Lolicon art often depicts childlike characteristics in innocent settings

Lolicon (ロリコン, Lolicon^?), also romanized as rorikon, is a slang portmanteau of the phrase "Lolita complex". In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. ^[1][2] In Japan, the term describes an attraction to young girls,^[3] or an individual with such an attraction. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[4][5] Outside Japan, the term is less common and most often refers to a genre of manga and anime wherein childlike female characters are depicted in an erotic manner. A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly (anime in Japanese, The phrase is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov's book, Lolita, in which a middle-aged man becomes sexually obsessed with a 12-year-old girl. This page is about the novelist For his father the politician see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov. Lolita (1955 is a Novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author ^[6] The equivalent term for the sexualization of or attraction to young boys is shotacon. sometimes shortened to, is a Japanese term for a Sexual complex where a person is sexually attracted towards a young and/or underage boy

Some critics claim that the lolicon genre contributes to actual sexual abuse of children,^[7][8] while others claim that there is no evidence for this,^[9][8] or that there is evidence to the contrary. Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion ^[10] Several countries have attempted to criminalize lolicon's sexually explicit forms as a type of child pornography. Child pornography refers to material depicting Children being in a state of undress engaged in erotic poses or sexual activity

In Japan

Generally, lolicon is a term used to describe a sexual attraction to younger girls, or girls with underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics. Neoteny (niːˈɒtɨniː also called juvenilization, is the retention by adults in a species of traits previously seen only in juveniles ( pedomorphosis/paedomorphosis In other words, it can refer to actual or perceived pedophilia and ephebophilia. The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular The term ephebophilia is the sexual preference for adolescents around 15-19 years of age Strictly speaking, Lolita complex in Japanese refers only to the paraphilia itself, but the abbreviation lolicon can refer to an individual that has the paraphilia as well. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities ^[4] Lolicon is a widespread phenomenon in Japan, where it is a frequent subject of scholarly articles and criticism. ^[11] Many general bookstores and newsstands openly offer illustrated lolicon material, but there has also been police action against lolicon manga. ^[11] There are also stores that specifically target the lolicon audience. ^[7] The consumers are said to be white-collar workers in their 20s and 30s who do not complain about the high prices of lolicon merchandise such as figurines and accessories. White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to ^[7]

The "kawaii" style (which in Western terms could roughly be translated as "cute") is extremely popular in Japan, where it is present in all the manga/anime styles. Since the 1970s has become a prominent aspect of Japanese popular culture, entertainment clothing, food, toys, personal appearance behavior and ^[12] The school-aged girl in a school uniform is also an erotic symbol in Japan, comparable to the image of a woman in a mini-skirt in the United States. Burusera shops cater to men with lolicon complexes by selling unwashed panties, men can make dates with teenagers through terekura ("telephone clubs"),^[13] and school girls moonlight as prostitutes in Tokyo. Panty fetishism is the belief that Panties (or female underwear contain an intrinsic sexual power an abbreviation for, are telephone-based dating services originating in Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. ^[14] Together, these create the "strange collusion which exists in Japanese culture between the hentai (pervert) and the kawaii (cute). Collusion is an agreement usually secretive which occurs between two or more persons to deceive mislead or defraud others of their legal rights or to obtain an objective forbidden "^[15] Conversely, the great cultural respect associated with old age would make it incompatible with portraying ecchi behavior in manga, except in a greatly exaggerated farce context (typical examples being "Dirty Old Men", Dragon Ball's Muten-Rôshi, Master Happosai in Ranma 1/2). As expectations regarding good manners differ from person to person and vary according to each situation no treatise on the rules of Etiquette nor any list of Faux pas can ever Ecchi (or Etchi, from the Japanese エッチ etchi) is derived from a Japanese word meaning "lewd" "sexy" "lascivious" is a Fictional character in the Anime and Manga series Ranma ½ by Rumiko Takahashi. is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi with an Anime adaptation

Sexual manga featuring children or childlike characters are called lolicon manga. ^[16][11] These are generally legal in Japan, although child pornography was outlawed in 1999. Child pornography refers to material depicting Children being in a state of undress engaged in erotic poses or sexual activity ^[17] Lolicon manga are usually short stories, published as dōjinshi or in magazines specializing in the genre. are self-published Japanese works usually manga or novels They are often the work of amateurs though some professional artists participate as a way to publish material outside the regular Common focuses of these stories include taboo relationships, such as between a teacher and student or brother and sister, while others feature sexual experimentation between children. Some lolicon manga cross over with other hentai genres, such as crossdressing and futanari. is a Japanese word that in the West is used when referring to sexually explicit or pornographic comics and animation particularly Japanese Anime, Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. Futanari (二成 二形 ふたなり a Compound word meaning "two form" in Japanese can mean both the subjects of a special type of pornographic ^[11] Kodomo no Jikan is an example of a series that, while not pornographic, draws on lolicon themes for its plot. is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by manga author Kaworu Watashiya.

Lolicon is a subject of study in the Superflat exhibition. Superflat is a Postmodern art movement founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by Manga and Anime ^[18][19]

Origin

The use of the term "Lolita complex" in Japan began in the early 1970s with the translation of Russell Trainer's The Lolita Complex. Shinji Wada used the word in his Stumbling upon a cabbage field (キャベツ畑でつまづいて, Kyabetsu-batake de tumazuite^?), an Alice in Wonderland manga parody in 1974. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865 is a novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson better known under the Pseudonym Lewis ^[20] However, the "lolicon manga" genre closely related to manga media began with Hideo Azuma's works, such as The machine which came from the sea (海から来た機械, Umi kara kita Kikai^?), in the early 1980s. Azuma had been publishing some sexual manga featuring young girls in his own self-published magazine Cybele prior to that time. ^[21] Azuma's works became popular among schoolboy readers because most of the pornographic manga up until then had featured mature women influenced by gekiga, but Azuma's works are not pornographies in a strict sense though they contain many sexual elements. is Japanese for "dramatic pictures" The term was coined by Yoshihiro Tatsumi and adopted by other more serious Japanese cartoonists who did not want their trade Following Azuma's success, some pornographic manga magazines, such as Manga Burikko and Lemon People, began featuring prepubescent girls. was a Lolicon Hentai Manga magazine published by Serufu Shuppan from 1983 to 1986 in Japan was a Lolita Hentai Manga magazine published by Kubo Shoten from 1981 to 1998 in Japan Throughout the 1980s, notable lolicon mangaka who published in these magazines include Nonki Miyasu, Kamui Fujiwara, Yoshito Asari and Aki Uchida. is a Character designer and Mangaka born on September 23, 1959 in Arakawa, Tokyo, Japan.

Lolicon manga and gender roles

Lolicon manga.

Sharon Kinsella claimed that lolicon manga was a late-1980s outgrowth of girls' manga,^[22] which included male homosexual love stories and parodies of boys' and adult manga. ^[23] This occurred as more men attended amateur manga conventions and new boys' amateur manga genres appeared at Comiket. otherwise known as the or CM, is the world's largest comic convention held twice a year in Tokyo, Japan. Kinsella distinguished between the attitudes toward gender of amateur lolicon manga and that of male fans of girls' manga. ^[24] While parody manga created by women ridicule male stereotypes and appeal to both male and female fans, lolicon manga "usually features a girl heroine with large eyes and a body that is both voluptuous and child-like, scantily clad in an outfit that approximates a cross between a 1970s bikini and a space-age suit of armor. "^[25] This latter feature expresses both fear and desire for young women, who have become increasingly powerful in Japanese society. ^[26] Kinsella noted that the dominant British and American genres and imports of animation video in the 1990s are derived from lolicon manga, suggesting that women in all of these countries have gone through similar social and cultural experiences. ^[27]

Female mangaka who draw what has been interpreted as lolicon include Chiho Aoshima (The red-eyed tribe billboard),^[28] Aya Takano (Universe Dream wall painting),^[29] Kaworu Watashiya (Kodomo no Jikan),^[30] and Yukiru Sugisaki (Rizelmine). is a Japanese Pop artist and member of Takashi Murakami 's Kaikai Kiki Collective Aya Takano (タカノ綾 Takano Aya) was born 1976 in Saitama, Japan. is a Japanese manga author from Tokyo, Japan. She is notable for the creation of Kodomo no Jikan, which is the first of her works is a Japanese Manga series written and illustrated by manga author Kaworu Watashiya. Yukiru Sugisaki is a Japanese Manga artist born on December 26. is a Manga with an Anime TV series adaptation created by Yukiru Sugisaki. ^[31] Males include Henmaru Machino [Untitled (Green Caterpillar's Girl)], Hitoshi Tomizawa (Alien 9, Milk Closet), and Borne (sculptures). Henmaru Machino (町野 変丸 Machino Henmaru, sometimes given as 'Hanmaru' born 1969 Aomori Prefecture) is a Japanese artist whose works prominently feature themes is a Japanese manga artist Alien 9 is his best known work his manga tend to be short with sci-fi stories involving children and insects is a Manga series by Hitoshi Tomizawa, which was later adapted into an Anime series ^[32]

Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki said in a 1988 interview with Animage that while he prefers to have female protagonists, "It's difficult. is a is a Japanese Anime and entertainment magazine which Tokuma Shoten began publishing in July 1978. The Protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. They immediately become the subjects of rorikon gokko (play toy for Lolita Complex guys). In a sense, if we want to depict someone who is affirmative to us, we have no choice but to make them as lovely as possible. But now, there are too many people who shamelessly depict (such heroines) as if they just want (such girls) as pets, and things are escalating more and more. " He expressed concern as to what this might mean for "human rights for women. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled "^[33]

Outside Japan

The meaning of lolicon has evolved much in the Western world, as have the meanings of other words such as anime, otaku and hentai. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings (anime in Japanese, is a Japanese term used to refer to people with obsessive interests particularly Anime, Manga, and Video games. is a Japanese word that in the West is used when referring to sexually explicit or pornographic comics and animation particularly Japanese Anime, In the West, lolicon refers to anime or manga that contains sexual or erotic portrayals of prepubescent or childlike characters, and is thus close cognate to the Japanese term lolicon manga. The use of the word lolicon in the West is an indication that the material is overtly, even if not explicitly, erotic. ^[34]

Controversy

Laws have been enacted to criminalize "obscene images of children, no matter how they are made," for inciting abuse. ^[35] An argument is that obscene fictional images portray children as sex objects, thereby contributing to child sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent This argument has been disputed by the claim that there is no scientific basis for that connection,^[36] and that restricting sexual expression in drawings or animated games and videos might actually increase the rate of sexual crime by eliminating a harmless outlet for desires that could motivate crime. ^[9] This is exemplified in a case involving a man, from Virginia who, while arrested after viewing lolicon at a public library, asserted that he had quit collecting real child pornography and switched to lolicon. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state ^[37]

Cultural critic Hiroki Azuma said that very few readers of lolicon manga commit crimes. born May 9 1971 in Mitaka Tokyo is a Japanese Cultural critic. In the otaku culture, lolicon is the "most convenient [form of rebellion]" against society. is a Japanese term used to refer to people with obsessive interests particularly Anime, Manga, and Video games. ^[8]

Milton Diamond and Ayako Uchiyama observe a strong correlation between the dramatic rise of pornographic material in Japan from the 1970s onwards and a dramatic decrease in reported sexual violence, including crimes by juveniles and assaults on children under 13. Milton Diamond (born 6 March 1934 in New York New York) is a professor of Anatomy and Reproductive biology at the University They cite similar findings in Denmark and West Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( In their summary, they state that the concern that countries with widespread availability of sexually explicit material would suffer increased rates of sexual crimes was not validated; and that the reduction of sexual crimes in Japan during that period may have been influenced by a variety of factors they had described in their study. ^[10]

Sharon Kinsella observed an increase in unsubstantiated accounts of schoolgirl prostitution in the media in the late 1990s, and speculated that these unproven reports developed in counterpoint to the increased reporting on comfort women. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War She speculated that, "It may be that the image of happy girls selling themselves voluntarily cancels out the other guilty image. " ^[8]

A Japanese non-profit organization called CASPAR has claimed that lolicon and other anime magazines and games do encourage sex crimes. The group, founded in 1989, campaigns for regulation of depiction of minors in pornographic magazines and video games. ^[38] Public attention was brought to bear on this issue when Tsutomu Miyazaki kidnapped and murdered four girls between the ages of 4 and 7 in 1988 and 1989, committing necrophilia with their corpses. also known as The Otaku Murderer, The Little Girl Murderer, and Dracula, was a Japanese Serial killer. Necrophilia, also called thanatophilia and necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction to corpses ^[39] The Tokyo High Court ruled him sane, stating that "the murders were premeditated and stemmed from Miyazaki's sexual fantasies", and he was sentenced to death for his crimes. A sexual fantasy, also called an erotic fantasy, is a deliberate fantasy or pattern of Thoughts with the goal of creating or enhancing sexual feelings Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. ^[40]

Public sentiment against animated child pornography was revived in 2005 when a convicted sex offender, who was arrested for the murder of a seven-year-old girl in Nara, was suspected as a lolicon. A sex offender is a person who has been criminally charged and convicted of or has pled guilty to or pled Nolo contendere to a Sex crime. is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. ^[38] Despite media speculation, it was found that the murderer, Kaoru Kobayashi, seldom had interest in manga, games or dolls. is a former local newspaper delivery man who kidnapped sexually assaulted and murdered, a seven year old first-grade student from the Japanese city of Nara. ^[41] He claimed, however, that he had become interested in small girls after watching an animated pornographic video as a high school student. ^[42]

According to Michiko Magaoko, director of a non-profit organization in Kyoto called Juvenile Guide, founded in 2003, approximately half of the 2,000 pornographic animation titles distributed in Japan every year, including films and video games, feature schoolgirl characters. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. A schoolgirl is a Girl attending either primary or secondary school Mitsui Kondo, representative of an Osaka-based Child Protection Agency, argues that these films may distort attitudes towards girls: "Such a situation makes our society more dangerous to girls. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Child Protective Services (CPS is the name of a Governmental agency in many states of the United States that responds to reports of Child abuse . . . We've got to think about it before talking about freedom of expression. "^[42]

On March 11, 2008, UNICEF Japan issued a statement calling for further tightening of child pornography laws in Japan, including the ban of sexual depictions of minors in manga, anime and computer games. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 Child pornography refers to material depicting Children being in a state of undress engaged in erotic poses or sexual activity ^[43] Such a ban, however, is not being considered by Japan officials for the time being. ^[44]

Legal issues elsewhere

Legal status in Australia

All sexualised depictions of children under the age of 16 (or who appear to be under that age) are illegal in Australia, and there is a 'zero-tolerance' policy in place, which covers purely fictional children as well as real children. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ^[45] In August 2007, an Australian was sentenced to pay an Au $9,000 fine for attempting to import eight DVDs of Japanese anime found to contain pornographic depictions of children and 14 found to contain depictions of sexual violence. August 2007 is the eighth month of that year It began on a Wednesday and 31 days later ended on a Friday. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is No images of real children were involved. "Customs National Manager Investigations, Richard Janeczko, said that it was important to understand that even cartoons or drawings such as those depicted in anime were prohibited if they contained offensive sexual content. "^[46]

Legal status in Canada

Section 163. 1 of the Canadian Criminal Code defines child pornography to include "a visual representation, whether or not it was made by electronic or mechanical means", that "shows a person who is or is depicted as being under the age of eighteen years and is engaged in or is depicted as engaged in explicit sexual activity", or "the dominant characteristic of which is the depiction, for a sexual purpose, of a sexual organ or the anal region of a person under the age of eighteen years. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page " The definitive Supreme Court of Canada decision, R. v. Sharpe, interprets the statute to include purely fictional material even when no real children were involved in its production. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian R v Sharpe, 1 SCR 45 2001 SCC 2 is a leading Canadian civil rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin wrote,

Interpreting "person" in accordance with Parliament's purpose of criminalizing possession of material that poses a reasoned risk of harm to children, it seems that it should include visual works of the imagination as well as depictions of actual people. The Supreme Court of Canada consists of the Chief Justice of Canada ( Juge en chef du Canada) and eight Puisne Justices all appointed by Beverley McLachlin PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold that position Notwithstanding the fact that 'person' in the charging section and in s. 163. 1(1)(b) refers to a flesh-and-blood person, I conclude that "person" in s. 163. 1(1)(a) includes both actual and imaginary human beings.

—Supreme Court of Canada, R. v. Sharpe, Paragraph 38^[47]

In October 2005, Canadian courts sentenced a 26 year old Edmonton, Alberta man to an eighteen-month conditional sentence for importing manga depicting explicit child sex. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian R v Sharpe, 1 SCR 45 2001 SCC 2 is a leading Canadian civil rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources See WikipediaNews collections and sources. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. Child sexuality refers to phenomena researched as the Sexual feelings behaviors and development of Children. This involved eighteen month being barred from use of the internet in which he would perform 100 hours of community service and receive mandatory conselling. He was also placed on the sex offender registry for five years, was forced to provide a DNA sample, and was fined $150. This is the first known manga-related child pornography case in Canada. It is also the first known that exclusively prosecutes this offense, not in being used in conjunction with other laws to increase sentencing, which happened the following year. ^[48] As this suspect did not receive jail time for the offense, given leniancy due to the nature of it, on November 1st of the same year jail sentencing was made mandatory for this crime, though there is no data on what the minimum sentencing time is. Prior to this, jail sentencing was an option, but was overlooked due to the leniancy which the judge gave the Edmonton offender due to him not actually exploiting any real children.

In April 2006, an American was sentenced to 30 days in jail for bringing child pornography to Canada. Stories without links will be removed'. News stories must be in English While he had possession of three videos and three images of real children, a criminal investigator cited the 13,000 "mostly cartoon" or "anime" images in his possession and the "prohibitive nature of these goods". ^[49]

The current law criminalizes possession of purely fictional material and has been applied in the absence of any images of real children, including to possession of fictional stories with no pictures of children at all. ^[50]

Legal status in the Netherlands

On October 1, 2002, the Netherlands introduced legislation (Bulletin of Acts and Decrees 470) which deemed "virtual child pornography" as illegal. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands ^[51] The laws appear to only outlaw "realistic images representing a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct," and hence lolicon is not included. ^[52]

Second Life (the US based virtual world) is currently being investigated by the public prosecutor. Second Life ( abbreviated as SL) and its sister site Teen Second Life are Internet-based 3D Virtual The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A number of Second Life users engage in ageplay where their online avatars dress, act and look like underage children while engaging in virtual sexual acts. Ageplay is a form of regressive roleplay in which a physical adult takes on the role of a child An avatar is a computer user's representation of himself/herself or alter ego whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games a two-dimensional Icon Although there is no Dutch law that legislates against under age depictions of sexual acts for computer generated images, the public prosecutor is investigating this on the basis that these virtual actions may incite child abuse in the real world. [3] So far this has not led to any successful prosecutions.

In March 2008, a 52 year old male was convicted for owning lifelike computer animations of a child performing sexual acts. He has been convicted to a two-year suspended jail sentence, with a ten-year probation period. Prosecution claims that this animation could have been used to entice young children into sexual acts with grown-ups, due to the title and the contents of the animation. The CGI in the clip was life-like, thus falling under the 2002 legislation. ^[53]

Legal status in New Zealand

In New Zealand, the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 classifies a publication as "objectionable" if it "promotes or supports, or tends to promote or support, the exploitation of children, or young persons, or both, for sexual purposes. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island " Making, distribution, import, or copying or possession of objectionable material for the purposes of distribution are offences punishable (in the case of an individual) by a fine of up to NZ$10,000 on strict liability, and 10 years in prison if the offence is committed knowingly. Strict liability is a Legal doctrine that makes a person responsible for the damage and loss caused by his/her acts and omissions regardless of Culpability (or fault ^[54] In December 2004, the Office of Film and Literature Classification determined that Puni Puni Poemy - an anime series not usually thought of as pornographic by fans, but which could be described as just barely lolicon - was objectionable under the Act and therefore illegal to publish in New Zealand. December 2004: ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September The Anime OVA a two-part Original video animation spin-off from the Excel Saga comic and TV Animation. A subsequent appeal failed, and the series remains banned. ^[55]

Legal status in Norway

In Norway, any images or videos that depict pornography in a childish context (which would include, for example, an adult model with childish clothes/toys/surroundings)^[56] are to be considered child pornography. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Lolicon are therefore counted as child pornography, and not legal, in Norway (although this has not been proved by Norwegian court). So far, however, this law has only been used to sentence individuals in possession of real child porn. ^[57]

Legal status in South Africa

With the promulgation of the "Films and Publications Amendment Bill" in September 2003, a broad range of simulated child pornography became illegal in South Africa. September 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa For the purposes of the act, any image or description of a person "real or simulated" who is depicted or described as being under the age of 18 years and engaged in sexual conduct, broadly defined, constitutes 'child pornography. '^[58] Under the act, anyone is guilty of an offence punishable by up to 10 years imprisonment if he or she possesses, creates or produces, imports, exports, broadcasts, or in any way takes steps to procure or access child pornography.

Legal status in Sweden

Any images or videos that depict children in a pornographic context are to be considered child pornography in Sweden, regardless of how realistic or abstract they are. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. ^[59] This means that lolicon is considered to be child pornography and is therefore illegal in Sweden. It has, however, not yet been tried in court.

Legal status in the United Kingdom

Non-photographic images of children have never been illegal in the United Kingdom, and on 23 November 2006, Vernon Coaker, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, stated that "Although cartoons depicting child abuse are deeply offensive, they do not in themselves constitute abuse of a child. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The 1978 Act is well understood by those who work with it and enforce it and there are substantial arguments against extending its scope to cover cartoons of child pornography. "^[60] Home Secretary John Reid and Parliamentary under Secretary of State for Justice Maria Eagle both specifically cited Lolicon as something they want to ban under this new law. John Reid may refer to Religious John Reid (priest, fifteenth century Scottish priest and courtier known as Stobo, a lost poet Maria Eagle (born 17 February 1961) is a British Politician and Solicitor. ^[61]

However, on 13 December 2006, UK Home Secretary John Reid, announced that the Cabinet was discussing how to ban computer-generated images of child abuse — including cartoons and graphic illustrations of abuse — after pressure from children's charities. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Dr John Reid (born 8 May 1947 is a British Politician who was formerly the Home Secretary and also filled several other cabinet positions including ^[62] The Government published a consultation on 1 April 2007, announcing plans to create a new offence of possessing a computer generated picture, cartoon or drawing with a penalty of three years in prison and an unlimited fine. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[63][64]

Legal status in the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States decided in 2002, and affirmed in 2004, that previous prohibition of simulated child pornography under the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA was passed to restrict child pornography on the internet this included virtual child pornography ^[65] The majority ruling stated that "the CPPA prohibits speech that records no crime and creates no victims by its production. Virtual child pornography is not 'intrinsically related' to the sexual abuse of children. "

On 30 April 2003, President George W. Bush signed into law the PROTECT Act of 2003 (also dubbed the Amber Alert Law)^[66] which again criminalizes all forms of pornography that shows people under the age of 18 regardless of production. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The PROTECT Act of 2003 is a multipurpose United States law intended to prevent Child abuse. The Act introduced 18 U.S.C. § 1466A "Obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", which criminalizes material that has "a visual depiction of any kind, including a drawing, cartoon, sculpture or painting", that "depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct and is obscene" or "depicts an image that is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in . Title 18 of the United States Code is the Criminal and Penal code of the Federal government of the United States. . . sexual intercourse . . . and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value" (the third test of the Miller Test obscenity determination). The Miller test is the United States Supreme Court 's test for determining whether speech or expression can be labeled Obscene, in which case it is not protected

In December 2005, Dwight Whorley was convicted^[67] under 18 U. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources See WikipediaNews collections and sources. Dwight Edwin Whorley (born 1952 is the first person to be charged under the PROTECT Act of 2003 for ownership of Lolicon (drawn simulated Pornography S. C. 1466A(a)(1) on twenty counts for receiving ". . . obscene Japanese anime cartoons that graphically depicted prepubescent female children being forced to engage in genital-genital and oral-genital intercourse with adult males. "^[68] At the time of the violations, Whorley was on parole for earlier sex crimes, although the ensuing convictions were independent of his violation of the terms of the parole. He was also convicted of possessing child pornography involving real children. ^[69] Later, U. S. Attorney's Bulletin, which was requested in November 2006 by the Freedom of Information Act, describes the repercussions of this conviction. The Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA) is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United States It recommends that the precedent set by the Whorley case be used as a basis for future prosecutions for possession of such obscene cartoons.

On April 6, 2006, the arrest of one Michael Williams for child pornography was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, but the portion of the arrest which pertained to the PROTECT Act was overturned. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit is a federal court with Appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following Specific cartoon depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in overt sexual intercourse (not merely sexually explicit) were deemed insufficient to actually fulfill the requirements of the PROTECT Act, as the content described in subsections (i) and (ii) of § 2252A(a)(3)(B) is not constitutionally protected, speech that advertises or promotes such content does have the protection of the First Amendment. Accordingly, § 2252A(a)(3)(B) was held to be unconstitutionally overbroad. The Eleventh Circuit further held that the law was unconstitutionally vague, in that it did not adequately and specifically describe what sort of speech was criminally actionable. ^[70]

The Department of Justice appealed the Eleventh Circuit's ruling to the U. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department S. Supreme Court. The case review docket is listed as 06-0694 and was scheduled for October 30, 2007 on the 2007-2008 schedule. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [4] The Supreme Court heard arguments on the case and overturned the Eleventh Circuit's ruling 7-2 with Justices Souter and Ginsberg dissenting. For the Australian artist see David Henry Souter. David Hackett Souter (ˈsutɚ born September 17, 1939) has been an Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15 1933 Brooklyn New York) is an Associate Justice on the U The court stressed that virtual child pornography remained under the protection of the First Amendment, except when it was offered or solicited under the mistaken impression that actual children were depicted. ^[71]

In February 2007, Senator John McCain introduced S. February 2007 is the second month of the year It began on a Thursday and 28 days later ended on a Wednesday. 519, which would add a mandatory 10-year prison sentence to anyone who uses the Internet to violate the PROTECT Act. ^[72]

It's currently unknown if lolicon content is against the PROTECT Act, as it doesn't cover purely artificial constructs, such as animated characters. However, the PROTECT Act. does state that 'visual depictions produced wholly or in part by electronic, mechanical, or other means, including by computer, which are virtually indistinguishable to the unsuspecting viewer from photographic images of actual children is considered.

See also

• Shotacon, the male equivalent of lolicon. sometimes shortened to, is a Japanese term for a Sexual complex where a person is sexually attracted towards a young and/or underage boy
• Shōnen-ai, or 'Boys Love'. Mostly drawn by women and marketed to a female audience.
• Moe, a similar aesthetic but less sexual in nature. is a Japanese Slang word originally referring to fetish for or Love for characters in Video games or Anime and Manga.
• Lolita fashion
• Junior idol^[73]

Legal aspects

• Legal status of Internet pornography
• Legal status of Cartoon pornography
• Child pornography
• Pedophilia

Notes

References

• Michael Darling (Autumn 2001). "Plumbing the Depths of Superflatness" 60 (3): 76-89. “Lolicom imagery is well-documented in Superflat, and relies on the angelic stare of the young girl for its erotic charge. [. . . ] Kinsella writes, "The little girl heroines of Lolicom manga simultaneously reflect an awareness of the increasing power and centrality of young women. . . ” 
• Sharon Kinsella (Summer 1998). "Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement". Journal of Japanese Studies 24 (2): 289-316.   Titled "Amateur Manga Subculture and the Otaku Panic" by Kinsella on her website. Retrieved on 2008-01-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.

External links

• "'Virtual child' pornography on the Internet: a 'virtual' victim?" Duke Law & Technology Review (September 23, 2002)
• Japanese Titbits #2 - Hentai vs. Ecchi (discussion of the difference between usage in Japan and the West) (September 09, 2006)
• "New Law Banning Lolicon?" ComiPress (November 17, 2006)