Councils in England are based in buildings such as the Manchester Town Hall

The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. Manchester Town Hall is a building in Manchester, England that houses Manchester City Council. Since England has no devolved parliament legislation concerning local government in England is decided by the UK parliament and the Government of the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A devolved English Parliament, giving separate decision-making powers to representatives for voters in England similar to the representation given by the National Assembly Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at

Subdivisions

Structure of local government in England

Main article: Subdivisions of England

Principal authorities

England is subdivided into 9 regions. The subdivisions of England consists of as many as four levels of subnational division and at some levels there are a variety of types of administrative entity The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one One of these, London, has an elected Assembly and Mayor, but the others have a relatively minor role, with unelected regional assemblies and Regional Development Agencies. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The London Assembly is an elected body part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power with a two-thirds The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see " Regional Assembly " is the name which has been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies A regional development agency (RDA is a non-departmental public body established for the purpose of development primarily economic of one of England 's Government Office Below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. In some areas there is a county council responsible for services such as education, waste management and strategic planning within a county, with several district councils responsible for services such as housing, waste collection and local planning. A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially ' shire districts', are a type of local government district in England. These councils are elected in separate elections. Some areas have only one level of local government, and these are dubbed unitary authorities. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions

Parishes and communities

Main article: Civil parish

Below the district level, a district may be divided into several civil parishes. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks, and entering Britain in Bloom. Allotment gardens are characterised by a concentration in one place of a few or up to several hundreds of land parcels that are assigned to individual families Britain in Bloom is a horticultural competition in the United Kingdom. They also have a consultative role in planning. Councils such as districts, counties and unitaries are known as principal local authorities in order to differentiate them in their legal status from parish and town councils, which are not uniform in their existence. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um New Frankley in Birmingham is the only Civil parish in Birmingham, England. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 can legally be created. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. In some districts, the rural area is parished and the urban is not - such as in the borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham, where the town of Shrewsbury is unparished and has no local councils, while the countryside around the town is parished. History The borough was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 when the Municipal borough of Shrewsbury In others, there is a more complex mixture, as in the case of Crewe and Nantwich, where Nantwich is parished, Crewe is not, and many parishes share a parish council with neighbouring parishes. Crewe and Nantwich is one of six local government districts in the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire, England. Nantwich is a market town in south Cheshire, England, in the Borough and parliamentary constituency of Crewe and Nantwich. Crewe is a town in Cheshire, England, the largest town in the borough of Crewe and Nantwich, in which it is the only Unparished area.

History

Main articles: History of local government in England and History of local government in the United Kingdom

The current arrangement of local government in England is not the result of a single comprehensive policy, but a range of incremental measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. Local government in England, as with most aspects of government in England is the result of gradual evolution of the last 1000 years The history of local government in the United Kingdom concerns the period after 1707 although local government itself pre-dates the United Kingdom, having it origins in the During the 20th century the structure of local government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger; and the functions of local councils amended. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic and significant reform.

People

Councillors and mayors

Main articles: Cabinet-style council and Elected mayors in the United Kingdom

Councils have historically had no split between executive or legislature. A Cabinet-style Council is a type of local government which has been introduced in the United Kingdom for Local Councils following the introduction of the Directly elected mayors are local government leaders elected by the general electorate rather than by the local council In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council. The post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is an honorary position with no real power. Under section 15 the Local Government and Housing Act 1989, committees must roughly reflect the political party makeup of the council; before it was permitted for a party with control of the council to 'pack' committees with their own members. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and then later adopted for county councils and rural districts. Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm IV c76 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ( Municipal corporations A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. Rural districts were a type of Local government area &ndash now superseded &ndash established at the end of the 19th century in England, Wales, and

In 2000 Parliament passed the Local Government Act 2000 to require councils to move to an executive-based system, either with the council leader and a cabinet acting as an executive authority, or with a directly-elected mayor, either with a mayor and cabinet drawn from the councillors; or a mayor and council manager. The Local Government Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed Local government in England and Wales A Cabinet-style Council is a type of local government which has been introduced in the United Kingdom for Local Councils following the introduction of the In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations There is a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils (population of less than 85,000) can adopt a modified committee system. Most councils are using the council leader and cabinet option, whilst 52 smaller councils have been allowed to propose alternative arrangements based on the older system (Section 31 of the Act), and Brighton and Hove invoked a similar provision (Section 27(2)(b)) when a referendum to move to a directly-elected mayor was defeated. Council and directorates The leader of the council is Conservative Mary Mears

There are now twelve directly-elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Referendums (or referenda) are only occasionally held by the government of the United Kingdom. Many of the mayors are independents (notably in Hartlepool and Middlesbrough, which in parliamentary elections are usually Labour Party strongholds). Hartlepool is a local government district and Borough in the Ceremonial county of County Durham, North East England Middlesbrough is a Unitary authority and borough in North Yorkshire, England. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Since May 2002 only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have all been negative apart from Torbay. Geography There are three main towns around the bay Torquay in the north Paignton in the centre and Brixham in the south which have become connected Of the mayors, all but Stoke-on-Trent's are mayor and cabinet-based. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 The Executive, in whichever form, is held to account by the remainder of the Councillors acting as the 'Overview and Scrutiny function' - calling the Executive to account for their actions and to justify their future plans. Overview and Scrutiny is a function of local authorities in England and Wales. As a relatively new concept within local government, this is arguably an under-developed part of local municipal administration. In a related development, the Health and Social Care Act 2001, Police and Justice Act 2006, and 2006 local government white paper set out a role for local government Overview and Scrutiny in creating greater local accountability for a range of public sector organisations. The Police and Justice Act 2006 received Royal Assent in the United Kingdom on Wednesday 8th November 2006 Overview and Scrutiny is a function of local authorities in England and Wales.

Boroughs in many cases are descendants of municipal boroughs set up hundreds of years ago, and so have accreted a number of traditions and ceremonial functions. A borough is an Administrative division of various countries In principle the term borough designates a self-governing Township although in practice Where borough councils have not adopted a directly-elected mayor, the chair of the council is the mayor. In certain cities the mayor is known as the Lord Mayor. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition The chairman of a town council is styled the Town Mayor.

Councils may make people honorary freemen or honorary aldermen. Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions

Elections

The area which a council covers is divided into one or more electoral divisions - known in district and parish councils as 'wards', and in county councils as 'electoral divisions'. An electoral division may be a Constituency Ward (electoral division In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district Each ward can return one or more members - multi-member wards are quite common. There is no requirement for the size of wards to be the same within a district, so one ward can return one member and another ward can return two. Metropolitan borough wards must return a multiple of three councillors, whilst until the Local Government Act 2003 multiple-member county electoral divisions were forbidden. The Local Government Act 2003 (2003 c 26 is an Act of Parliament that made various changes to the administration of local government in the United Kingdom

In the election, the candidates to receive the most votes win – the multi-member plurality system. There is no element of proportional representation, so if four candidates from the Mauve Party poll 2,000 votes each, and four candidates from the Taupe Party poll 1,750 votes each, all four Mauve candidates will be returned, and no Taupe candidates will. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Although this has been said by some to be undemocratic,^[1] minor and local single-issue parties do tend to do much better at local elections than they do in general elections, so the case for reform is perhaps less clear. Single-issue politics involves political campaigning or political support based on one essential Policy area or idea In any event, the system is not likely to change for the foreseeable future.

The term of a councillor is usually four years. Councils may be elected wholly, every four years, or 'by thirds', where a third of the councillors get elected each year, with one year with no elections. Recently the 'by halves' system, whereby half of the council is elected every two years, has been allowed. Sometimes wholesale boundary revisions will mean the entire council will be re-elected, before returning to the previous elections by thirds or by halves over the coming years.

Officers

Councillors cannot do the work of the council themselves, and so are responsible for appointment and oversight of officers, who are delegated to perform most tasks. Local authorities nowadays have to appoint a 'Chief Executive Officer', with overall responsibility for council employees, and who operates in conjunction with department heads. The Chief Executive Officer position is weak compared to the council manager system seen in other countries (and in Stoke). In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations In some areas, much of the work previously undertaken directly by council employees has been privatised. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business

Functions and powers

† = in practice, some functions take place at a strategic level through joint boards and arrangements

Councils also have a general power to 'promote economic, social and environmental well-being' of their area. However, like all public bodies, they are limited by the doctrine of ultra vires, and may only do things that common law or an Act of Parliament specifically or generally allows for - in contrast to the earlier incorporated municipal corporations which were treated as natural persons and could undertake whatever activities they wished to. Ultra vires is a Latin phrase that literally means "beyond the powers" An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns Councils may promote Local Acts in Parliament to grant them special powers. For example, Kingston upon Hull, had for many years a municipally-owned telephone company, Kingston Communications. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred KCOM Group is a UK communications and IT services provider It is headquartered in Kingston upon Hull, where subsidiary business unit Kingston Communications

Funding

Local councils are funded by a combination of central government grants, Council Tax (a locally set tax based on house value), Business Rates, and fees and charges from certain services including decriminalised parking enforcement. Central government or the national government (or in Federal states the Federal government) is the Government at the level of the Nation-state Council Tax is the system of local Taxation used in England, Scotland and Wales to part fund the services provided by local government in each Business rates is the commonly used name of non-domestic rates, a Tax on the occupation of non-domestic property Decriminalised Parking Enforcement (DPE is the name given in the United Kingdom to the civil enforcement of Car parking regulations carried out by Civil enforcement The proportion of revenue that comes from Council Tax is low, meaning that if a council wishes to increase its funding modestly, it has to put up Council Tax by a large amount. Central government retains the right to 'cap' Council Tax if it deems it to be too much. This is an area of debate in British politics at the moment, with councils and central government blaming each other for council tax rises.

Council Tax is collected by the district-level council. Authorities such as the GLA, parish councils, county councils, passenger transport authorities, fire authorities, police authorities, and national parks authorities can make a precept. The Greater London Authority ( GLA) is the city-wide governing body for London, England. A police authority in the United Kingdom, is a body charged with securing efficient and effective Policing of an area served by a Territorial police force A Precept (from the Latin præcipere, to teach is a commandment instruction or order intended as an authoritative rule of action This shows up as an independent element on council tax bills, but is collected by the district and funnelled to the precepting authority. Some joint ventures are instead funded by levy.

Boundaries and names

Chester district shown within Cheshire

Sizes of council areas vary widely. The most populated district in England is Birmingham (a metropolitan borough) with 977,087 people (2001 census), and the least populated non-metropolitan unitary area is Rutland with 34,563. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Rutland is a county of mainland England, bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire, and southeast by However, these are outliers, and most English unitary authorities have a population in the range 150,000 to 300,000. The smallest non-unitary district in England is Teesdale at 24,457 people, and the largest Northampton at 194,458. Teesdale is a local government district in County Durham, England. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market All but 9 non-unitary English districts have less than 150,000, though. Responsibility for minor revisions to local government areas falls to the Boundary Committee for England Revisions are usually undertaken to avoid borders straddling new development, to bring them back into line with a diverted watercourse, or to align them with roads or other features. The Boundary Committee for England is an independent body in England responsible for defining borders for local elections and for conducting reviews of local government areas A watercourse is any flowing body of Water. These include Rivers Streams Brooks Anabranches et cetera

Where a district is coterminous with a town, the name is an easy choice to make. In some cases, a district is named after its main town, despite there being other towns in the district. Confusingly, such districts sometimes have city status, and so for example the City of Canterbury contains several towns apart from Canterbury, which have distinct identities. This is a list of cities in the United Kingdom, as of 2008 Cities which have held such status since Time immemorial are indicated with TI in the column headed ' Geography The area is in the main rural although the entire coastal strip is taken up by the almost unbroken sprawl of seaside towns from Seasalter Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. Similarly Chester contains a number of large villages and extensive countryside, which is quite distinct from the main settlement of Chester. For the smaller central city area and principal settlement of this district see Chester. Chester is the County town of Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77040 They can be named after traditional subdivisions (Spelthorne), rivers (Eden, Arun), a modified version of their main town's name (Harborough, Wycombe), or after a geographical feature in the district (Cotswold, Cannock Chase). History Spelthorne appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Spelet(horne. Eden is a local government district in Cumbria, England. Its council is based in Penrith. Election Results Elections are held in the Arun district every fourth year with the most recent being held on Thursday 3rd May 2007 This is about the district of Harborough there is also the Harborough constituency. Constituent parts The Wycombe District Council area comprises Towns High Wycombe Princes Risborough Marlow Purely geographical names can also be used (South Bucks, Suffolk Coastal, North West Leicestershire). North West Leicestershire is a local government district in Leicestershire, England. Councils have a general power to change the name of the district, and consequently their own name, under section 74 of the Local Government Act 1972. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales Such a resolution must have two thirds of the votes at a meeting convened for the purpose.

Councils of counties are called 'X County Council', whereas district councils can be District Council, Borough Council, or City Council depending upon the status of the district. Unitary authorities may be called County Councils, Borough Councils, City Councils, District Councils, or sometimes just Councils. These names do not change the role or authority of the council.

Greater London is further divided into 32 London boroughs, each governed by a London Borough Council and the City of London which is governed by the City of London Corporation. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London. In the London boroughs the legal entity is not the Council as elsewhere but the inhabitants incorporated as a legal entity by royal charter (a process abolished elsewhere in England and Wales under the Local Government Act 1972). A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company Thus a London authority's official legal title is "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of X" (or "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminster"). In common speech though "The London Borough of X" is used.

Metropolitan counties have no county councils and are divided into metropolitan districts whose councils have either the status of City Council or Metropolitan Borough Council.

Some districts are Royal boroughs, but this does not affect the name of the council. England Regis Beeston Regis Bere Regis Bognor Regis Grafton Regis

Special arrangements

Joint arrangements

West Mercia Police shown within England

Local authorities sometimes provide services on a joint basis with other authorities, through bodies known as joint-boards. Joint-boards are not directly elected but are made up of councillors appointed from the authorities which are covered by the service. Typically joint-boards are created to avoid splitting up certain services when unitary authorities are created, or a county or regional council is abolished. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions In other cases, if several authorities are considered too small (either in terms of geographic size or population) to run a service effectively by themselves, joint-boards are established. Typical services run by joint-boards include policing, fire services, public transport and sometimes waste disposal authorities. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials

If a county is too small to justify its own police force, a joint police force is used which covers several counties, for example the West Mercia Constabulary covers Shropshire, Telford and Wrekin, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. West Mercia Constabulary is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the counties of Shropshire (including Telford and Wrekin) Shropshire (ˈʃrɒpʃɪə/ /-ʃə alternatively known as Salop or abbreviated in print only Shrops, is a county in the Towns villages and other settlements Settlements in Telford and Wrekin - Coalbrookdale Crudgington Edgmond Constitution Herefordshire was reconstituted both as a new Non-metropolitan district (effective 19th July 1996 and as a new County comprising the area of the Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. In the six metropolitan counties the metropolitan borough councils, also appoint members to joint county-wide Passenger Transport Authorities to oversee public transport, and joint waste disposal authorities, which were created after the county councils were abolished. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. In the United Kingdom, Passenger Transport Executives (PTEs are local government bodies which are responsible for Public transport within large urban areas

Joint-boards were used extensively in Greater London when the Greater London Council was abolished, to avoid splitting up some London wide services. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The Greater London Council (GLC was the top-tier Local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986 These functions have now been taken over by the Greater London Authority. The Greater London Authority ( GLA) is the city-wide governing body for London, England. Similar arrangements exist in Berkshire where the county council was abolished. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South If a joint body is legally required to exist it is known as a joint-board. However local authorities sometimes create joint bodies voluntarily and these are known as joint-committees. ^[2]

City of London Corporation

The City of London covers a square mile (2. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically 6 km²) in the heart of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It is governed by the City of London Corporation, which has a unique structure. The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London. The Corporation has been broadly untouched by local government reforms and democratisation. The business vote was abolished for other parts of the country in 1969, but due to the low resident population of the City this was thought impractical. In fact, the business vote was recently extended in the City to cover more companies.

Future

Further information: 2009 structural changes to local government in England

The Government released a Local Government White Paper on 26 October 2006, Strong and Prosperous Communities, which deals with the structure of local government. It is planned that during 2009 there will be structural changes to local government in England, whereby a number of new unitary authorities will be created Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[3][4][5][6] The White Paper does not deal with the issues of local government funding or of reform or replacement of the Council Tax, which is awaiting the final report of the Lyons Review. Council Tax is the system of local Taxation used in England, Scotland and Wales to part fund the services provided by local government in each Council Tax is the system of local Taxation used in England, Scotland and Wales to part fund the services provided by local government in each ^[7] A Local Government Bill has been introduced in the 2006-2007 session of Parliament. ^[8] The White Paper emphasises the concept of "double devolution", with more powers being granted to councils, and powers being devolved from town halls to community levels. It proposes to reduce the level of central government oversight over local authorities; by removing centrally-set performance targets, and statutory controls of the Secretary of State over parish councils, bye-laws, and electoral arrangements.

The white paper proposed that the existing prohibition on parish councils in Greater London will be abolished, and making new parishes easier to set up. A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. Parish councils can currently be styled parish councils, town councils or city councils: the White Paper proposes that "community council", "neighbourhood council" and "village council" may be used as well. The White Paper proposes to strengthen the council executives, and provides an option between a directly-elected mayor; a directly-elected executive; or an indirectly elected leader; with a fixed 4-year term. It promises that the Department for Transport will put forward proposals for a reform of the Passenger Transport Authorities. In the United Kingdom, Passenger Transport Executives (PTEs are local government bodies which are responsible for Public transport within large urban areas The white paper allows for structural changes to local government in England and consensus-based proposals for unitary authority status, were asked to be submitted before 25 January 2007. It is planned that during 2009 there will be structural changes to local government in England, whereby a number of new unitary authorities will be created Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

A report released by the IPPR's Centre for Cities in February 2006, City Leadership: giving city regions the power to grow, proposed the creation of two large city-regions based on Manchester and Birmingham : the Birmingham one would cover the existing West Midlands metropolitan county, along with Bromsgrove, Cannock Chase, Lichfield, North Warwickshire, Redditch and Tamworth, whilst the Manchester one would cover the existing Greater Manchester along with the borough of Macclesfield. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR is a UK Think-tank with strong ties to the Labour party that claims to produce progressive ideas committed Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um The West Midlands is a Metropolitan county in western central England with a population of 2591300 Population The following table illustrates the change in the district's population between 1801 and 2001 North Warwickshire is a local government district and Borough in Warwickshire, England. Redditch is a Town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England. Tamworth is a Town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located 14 miles (22 km north-east of Birmingham Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 For the principal settlement of this borough see Macclesfield. ^[9] No firm proposals of this sort appear in the White Paper. Reportedly, this had been the subject of an internal dispute within the government. ^[10]

See also

• Subdivisions of England - for the names of the subdivisions
• List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom
• Local government in Northern Ireland
• Local government in Scotland
• Local government in Wales
• Local Government Association

References

1. ^ Toynbee, P. The subdivisions of England consists of as many as four levels of subnational division and at some levels there are a variety of types of administrative entity This is a list of articles relating to local government in the United Kingdom and does not include specific entities or authorities By country Current sub-divisions Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts for local government purposes Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of Councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the For Local government purposes Wales is divided into 22 Unitary authorities, which are responsible for the provision of all local government services including education The Local Government Association is a body for advancing the interests of local authorities in England and Wales The LGA has its Head Office at Local Government , This vogue for localism has not solved voter antipathy, The Guardian, (2007)
2. ^ Joseph Rowntree Foundation, The working of joint arrangements, Local and Central Government Relations Research 37, (1995). The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
3. ^ "Councils to get fresh law powers", BBC News, 26 October 2006.  
4. ^ (26 October 2006) Strong and Prosperous Communities, Cm 6939. Department for Communities and Local Government.  
5. ^ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 26 October 2006, columns 1657–1659
6. ^ "White Paper proposes stronger mayors and more power to English communities", CityMayors, October 30, 2006.  
7. ^ "Council tax system to be reformed", BBC News, July 2, 2004.  
8. ^ "Kelly offers councils more freedom under tougher leaders", The Guardian, October 27, 2006.  
9. ^ (February, 2006) City Leadership: executive summary. Institute for Public Policy Research.  
10. ^ "Government pushes for elected mayor in Brum", Birmingham Post, October 26, 2006.  

External links

• Communities and Local Government - Local Government
• Info4local.gov.uk - National policies affecting local government
• Local Government Association for England and Wales
• LocalGov.co.uk - News updates on UK local government
• Local.gov.uk - LGA and related bodies
• Local Government Information Unit
• Local government corruption report from BBC Radio 4 File on Four.
• City Mayors site
• The Local Channel - Glossary of local government terms.
• Centre for Cities
• Direct Gov - List of local councils