1986, and became the home for then newly-privatised British Airways. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe

In 1987, the British government privatised the British Airports Authority (now known as "BAA Limited") which controls Heathrow[15] as well as six other UK airports. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport [16]

During the 1980s and 1990s, since privatisation BAA has expanded the proportion of terminal space allocated to retailing activities and invested in the development of retail activity. This has included expanding terminal areas to provide more shops and restaurants, and routing passengers through shops to maximise their exposure to the retail offer.

Accidents and incidents

Terrorism and security incidents

Concorde G-BOAB in storage at London Heathrow Airport following the end of all Concorde flying. This aircraft flew for 22,296 hours between first flight in 1976 and grounding in 2000. The control tower is in the background
Concorde G-BOAB in storage at London Heathrow Airport following the end of all Concorde flying. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This aircraft flew for 22,296 hours between first flight in 1976 and grounding in 2000. The control tower is in the background

Heathrow today

Heathrow Airport is used by over 90 airlines which fly to 170 destinations worldwide. The airport is the primary hub of British Airways and Virgin Atlantic and a major hub for bmi. An airline hub is an Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and British Midland Airways Limited or BMI, styled as bmi (the company's trademark formerly operated as British Midland) is a scheduled Airline

Of Heathrow's 67 million annual passengers, 11% travel to UK destinations, 43% are short-haul international travellers, and 46% are long-haul. The busiest single destination in terms of passenger numbers is New York, with over 3. 4 million passengers travelling between Heathrow and JFK / Newark airports in 2006. [34] The airport has five passenger terminals (Terminals 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and a cargo terminal. Terminal 5 opened to passengers on 27 March 2008 and will be fully completed with the opening of its second satellite building in 2010. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [35]

The Heathrow Academy
The Heathrow Academy

Originally, Heathrow had six runways, arranged in three pairs at different angles, with the passenger terminal in the centre. With growth in the required length for runways, Heathrow now has just two parallel runways running east-west. Runway 23, a short runway for use in strong south-westerly winds, was decommissioned in 2005 and now forms part of a taxiway. The Department for Transport has issued a 'consultation document' in which one option is the construction of a third parallel east-west runway for frequent use, involving the demolition of residential areas. In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport (or DfT) ( Welsh: Adran am Drafnidiaeth) is the government department

In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed at Heathrow's Terminal 3 [36] in order to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo, providing four new aircraft stands. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Other modifications totalling in excess of £340 million [36] have also been carried out across the airfield in readiness for the Airbus A380, and the newly opened Terminal 5 is also fully compatible with the A380. The first A380 test flight into Heathrow took place on 18 May 2006,[37] but following delays to the aircraft's production, scheduled services did not commence from Heathrow until 18 March 2008, when Singapore Airlines flight SQ308 touched down from Singapore carrying 470 passengers, marking the first ever European commercial flight by the Airbus A380. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the Singapore [36]

A new 87 metres (285 ft) high £50 million air traffic control tower entered service on 21 April 2007, and was officially opened on 13 June 2007 by Secretary of State for Transport Douglas Alexander. A control tower, or more specifically an air traffic control tower is the name of the airport building from which the Air traffic control unit controls the movement of aircraft Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. Douglas Garven Alexander (born 26 October 1967 is a British politician who is Secretary of State for International Development.

Heathrow Airport has Anglican, Catholic, Free Church, Muslim, Sikh, Hindu and Jewish Chaplains. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ There is a multi-faith prayer room and counselling room in each terminal, in addition to St. George's Interdenominational Chapel which is located in an underground bunker adjacent to the old Control Tower, where Christian services take place. St George's Interdenominational Chapel, Heathrow Airport is a Christian place of worship situated in Heathrow Airport The chaplains organise and lead prayers at certain times in the prayer room. There is an Anglican Service every Tuesday and Wednesday, daily Catholic Mass and Free Church prayers in the Chapel.

Heathrow's facilities were designed to accommodate either 45 or 55 million passengers annually according to BAA (55 million the figure presented to the T5 Inquiry, 45 million the figure used for the consultation into the third runway). With numbers now approaching 70 million and runway utilisation averaging 98%, it is difficult for existing airlines to obtain landing slots to enable them to increase their services from the airport, or for new airlines to start operations. Landing slots or Airport slots are rights allocated to an entity by an Airport or government agency granting the slot owner the right to schedule a Landing [38] For the same reason the airport has become crowded and subject to delays, for which it has been criticised in recent years[39] and in 2007 the airport was voted the world's least favourite alongside Chicago O'Hare in a TripAdvisor survey. TripAdvisorcom is a free Travel guide and research Website that hosts reviews from users and other information designed to help plan a Vacation. [40]

Operations

A Virgin Atlantic Airbus A340-300 seen near Heathrow
A Virgin Atlantic Airbus A340-300 seen near Heathrow

Aircraft destined for Heathrow usually enter its airspace via one of four main 'reporting points': Bovingdon (BNN) over Hertfordshire, Lambourne (LAM) over Essex, Biggin Hill (BIG) over Bromley and Ockham (OCK) over Surrey. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and The Bovingdon stack is a section of airspace to the north west of London where inbound planes to London Heathrow Airport, which is 20 Miles (30 km Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common About the town The town has a large shopping and retail area including a pedestrianised High Street and The Glades shopping centre Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. [41] Each is defined by a VOR radio-navigational beacon. This article is about the radio navigation aid see VOR for other uses When the airport is busy, aircraft will orbit in the associated holds. In Aviation, holding (or flying a hold) is a maneuver designed to delay an aircraft already in flight while keeping it within a specified airspace These reporting points/holds lie respectively to the north-west, north-east, south-east and south-west of the London conurbation.

Air traffic controllers at Heathrow Approach Control (based in Swanwick, Hampshire) then guide the aircraft to their final approach, merging aircraft from the four holds into a single stream of traffic, sometimes as close as 2. Air traffic controllers are people who operate the Air traffic control system to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air traffic and help prevent Swanwick is a village in Hampshire, England, situated on the River Hamble near the M27 motorway. 5 nautical miles (4. 6 km) apart. Considerable use is made of continuous descent approach techniques to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night. Continuous Descent Approach is a method by which aircraft approach airports prior to landing and is designed to reduce fuel burn and noise compared with a conventional approach [42] Once an aircraft is established on its final approach, control is handed over to Heathrow Tower.

Because aircraft generate significantly more noise on departure than when landing, there is a preference for "westerly operations" during daytime operations. [43] In this mode aircraft depart towards the west and approach from the east over London, thereby minimising the noise impact to the most densely populated areas. Heathrow's two runways generally operate in 'segregated mode' whereby arriving aircraft are allocated to one runway and departing aircraft to the other. To further reduce noise nuisance to people beneath the approach and departure routes, the use of runways 27R and 27L is swapped at 3 pm each day, when the wind is from the west. When easterly landings are in progress there is no alternation; 09L remains the landing runway and 09R the departure runway due to the Cranford protocol. The Cranford protocol or Cranford agreement is a verbal deal struck in 1952 between the British Government and the residents of Cranford in London Occasionally landings are allowed on the nominated departure runway, to help reduce airborne delays and to position landing aircraft closer to their terminal, thus reducing taxi times.

Night-time flights at Heathrow are subject to restrictions. Between 11. 00 p. m. and 7. 00 a. m. the noisiest aircraft (rated QC/8 and QC/16) cannot be scheduled to operate at all. Quota Count is a system used by London's Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movements In addition, between 11. 30 p. m. and 6. 00 a. m. (the night quota period) there are three limits:

Security

Policing of the airport is the responsibility of the aviation security unit of the Metropolitan Police, however the army, including armoured vehicles of the Household Cavalry, has occasionally been deployed to the airport during periods of heightened security. The Aviation Security Operational Command Unit (CO18 is a Central Operations unit of London 's Metropolitan Police Service, which is responsible for providing "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The term Household Cavalry is used across the Commonwealth to describe the Cavalry of the Household Divisions a country’s most elite or historically Heathrow's reputation for thefts has led to it sometimes being referred to as 'Thiefrow'. [45]

Regulation

Further information: Landing slots
British Airways aircraft at Terminal 4
British Airways aircraft at Terminal 4

As BAA owns London's three major airports[46] and therefore has a monopolistic position, the amount it is allowed to charge airlines to land aeroplanes at Heathrow is heavily regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Landing slots or Airport slots are rights allocated to an entity by an Airport or government agency granting the slot owner the right to schedule a Landing British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient Until 1 April 2003, the annual increase in landing charge per passenger was capped at inflation minus 3%. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Landing fees are a charge paid by an Aircraft to an airport company for landing at a particular Airport. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time From 2003 to 2007, charges increased by inflation plus 6. 5% per year, taking the fee to £9. 28 per passenger in 2007. In March 2008, the CAA announced that the charge would be allowed to increase by 23. 5% to £12. 80 from 1 April 2008, and by inflation plus 7. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 5% for each of the following four years. [47]

In addition, air traffic between Heathrow and the United States is strictly governed by the countries' bilateral Bermuda II treaty. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bermuda II was a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States signed on July 23, The treaty originally allowed only British Airways, Pan Am, and TWA to fly from Heathrow to the US. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U In 1991 PAA and TWA sold their rights to United Airlines and American Airlines respectively, and Virgin Atlantic was added to the list of airlines allowed to operate on these routes. United Air Lines Inc, trading as United Airlines ( is a major airline of the United States. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and In 2002, American Airlines and British Airways announced plans to coordinate the scheduling of their trans-Atlantic routes but plans were dropped after the United States Department of Transportation made approval conditional on the granting of further access slots to Heathrow to other US airlines. American Airlines and British Airways considered the slots too valuable and dropped the plans. [48] The Bermuda bilateral agreement conflicts with the Right of Establishment of the United Kingdom in terms of its membership in the EU, and as a consequence the UK was ordered to drop the agreement in 2004. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A new "open skies" agreement was signed by the United States and the European Union on 30 April 2007, and came into effect on 30 March 2008. Open skies refers to a bilateral (and sometimes Multilateral) Air Transport Agreement which liberalizes the rules for international The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Whilst the cost of landing at Heathrow is determined by the CAA and BAA, the allocation of landing slots to airlines is carried out by Airport Co-ordination Limited (ACL). Landing slots or Airport slots are rights allocated to an entity by an Airport or government agency granting the slot owner the right to schedule a Landing

Traffic and statistics

Queue of aircraft for take-off including jets from Virgin Atlantic, British Airways, Air India, and bmi
Queue of aircraft for take-off including jets from Virgin Atlantic, British Airways, Air India, and bmi

The operator of Heathrow, BAA, claims that Heathrow is the "world's busiest international airport",[49] but Heathrow is only the world's third-busiest airport by total passenger traffic, after Atlanta-Hartsfield-Jackson and Chicago O'Hare, which are also international airports. Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (operating as Virgin Atlantic) is a British airline which is owned by Richard Branson 's Virgin Group (51% and British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services British Midland Airways Limited or BMI, styled as bmi (the company's trademark formerly operated as British Midland) is a scheduled Airline BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport World's busiest airport is a claim that is fiercely fought over by the owners of the world's largest Airports The definition of busiest has been specified by the Airports Council However, Heathrow has the highest number of international passengers. The following is a list of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic.

In 2006 Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in terms of total passenger traffic (18. 8% more passengers than at Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport and 27. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French in the Paris area is 9% more than at Frankfurt International Airport),[50] but it was third behind Charles de Gaulle and Frankfurt in terms of plane movements (11. Frankfurt am Main International Airport, known in German as Flughafen Frankfurt am Main or Rhein-Main-Flughafen and in rest of Europe 9% fewer landings and take offs than at Charles de Gaulle, and 2. 5% fewer than at Frankfurt). [51] Heathrow airport was fourth in terms of cargo traffic (36. 9% less cargo than at Charles de Gaulle, 36. 8% less than at Frankfurt, and 14. 2% less than at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport). Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands ' main Airport, located 20 minutes (17 [52]

With only two runways operating at over 98% of their capacity, Heathrow has little room for growth. In order to increase traffic, BAA has proposed using the existing two runways in 'mixed mode' whereby aircraft would be allowed to take-off and land on the same runway. [53] This would increase the airport's capacity from its current 480,000 movements per year to as many as 550,000 according to British Airways CEO Willie Walsh. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Willie Walsh is a human name and may refer to Willie Walsh (Irish businessman (born 1961 businessman and current CEO of British Airways [54] BAA has also proposed to build a third runway to the north of the airport, which would significantly increase traffic capacity (see Future expansion below). [55]

In the short term the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008 will relieve pressure on terminal facilities, allowing modest growth from the use of larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380. However with passenger traffic at Charles de Gaulle growing by 5. 8% to 59. 3 million during the 12 months to September 2007, compared with Heathrow's fall of 0. 4% to 67. 6 million during the same period,[56] it is possible that CDG ---- with its four runways operating at only 73. 5% capacity ---- could overtake Heathrow by 2010. [57]

American Airlines Boeing 777 landing at Heathrow
American Airlines Boeing 777 landing at Heathrow
Busiest International Routes out of London Heathrow Airport (2007)[58]
RankAirportPassengers handled % Change
1 John F. Kennedy International Airport2,839,221▲3. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 16
2 Dublin Airport1,974,169▼0. 84
3 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol1,799,214▼2. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands ' main Airport, located 20 minutes (17 54
4 Charles de Gaulle International Airport1,789,538▼9. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French in the Paris area is 19
5 O'Hare International Airport1,604,770▲5. 51
6 Dubai International Airport1,571,472▲14. Dubai International Airport (مطار دبي الدولي is an international Airport serving Dubai, the largest city of the United Arab Emirates 33
7 Hong Kong International Airport1,453,229▲2. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. 57
8 Frankfurt Airport1,449,577▼4. Frankfurt am Main International Airport, known in German as Flughafen Frankfurt am Main or Rhein-Main-Flughafen and in rest of Europe 20
9 Los Angeles International Airport1,405,694▼1. Los Angeles International Airport is the primary Airport serving Los Angeles, California, the second-most populated metropolitan area of 70
10 Madrid Barajas International Airport1,180,326▲5. Madrid-Barajas Airport (Aeropuerto de Madrid-Barajas is the main international airport serving the Spanish capital Madrid. 33
11 Singapore Changi Airport1,074,672▼1. 07
12 Munich Airport1,067,237▲3. Munich Airport, officially named Franz Josef Strauss Airport ( Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß) is located northeast of Munich, Germany 84
13 Washington Dulles International Airport1,054,834▲1. Washington Dulles International Airport is a public Airport located 25 miles (40 km) west of the Central business district of Washington D 40
14 San Francisco International Airport1,032,103▲0. San Francisco International Airport is a major international Airport located south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States adjacent to the 41
15 Toronto Pearson International Airport1,023,559▼2. Lester B Pearson International Airport is a major International airport serving Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated 27 kilometres (17 mi northwest 10

Terminals

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 was opened in 1968 and was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1969. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II In 2005, a substantial redesign and redevelopment of Terminal 1 was completed, which saw the opening of the new Eastern Extension, doubling the departure lounge in size and creating additional seating and retail space. Terminal 1 handles most of Heathrow's domestic and Irish routes along with some long haul routes and European routes.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is Heathrow's oldest terminal and was opened as the Europa Building in 1955. Terminal 2, as well as the adjacent Queens Building, will close in 2008 after the opening of Terminal 5, to allow for the construction of the new Heathrow East terminal. According to BAA, Terminal 2 will be demolished in 2009. Terminal 2 handles mainly European routes.

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 was opened as The Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [11] At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service to Central London from the gardens on the roof of the terminal building. The term Central London refers to the districts of London England which are considered closest to the centre The Oceanic Terminal was renamed as Terminal 3 in 1968 and was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities were also added, including the UK's first moving walkways. A moving walkway, moving sidewalk (in the US moving pavement (elsewhere walkalator, travelator, autowalk, horizontal escalator In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed[36] in order to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Singapore Airlines now operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Singapore Airlines Limited ( SIA) ( abbreviated zh 新航 Syarikat Penerbangan Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் ஏர்லைன்ஸ் ( is the

Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt by the addition of a new four lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building was completed in 2007; these improvements were intended to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security. BAA also have plans for a £1bn upgrade of the rest of the terminal over the next ten years. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport [59]

Terminal 4

Terminal 4 was constructed to the south of the southern runway next to the existing cargo terminal, away from the three older terminals, and was connected with Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the already-existing Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The Heathrow Cargo Tunnel is a road tunnel in the London Borough of Hillingdon, London, UK that serves London Heathrow Airport. Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales in April 1986, and became the home for then newly-privatised British Airways. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe

Terminal 4 will also benefit from a major upgrade to its existing facilities once Terminal 5 has opened. BAA have stated that the building is in need of extensive refurbishment. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport As part of the redevelopment of Terminal 4, the amount of natural light entering the building will be assessed and the check-in facilities and airside departure lounge will also be upgraded. [59] Work is now underway on a complete refurbishment and modernisation of Terminal 4's forecourt to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security.

Heathrow's Layout in 2006
Heathrow's Layout in 2006

Terminal 5

See also: Heathrow Terminal 5 building

The possibility of a fifth terminal at Heathrow emerged as early as 1982, when there was debate over whether the expansion of Stansted or the expansion of Heathrow (advocated by BA) was the way forward for the UK aviation industry. The Heathrow Terminal 5 building is currently the largest free-standing building in the United Kingdom. London Stansted Airport is a passenger Airport located in the Uttlesford District of the English County of Essex about 38 miles (61 [60] Richard Rogers was selected to design the terminal in 1989 and BAA formally announced its proposal for T5 in May 1992, submitting a formal planning application on 17 February 1993. Richard George Rogers Baron Rogers of Riverside, CH, FRIBA (born 23 July 1933) is a British Architect noted Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori [61][62] A public inquiry into the proposals began on 16 May 1995 and lasted nearly four years, finally ending after sitting for 525 days on 17 March 1999. A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) [63][64] Finally on 20 November 2001, more than eight years after the initial planning application, then-transport minister Stephen Byers announced the British government's decision to grant planning permission for the building of a fifth passenger terminal at Heathrow. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Stephen John Byers (born 13 April 1953) is a British Politician.

Terminal 5 under construction in July 2006
Terminal 5 under construction in July 2006

Built at a cost of £4. 3 billion, the new terminal is located on the western side of the airport on the site of the former Perry Oaks sewage works, between the northern and southern runways. The Heathrow Terminal 5 building is currently the largest free-standing building in the United Kingdom. The four storeys of the main terminal building (Concourse A) are covered by a single-span undulating steel frame roof, stretching 90 metres (295 ft) from east to west. In addition to the main terminal building, there are also two satellite buildings linked to the main terminal by an underground people mover transit system. For the private automobile see People carrier A people mover or automated people mover (APM is a fully automated grade-separated The first satellite (Concourse B) includes dedicated aircraft stands for the Airbus A380; Concourse C is currently under construction and scheduled to open in 2010. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [35] In total, Terminal 5 has 60 aircraft stands and capacity for 30 million passengers annually; this will enable Heathrow to handle up to 90 million passengers a year, up from its previous figure of 68 million (compared with a design capacity of 45 million). There are more than 100 shops and restaurants. [65]

The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. A dedicated motorway spur has been built from the M25 between junctions 14 and 15 to the terminal, which includes a 3,800 space multi-storey car park. A spur route is a short Road forming a branch from a longer more important route (typically a major road Freeway, Interstate Highway or Motorway To see information about the M25 motorway under construction in Ireland, see N25 road. A more distant long-stay car park for business passengers will be linked to the terminal by a personal rapid transit system, which will open in 2009. Personal rapid transit (PRT, also called personal automated transport (PAT or podcar, is a Public transportation concept that offers on-demand non-stop [66] New branches of both the Heathrow Express and the Underground's Piccadilly Line serve a new shared Heathrow Terminal 5 station, which also has space for a third pair of tracks for future additional rail services. Heathrow Express is a Train service from Heathrow Airport to Paddington in Central London operated by the Heathrow Express Operating Authority The London Underground is a Metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark Blue on the Tube map. Heathrow Terminal 5 station is a shared railway station at London 's Heathrow Airport, and opened on March 27 2008. BAA are currently consulting on the route of a new rail link, called Heathrow Airtrack, to Staines High Street and through direct services to Reading, Guildford and London Waterloo. Heathrow Airtrack is a proposed new UK rail link from Heathrow Airport 's Terminal 5 (T5 to Staines High Street railway station built Staines High Street railway station was on the Windsor & Eton line of the London and South Western Railway. Reading (ˈrɛdɪŋ as Redding) is a town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, midway between Guildford ( IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/ is the County town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the The terminal is also connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel. Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel (ART is a road tunnel at Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon, London, UK. [67]

Terminal 5 interior
Terminal 5 interior

Queen Elizabeth II officially opened Terminal 5 in a ceremony on 14 March 2008. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [68] Used exclusively by British Airways, the terminal opened for passenger use on 27 March 2008,[69] with flight 26 from Hong Kong its first arrival. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The first departure was Flight 302 to Paris at 06:20 GMT. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city However it quickly became apparent that the new terminal was not operating smoothly, and British Airways cancelled 34 flights and was later forced to suspend baggage check-in. Airport Check-in are service Counters found at commercial Airports handling commercial Air travel. [70] Over the following 10 days some 28,000 bags failed to travel with their owners,[71] and over 500 flights were cancelled. British Airways were not able to operate its full schedule from Terminal 5 until 8 April 2008. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

A number of problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with insufficient testing and staff training, were the principal reasons for the difficulties[72] which caused BA to postpone the transfer of its long-haul flights from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5. [73] Consequently, BA will be occupying parts of Terminals 1 and 4 for longer than originally planned, with knock-on effects on other airlines scheduled to move into those areas.

Heathrow East Terminal

Plan of the future of Heathrow airport after the completion of Heathrow East
Plan of the future of Heathrow airport after the completion of Heathrow East

BAA announced in November 2005 that when Terminal 5 opens Terminal 2 will be closed to allow the Heathrow East scheme to be built. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport [74] This will see Terminal 2 and the Queen's Building offices being replaced by a new terminal capable of handling 30 million people; five million fewer than Terminals 1 and 2 are currently used by, although considerably more than the design capacity of the existing buildings. Work is planned to start in 2008 and to be completed by 2012, in time for the London Olympics, although reported delays are making this target unlikely. [75] Demolition of Terminal 2 is now scheduled for 2009. The plan envisages the complete realignment of piers more logically, the building of new ones on the now defunct cross-wind runway, and to provide for an increase in capacity, in a site taking up roughly the same amount of space as T5. The entire project is set to cost £1-1. 5bn. [76] Planning permission was granted in May 2007 on condition that the project meets a number of 'green' targets. Environmental friendly, eco-friendly, and nature friendly are synonyms used to refer to Goods and services considered to inflict minimal harm [77]

North Terminal

The current proposals for a third runway to the north of the current airport includes an additional terminal. Although currently referred to as "Terminal 6" by the time it could be built Terminals 1 and 2 would have been replaced by the East Terminal making it a possible fifth terminal overall.

Access

Public transport

Heathrow Express train at Paddington station
Heathrow Express train at Paddington station
Heathrow rail services
Heathrow
Express		Heathrow
Connect


CPIClaCPICCPICra
London Paddington
STRlfvABZlrSTRrf
vSTR-BHF
Ealing Broadway Interchange to Central Line
vSTR-BHF
West Ealing (closed Sundays)
vSTR-BHF
Hanwell (closed Sundays)
vSTR-BHF
Southall
vSTR-BHF
Hayes & Harlington
vSTReutSTR
Piccadilly Line
TUNNELautABZlfutSTRlg
FLUGtCPIClCPICutCPICrutSTR
Heathrow Central (rail) & Terminals 1, 2, 3 (tube)
tSTRrgtABZrltSTRlgutSTRutSTRd
Free transfer between terminals on Heathrow Connect
FLUGtSTRtCPICleutCPICpassuutCPICr
Heathrow Terminal 4 rail & tube (Heathrow Connect Terminus)
tSTRutABZlfutSTRrf
Free transfer between terminals on Heathrow Express
FLUGtCPICltexCPICmaCPICutCPICre
Heathrow Terminal 5 (Heathrow Express Terminus)
texSTRlftexABZlgLUECKE
to London Waterloo
exTUNNELeexCPIClaCPICr
Staines (proposed Heathrow Express Terminus)
HLUECKEeABZ3lfeHBHFeABZ3lgeABZ3rfABZrf
Staines High Street (Proposed)
HLUECKEHSTReABZ3rfHSTRSTRrf
to Reading, Woking and Guildford
Heathrow
Airtrack
All Heathrow stations have step-free access

Car

Heathrow is accessible via the nearby M4 motorway and A4 road (Terminals 1–3), the M25 motorway (Terminals 4 and 5), and the A30 road (Terminal 4). The M4 motorway is a Motorway in Great Britain linking London with Wales. To see information about the M25 motorway under construction in Ireland, see N25 road. The A30 is an old Trunk road (main road which runs from central London to Land's End, the westernmost point of the mainland of southern Great Britain ( though There are drop off and pick up areas at all terminals and short and long stay multi-storey car parks. Additionally, there are car parks (not run by BAA) just outside the airport, these are connected to the terminals by shuttle buses. Heathrow airport is also served by taxi services.

Four parallel tunnels under one of the runways connect the M4 motorway and the A4 road to Terminals 1–3. The two larger tunnels are each two lanes wide and are used for motorised traffic. The two smaller tunnels were originally reserved for pedestrians and bicycles; to increase traffic capacity the cycle lanes have been modified to each take a single lane of cars, although bicycles still have priority over cars. Pedestrian access to the smaller tunnels has been discontinued, with the free bus services being the alternative.

Bicycle

There are (mainly off-road) bicycle routes almost to the terminals. Free bicycle parking places are available in car parks 1 and 1A, though use of the left-luggage services may be more secure. Free specialist maps showing cycle routes are published by Transport for London - 'London Cycling Guide 6' covers Terminals 1, 2 & 3 while 'London Cycling Guide 9' covers Terminal 4 (as of the June 2007 revision). Transport for London ( TfL) is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the Transport system in Greater London in England.

One coach on each Heathrow Connect train has an area reserved for wheelchairs and bicycles (wheelchairs have priority). Heathrow Express trains have space for three bicycles. There are rush-hour restrictions: unfolded bicycles are not allowed on trains due to arrive at Paddington between 07:45 and 09:45, or departing between 16:30 and 18:30, Monday to Friday.

If luggage and conditions permit, it is much cheaper (about one third the price) to travel by train between Paddington and Hayes & Harlington and then cycle the remaining two miles (3 km).

Future expansion

The major airlines at Heathrow, in particular British Airways, have long advocated construction of a new third runway at Heathrow. A sixth terminal would be likely to accompany the new runway, and the airport's capacity would be increased to 115 million passengers per year. On 16 December 2003 Transport Secretary Alistair Darling released a white paper[78] on the future of air transport in the UK. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. Alistair Maclean Darling (born 28 November 1953 is a British Politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer since 28 June 2007 A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them Increasing demand for air travel in the UK has resulted in a conflict between the desire to cater for that demand and the environmental consequences of doing so A key proposal of the paper was that a new 2000 metre runway suitable for use only by short-haul aircraft would be built at Heathrow by 2020[79] provided that targets on environmental issues such as aircraft noise, traffic congestion and pollution could be met. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in

In December 2006 the DFT published a progress report on the strategy which confirmed the original vision,[80][81] and in November 2007 the government started a public consulation on proposals for a longer 2,500 metres (2,734 yd) third runway. However proposed flight paths show integration from runway 3 into longhaul west bound routings suggesting that the desired length will eventually be similar to that of the existing runways. [82][83] The consultation process includes proposals to remove the existing runway alternation for landings, and also to allow departures from both runways over London (previously banned under the Cranford Agreement) when wind direction requires. The Cranford protocol or Cranford agreement is a verbal deal struck in 1952 between the British Government and the residents of Cranford in London If approved, the new runway would open around 2020.

The proposed outline of the third runway in 2030 can be seen on this map published by BAA and annotated by Hillingdon Borough Council, and also on a Google overlay map. Hillingdon is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon. It is a suburban development situated 14

Opposition

The continued expansion of Heathrow Airport is opposed[84] by environmental campaigners who are concerned about increases of CO2 emissions,[85] by Londoners concerned about noise[86] and local residents concerned about their communities. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single [87]

Locally some 700 homes, a church and eight grade II listed buildings would have to be demolished or abandoned, the high street in Harmondsworth split, a graveyard "bulldozed" and the "entire village of Sipson could disappear". A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance Harmondsworth is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon nearby to London Heathrow Airport. Sipson is a place in the London Borough of Hillingdon situated near the northern perimeter of London Heathrow Airport and west of Charing Cross. [88] John McDonnell, MP for Hayes and Harlington has suggested that up to 4,000 houses would actually have to be demolished or abandoned, however aviation minister Jim Fitzpatrick defended the plans, saying anyone evicted from their home as a result of expansion would be fully compensated[89] and BAA have committed to preserving the Grade I listed church and tithe barn at Harmondsworth, and have assured protection of the value of properties blighted by a possible third runway. John Martin McDonnell (born 8 September 1951 in Liverpool, England) is a British politician and Labour Member of Parliament for James "Jim" Fitzpatrick (born April 4, 1952) is a British Politician. [90]

The government has been criticised for working too closely with BAA in designing tests to determine whether noise and air pollution caused by the proposed runway would exceed designated limits. However the Department for Transport defended the co-operation, stating that "it wouldn’t be sensible or indeed possible to do the work without the expertise of the airport operator. In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport (or DfT) ( Welsh: Adran am Drafnidiaeth) is the government department "[91]

The World Development Movement has claimed that the proposed additional flights from Heathrow’s third runway would emit the same amount of CO2 per year as the whole of Kenya. The World Development Movement is a membership organisation in the United Kingdom which campaigns on issues of global justice and development in the Global South [92] Ruth Kelly, Transport Secretary, has stated that carbon emissions will not actually rise overall in the environment since carbon trading will be used to ensure that these increases from Heathrow are offset by reductions elsewhere in the economy. Ruth Maria Kelly (born 9 May 1968 is a British politician, currently Member of Parliament for the Bolton West Constituency representing Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for [93] However Friends of the Earth claim that "Plans to bring aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) will barely affect the rapid growth in aviation’s carbon emissions". Friends of the Earth (HK is not a member of Friends of the Earth International [94]

A protest camp, the Camp for Climate Action, took place close to the airport in August 2007 and attracted some 2000 protesters,[95] along with considerable media attention. The Camps for Climate Action are campaign gatherings (similar to Peace camps that take place to draw attention to and to act as a base for Direct action [96] Prior to the camp's start, BAA had attempted to get court approval for an injunction to limit their right to protest which became known as the "Mother of all Injunctions". BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport [97] BAA said the injunction was intended to protect the security of staff and passengers[98] and that "flights and passengers were unaffected by the camp". [99]

In response to campaigning and proposed new legislation that would restrict aviation growth, BAA and others launched Flying Matters "to represent the travel industry over climate change". Flying Matters is a pro-aviation coalition in the United Kingdom. [100]

Since the 1970s, there have been proposals to replace Heathrow by a new airport located in the Thames Estuary. The Thames Estuary is the area in which the River Thames meets the waters of the North Sea. [101] Proponents of these schemes argue that flights would no longer arrive or depart over densely populated areas of London, and costs are estimated at two billion pounds, less than the construction of a third runway at Heathrow. However, surface access to London and the South-East of England would be more difficult than at Heathrow, and the area proposed is in the path of migratory bird routes which could cause safety concerns for aircraft, as well as the destruction of natural habitats.

Airlines and destinations

Terminal 1

Terminal 2

Terminal 3

Terminal 4

Terminal 5

Terminal rearrangements

Now that Terminal 5 is open, the allocation of airlines to terminals at Heathrow will undergo major changes. The new arrangements will largely be based around which alliance each airline belongs to. The transfer will be completed over a period of 10 months starting from March 2008. [105][106]

  1. On the 27 March 2008, all of British Airways shorthaul flights from Terminal 4, all longhaul flights from Terminal 1, all shorthaul flights from Terminal 1 , except Madrid, Barcelona, Nice, Helsinki, Belfast, Cork, Dublin and Lisbon will move into Terminal 5. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  2. On the 30 March 2008, Delta, Northwest and Continental Airlines will move to Terminal 4. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. British Airways flights to and from Dallas / Ft Worth and Houston will operate from Heathrow Terminal 4 after moving from London Gatwick. American Airlines daily flight to Raleigh / Durham and one of the Dallas / Ft Worth flights will move to Heathrow Terminal 3 from London Gatwick.
  3. On the 13 April 2008, American Airlines will transfer its remaining flight from London Gatwick to Dallas / Ft Worth to London Heathrow Terminal 3. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
  4. On the 5 June 2008, British Airways flights to and from New York JFK, Abuja, Bangalore, Beijing, Cairo, Cape Town, Lagos and Phoenix will move from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  5. On the 10 June 2008, Air New Zealand and United Airlines will move from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem
  6. On the 17 September 2008, British Airways remaining flights in Terminal 1 will move to Terminal 3, along with Finnair and Iberia. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec British Airways longhaul flights to Abu Dhabi, Accra, Bahrain, Baltimore, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Dallas / Fort Worth, Dar Es Salaam, Doha, Entebbe, Grand Cayman, Houston, Kuwait, Luanda, Lusaka, Mauritius, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay), Muscat, Nairobi, Nassau, Newark, Philadelphia, Providenciales, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Tel Aviv, Toronto, Washington-Dulles will move from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5.
  7. On the 26 October, British Airways flights to Boston, Calgary, Chennai, Delhi, Denver, Dhaka, Dubai, Islamabad, Kolkata (Calcutta), Montreal, Seattle and Shanghai will move from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
  8. In November 2008, Austrian Airlines, Croatia Airlines, Lufthansa and TAP Portugal will move from Terminal 2 to Terminal 1.
  9. In early 2009, British Airways flights and Qantas flights will move from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3, finalizing the oneworld moves making the whole alliance at terminals 3 & 5.
  10. In spring 2009, Aeroflot, Air France, Alitalia, CSA and Korean Air will move to Terminal 4, making the whole Skyteam alliance at Terminal 4.
  11. In 2012, the rest of Star Alliance at Heathrow will move to Terminal 1, finalising the "Star Alliance under one roof" project, while all other non-aligned airlines will move into Terminal 4.

After these moves, but before Heathrow East opens, Heathrow Terminal arrangements will be as follows:

Notes

  1. ^ Aircraft Movements, Terminal and Transit Passengers
  2. ^ Busiest Airports - The Busiest Airports in the World
  3. ^ UK airports owned and operated by BAA
  4. ^ BAA: "Who owns us?"
  5. ^ BAA Terminal 5: Heathrow East
  6. ^ CAA Aerodrome Licence
  7. ^ a b John Arlidge (June 3, 2007). Heathrow's Terminal 5 velocity. The Times. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  8. ^ Harold Balfour (later Lord Balfour), then Under-Secretary of State for Air (1938-1944), wrote in his 1973 autobiography Wings over Westminster, that he deliberately deceived the government committee that a requisition was necessary in order that Heathrow could be used as a base for long-range transport aircraft in support of the war with Japan. Harold Harington Balfour 1st Baron Balfour of Inchrye MC & Bar (1897 &ndash 1988 was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom, and The Secretary of State for Air was a cabinet level British position in charge of the Air Ministry. In fact, Balfour wrote that he always intended the site to be used for civil aviation and used a wartime emergency requisition order to avoid a lengthy and costly public inquiry. A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government
  9. ^ Wimpey - The First 100 Years: page 28
  10. ^ What's In A Name? (HTML). www. thisislongford. com. Retrieved on 2006-08-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.
  11. ^ a b Heathrow Terminal Three Information
  12. ^ British Pathe news reel 31. 10 dated June 1955 (www. britishpathe. com)
  13. ^ Air Ministry and Ministry of Civil Aviation: Records (R Series Files) BT 217/551
  14. ^ BAA Heathrow: Our History. BAA. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
  15. ^ The Economist, The man who bought trouble. Consulted on July 18, 2007.
  16. ^ BAA's UK airports Consulted on 23 October, 2007.
  17. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-46-597343,00.html
  18. ^ Aviation Safety Network G-AHPN
  19. ^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 951 Vanguard G-APEE - London-Heathrow Airport (LHR)
  20. ^ George Cross Database - GC facts and statistics
  21. ^ Women awarded the George Cross
  22. ^ Aviation Safety Network G-AMAD
  23. ^ Accident to G-VSKY. Air Accidents Investigation Branch. (PDF)
  24. ^ Heathrow closed after aircraft lands short of runway
  25. ^ "Airliner Crash-Lands at Heathrow", BBC News, 18 January 2008. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor  
  26. ^ Heathrow Airport History. Milesfaster. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  27. ^ "Brinks Mat gold", BBC News, 2000-04-15. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  28. ^ "Assad engages politics of politeness", BBC News, 2002-12-16. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  29. ^ Henderson, Scott (1998). Silent Swift Superb: The Story of the Vickers VC10. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Scoval, 130. ISBN 1-901125-02-5.  
  30. ^ "$3m heist at Heathrow", BBC News, 2002-03-19. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  31. ^ Archive copy at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
  32. ^ "Climate protest on Heathrow plane", BBC News, 2008-02-25. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  33. ^ "Man arrested over Heathrow alert", BBC News, 2008-03-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  34. ^ CAA Passenger Route Analysis 2006
  35. ^ a b "Terminal 5 second satellite building due to open in 2010", BBC News, 2008-03-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  36. ^ a b c d "Debut A380 flight lands in London", BBC News, 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.  
  37. ^ "Super Jumbo Makes A Flying Visit", Sky News, 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  38. ^ Airport CoOrdination Ltd (February 2002). "Submission to the CAA Regarding Peak Periods at Heathrow". Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks
  39. ^ "BA boss joins attack on Heathrow", BBC, August 1, 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine  
  40. ^ "Heathrow voted world's least favourite airport", The Daily Telegraph, October 30, 2007. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.  
  41. ^ "Landing at Heathrow", BBC, 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.  
  42. ^ BAA Heathrow (2004/05). "Flight Evaluation Report 2004/05". Retrieved on 2007-11-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000
  43. ^ In westerly operations, aircraft continue to operate in a westerly direction with up to a 5-knot (9. 3 km/h) easterly tailwind.
  44. ^ Night noise. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
  45. ^ France, Anthony. "Exposed: Scandal Of Heathrow Security", Evening Standard, 2001-04-26. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2006-08-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.  
  46. ^ Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted
  47. ^ Biggest IATA attacks higher landing charges at British airports. Gatwick Airport is London 's second largest Airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. London Stansted Airport is a passenger Airport located in the Uttlesford District of the English County of Essex about 38 miles (61 Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
  48. ^ "American, BA drop alliance plans", CNN Money, 2002-01-25. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.  
  49. ^ BAA Heathrow Home Page. BAA. Retrieved on 2007-11-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal
  50. ^ Passenger Traffic 2006 FINAL. Airports Council International. Airports Council International (ACI based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a Non profit organisation, whose prime purpose is to advance the interests of airports Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  51. ^ Traffic Movements 2006 FINAL. Airports Council International. Airports Council International (ACI based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a Non profit organisation, whose prime purpose is to advance the interests of airports Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  52. ^ Cargo Traffic 2006 FINAL. Airports Council International. Airports Council International (ACI based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a Non profit organisation, whose prime purpose is to advance the interests of airports Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  53. ^ BAA Heathrow: Mixed mode. BAA. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
  54. ^ BA pushes for 'mixed mode' at Heathrow. UK-Airport-News. info. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  55. ^ Heathrow is defeated in its attempt to ban environmental campaigners. The Times (2007-08-07). The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  56. ^ Passenger Traffic for past 12 months. Airports Council International. Airports Council International (ACI based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a Non profit organisation, whose prime purpose is to advance the interests of airports Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  57. ^ Vulnerable to foreign competition. BAA. BAA Limited is the owner and operator of seven British Airports and the operator of several other airports worldwide making the company one of the largest transport Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
  58. ^ UK Airport Statistics: 2007 - annual. Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  59. ^ a b Redevelopment of Terminals 3 and 4. BAA Plc. Retrieved on 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
  60. ^ Donne, Michael. "The battle of Heathrow", Financial Times, 1982-01-12, p. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople  16. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop  
  61. ^ Fagan, Mary. "BAA presses on with Heathrow fifth terminal", The Independent, Newspaper Publishing, 1992-05-13, p. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.  5. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop  
  62. ^ Bray, Roger. "Plans are ready for huge fifth Heathrow terminal", Evening Standard, Associated Newspapers, 1993-02-17, p. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori  5. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop  
  63. ^ The inquiry, based at the Renaissance Hotel Heathrow, was the longest planning inquiry ever held in the UK.
  64. ^ Heathrow Terminal 5 Inquiry. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000
  65. ^ Heathrow Terminal 5: retail destination or gateway to Britain?. Brandrepublic (March 14, 2008). Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  66. ^ Airport casts pods in future transport role. Railway Gazette International (December 20, 2007). Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal covering the Railway, metro, Light rail and Tram industries worldwide Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.
  67. ^ BAA Terminal 5: Project Overview
  68. ^ "Queen opens new Heathrow Terminal", BBC, 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.  
  69. ^ BAA Terminal 5
  70. ^ "Baggage halted at new £4.3bn T5", BBC News, 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  71. ^ 28,000 bags caught in T5 foul-up
  72. ^ British Airways reveals what went wrong with Terminal 5. Computer Weekly (May 14, 2008). Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
  73. ^ "BA postpones long-haul move to T5", BBC News, 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.  
  74. ^ Terminal 5: Heathrow East
  75. ^ Telegraph: Sparks Fly over Heathrow Upheaval
  76. ^ baa.com.
  77. ^ "Green light for Heathrow terminal", BBC, 2007-05-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.  
  78. ^ The Future of Air Transport (pdf) (2003-12-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
  79. ^ Map showing proposed third runway outline.
  80. ^ "UK Government review backs London Heathrow and London Stansted airport strategy", Flight International, December 14, 2006. Flight International (or Flight) is a global Aerospace weekly publication Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.  
  81. ^ Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
  82. ^ "Industry backs third Heathrow runway as consultation opens", Flight International, November 22, 2007. Flight International (or Flight) is a global Aerospace weekly publication Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.  
  83. ^ Heathrow third runway length increased by 25 percent (2007-11-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal
  84. ^ HACAN Clearskies. Hacan. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  85. ^ Campaign to stop Heathrow expansion takes to the roads. The Telegraph (2007-08-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  86. ^ Third runway noise will hit North London. This Is London (2007-11-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  87. ^ No third runway action group. Retrieved on 2008-01-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
  88. ^ Village faces being wiped off map. BBC News (2006-02-21). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  89. ^ Public 'misled' on number of homes lost for Heathrow. This Is London (2007-12-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  90. ^ A third runway.
  91. ^ ‘Secret pact’ over Heathrow’s third runway. The Times (2007-06-06). The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Retrieved on 2007-12-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
  92. ^ Flights from Heathrow’s third runway will emit same amount of CO2 as Kenya. World Development Movement (2007-11-21). The World Development Movement is a membership organisation in the United Kingdom which campaigns on issues of global justice and development in the Global South Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  93. ^ Ben Webster (2007-12-01). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Airlines to make billions from CO2 trade. The Times. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
  94. ^ Aviation carbon trading plan will sell the climate short. Friends of the Earth. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  95. ^ Eco-village with a stark warning. BBC News (2008-08-13). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  96. ^ Google News: Search for "Climate Camp" "Heathrow" in 2007. Google News. Google News is an automated News aggregator provided by Google Inc
  97. ^ Joy for protesters as Heathrow is denied 'mother of all injunctions'. The Independent (2008-08-07). The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  98. ^ Fred Attewill and agencies (2007-08-06). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. BAA wins injunction to stop Heathrow protest. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2008-01-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
  99. ^ Campaigners leave Heathrow camp. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-01-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
  100. ^ Travel industry to launch climate-change lobby group. UK-Airport news (2007-07-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  101. ^ Halcrow Group Ltd. (December 2003). "Development of Airport Capacity in the Thames Estuary". Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
  102. ^ "British Airways to launch Hyderabad-London flight from October", Thaindian News, 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at  
  103. ^ bloomberg.com.
  104. ^ New service from London Heathrow to Venice. British Airways. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
  105. ^ "Heathrow looks ahead", Airports(Key Publishing), September/October 2007, P30
  106. ^ SkyTeam Carriers Will Operate Out of Terminal 4 at London Heathrow (Official Press Release: 6 June 2006)

External links

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