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Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. The following is a list of literary terms; that is those words used in discussion classification criticism and analysis of Literature. The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment The History of literature in the Modern period in Europe begins with the Age of Enlightenment and the conclusion of the Baroque period in the 18th century This is a list of lists of Books in Wikipedia General lists List of anonymously published works List of books The following are lists of Writers: By name A &ndash B &ndash Y &ndash Z By type of writing This is a list of literary awards from around the world Worldwide in scope Nobel Prize in Literature Neustadt International Prize This is a list of awards that are or have been given out to writers of Poetry, either for a specific poem collection of poems or body of work Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. A literary magazine is a Periodical devoted to Literature in a broad sense Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter ^[1] However, literary scholarship since the 19th century often includes—in addition to, or even instead of literary theory in the strict sense—considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social prophecy, and other interdisciplinary themes. ^[2] In the humanities, the latter style of scholarship is often called simply "theory. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative " As a consequence, the word "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to reading texts. Most of these approaches are informed by various strands of Continental philosophy. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe

Contents 1 Literary theory and literature 2 History 3 Differences among schools 4 Schools of literary theory 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 9 References 10 Further reading

Literary theory and literature

One of the fundamental questions of literary theory is "what is literature?", though many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot be defined or that it can refer to any use of language. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Specific theories are distinguished not only by their methods and conclusions, but even by how they define a "text. TEXT is the band founded by Kristofer Steen David Sandström Fredrik Bäckström and Jon F Brännström " For some scholars of literature, "texts" comprises little more than "books belonging to the Western literary canon. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in " But the principles and methods of literary theory have been applied to non-fiction, popular fiction, film, historical documents, law, advertising, etc. Genre fiction is a term for fictional works ( Novels short stories) written with the intent of fitting into a specific Literary genre , in the related field of cultural studies. Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines Political economy, Communication, Sociology, Social theory, Literary theory In fact, some scholars within cultural studies treat cultural events, like fashion or football riots, as "texts" to be interpreted. By this measure, literary theory can be thought of as the general theory of interpretation.

Since theorists of literature often draw on a very heterogeneous tradition of Continental philosophy and the philosophy of language, any classification of their approaches is only an approximation. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature origins and usage of Language. There are many "schools" or types of literary theory, which take different approaches to understanding texts. Most theorists, even among those listed below, combine methods from more than one of these approaches (for instance, the deconstructive approach of Paul de Man drew on a long tradition of close reading pioneered by the New Critics, and de Man was trained in the European hermeneutic tradition). Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in Paul de Man ( December 6, 1919 December 21, 1983) was a Belgian -born Deconstructionist literary critic and In Literary criticism, close reading describes the careful sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts

Broad schools of theory that have historically been important include the New Criticism, formalism, Russian formalism, and structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism, feminism and French feminism, Christian, post-colonialism, new historicism, deconstruction, reader-response criticism, and psychoanalytic criticism. New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s In Literary theory, formalism refers to critical approaches that analyze interpret or evaluate the inherent features of a text Russian formalism was an influential school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and New Historicism developed in the 1980s primarily through the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in Reader-response criticism is a school of Literary theory that focuses on the reader (or " Audience " and his or her experience of a Literary Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior

History

The practice of literary theory became a profession in the 20th century, but it has historical roots that run as far back as ancient Greece (Aristotle's Poetics is an often cited early example) and ancient Rome (Longinus' On the Sublime and Horace's Ars Poetica), and the aesthetic theories of philosophers from ancient philosophy through the 18th and 19th centuries are important influences on current literary study. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle 's Poetics ( Greek: Ποιητικός, c 335 BCE aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (for him the term includes the Longinus (Λογγῖνος is the conventional name of the author of the treatise On the Sublime (Περὶ ὕψους a work which focuses on the effect of Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Ars Poetica is a term meaning "The Art of Poetry" or "On the Nature of Poetry" Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic The theory and criticism of literature are, of course, also closely tied to the history of literature. Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment

The modern sense of "literary theory," however, dates only to approximately the 1950s, when the structuralist linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure began strongly to influence English language literary criticism. For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The New Critics and various European-influenced formalists (particularly the Russian Formalists) had described some of their more abstract efforts as "theoretical" as well. New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s In Literary theory, formalism refers to critical approaches that analyze interpret or evaluate the inherent features of a text Russian formalism was an influential school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s But it was not until the broad impact of structuralism began to be felt in the English-speaking academic world that "literary theory" was thought of as a unified domain.

In the academic world of the United Kingdom and the United States, literary theory was at its most popular from the late 1960s (when its influence was beginning to spread outward from elite universities like Johns Hopkins and Yale) through the 1980s (by which time it was taught nearly everywhere in some form). During this span of time, literary theory was perceived as academically cutting-edge research, and most university literature departments sought to teach and study theory and incorporate it into their curricula. Because of its meteoric rise in popularity and the difficult language of its key texts, theory was also often criticized as faddish or trendy obscurantism (and many academic satire novels of the period, such as those by David Lodge, feature theory prominently). Obscurantism (from the Latin obscurans, "darkening" is the practice of deliberately preventing the facts or full details of something from becoming known David John Lodge CBE, (born January 28, 1935 at Brockley London, England) is a British author Some scholars, both theoretical and anti-theoretical, refer to the 1970s and 1980s debates on the academic merits of theory as "the theory wars. "

By the early 1990s, the popularity of "theory" as a subject of interest by itself was declining slightly (along with job openings for pure "theorists") even as the texts of literary theory were incorporated into the study of almost all literature. As of 2004, the controversy over the use of theory in literary studies has all but died out, and discussions on the topic within literary and cultural studies tend now to be considerably milder and less acrimonious (though the appearance of volumes such as Theory's Empire: An Anthology of Dissent, edited by Nathan Parker with Andrew Costigan, may signal a resurgence of the controversy). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Some scholars draw heavily on theory in their work, while others only mention it in passing or not at all; but it is an acknowledged, important part of the study of literature.

Differences among schools

The intellectual traditions and priorities of the various kinds of literary theory are often radically different. Even finding a set of common terms to compare them by can be difficult.

For instance, the work of the New Critics often contained an implicit moral dimension, and sometimes even a religious one: a New Critic might read a poem by T. S. Eliot or Gerard Manley Hopkins for its degree of honesty in expressing the torment and contradiction of a serious search for belief in the modern world. New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. Gerard Manley Hopkins ( 28 July 1844 – 8 June, 1889) was an English Poet, Roman Catholic convert and Meanwhile a Marxist critic might find such judgments merely ideological rather than critical; the Marxist would say that the New Critical reading did not keep enough critical distance from the poem's religious stance to be able to understand it. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Or a post-structuralist critic might simply avoid the issue by understanding the religious meaning of a poem as an allegory of meaning, treating the poem's references to "God" by discussing their referential nature rather than what they refer to. Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century

Such a disagreement cannot be easily resolved, because it is inherent in the radically different terms and goals (that is, the theories) of the critics. Their theories of reading derive from vastly different intellectual traditions: the New Critic bases his work on an East-Coast American scholarly and religious tradition, while the Marxist derives his thought from a body of critical social and economic thought, and the post-structuralist's work emerges from twentieth-century Continental philosophy of language. To expect such different approaches to have much in common would be naïve; so calling them all "theories of literature" without acknowledging their heterogeneity is itself a reduction of their differences.

In the late 1950s, Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye attempted to establish an approach for reconciling historical criticism and New Criticism while addressing concerns of early reader-response and numerous psychological and social approaches. Herman Northrop Frye, CC, MA (Oxon, DD, DLitt, FRSC ( July 14, 1912 &ndash January 23, 1991 His approach, laid out in his Anatomy of Criticism, was explicitly structuralist, relying on the assumption of an intertextual "order of words" and universality of certain structural types. Herman Northrop Frye 's Anatomy of Criticism Four Essays (Princeton University Press 1957 attempts to formulate an overall view of the scope theory principles His approach held sway in English literature programs for several decades but lost favor during the ascendence of post-structuralism.

For some theories of literature (especially certain kinds of formalism), the distinction between 'literary' and other sorts of texts is of paramount importance. Other schools (particularly post-structuralism in its various forms: new historicism, deconstruction, some strains of Marxism and feminism) have sought to break down distinctions between the two and have applied the tools of textual interpretation to a wide range of 'texts', including film, non-fiction, historical writing, and even cultural events.

Bakhtin argued that the "utter inadequacy" of literary theory is evident when it is forced to deal with the novel; other genres are intact already stabilized while the novel is still young and developing. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin ( Russian: Михаил Михайлович Бахти́н mʲɪxʌˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪʨ bʌxˈtʲin ( November 17, 1895 A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story ^[3]

Another crucial distinction among the various theories of literary interpretation is intentionality, the amount of weight given to the author's own opinions about and intentions for a work. For most pre-20th century approaches, the author's intentions are a guiding factor and an important determiner of the 'correct' interpretation of texts. The New Criticism was the first school to disavow the role of the author in interpreting texts, preferring to focus on "the text itself" in a close reading. In Literary criticism, close reading describes the careful sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text In fact, as much contention as there is between formalism and later schools, they share the tenet that the author's interpretation of a work is no more inherently meaningful than any other.

Schools of literary theory

Listed below are some of the most commonly identified schools of literary theory, along with their major authors. In many cases, such as those of the historian and philosopher Michel Foucault and the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the authors were not primarily literary critics, but their work has been broadly influential in literary theory. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist.

• American pragmatism and other American approaches
  • Harold Bloom, Stanley Fish, Richard Rorty
• Cultural studies - emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life
  • Raymond Williams, Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall (British Cultural Studies); Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno; Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory
• Comparative Literature - confronts literatures from different languages, nations, cultures and disciplines to each other
• Darwinian literary studies - situates literature in the context of evolution and natural selection
• Deconstruction - a strategy of close reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable
  • Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, J. Hillis Miller, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell
• Gender (see feminist literary criticism) - which emphasizes themes of gender relations
  • Luce Irigaray, Hélène Cixous, Elaine Showalter
• Formalism
• German hermeneutics and philology
  • Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Erich Auerbach
• Marxism (see Marxist literary criticism) - which emphasizes themes of class conflict
  • Georg Lukács, Valentin Voloshinov, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin,
• Modernism
• New Criticism - which looked at literary works on the basis of what is written, and not at the goals of the author or biographical issues
  • W.K. Wimsatt, F.R. Leavis, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren
• New historicism - which examines a text by also examining other texts of the time period
  • Stephen Greenblatt, Louis Montrose, Jonathan Goldberg, H. Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Stanley Eugene Fish (born 1938 is a prominent American literary theorist and legal scholar Richard McKay Rorty (October 4 1931 - June 8 2007 was an American Philosopher. Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines Political economy, Communication, Sociology, Social theory, Literary theory Raymond Henry Williams ( 31 August 1921 &ndash 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic Novelist and Critic. Dick Hebdige (born 1951 is an expatriate British media theorist and Sociologist, most commonly associated with the study of Subcultures and its resistance Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Michel de Certeau ( Chambéry, 1925- Paris, 9 January 1986) was a French Jesuit and scholar whose work combined Psychoanalysis Paul Gilroy (born February 16, 1956) is a Professor at the London School of Economics. Comparative literature (sometimes abbreviated "Comp lit" is critical scholarship dealing with the Literature of two or more different Linguistic Darwinian Literary Studies (aka Literary Darwinism is a branch of Literary criticism that studies Literature in the context of Evolution through Natural Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in Paul de Man ( December 6, 1919 December 21, 1983) was a Belgian -born Deconstructionist literary critic and J Hillis Miller (born March 5, 1928) is an American Literary critic who has been heavily influenced by—and who has heavily influenced— Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe ( March 6, 1940, Tours &ndash January 27 2007, Paris) was a French philosopher Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24 1942) is an Indian Literary critic and theorist. Avital Ronell is Professor of German comparative literature and English at New York University, where she directs the Research in Trauma and Violence project and has also Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Feminist literary criticism is Literary criticism informed by Feminist theory, or by the politics of Feminism more broadly Luce Irigaray (born 1932 Belgium) is a French feminist, Philosopher, Linguist, psychoanalytic and cultural theorist Hélène Cixous (born June 5 1937) is a Professor, French feminist Writer, Poet, Playwright, philosopher Elaine Showalter (born January 21, 1941) is an American literary critic, Feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues In Literary theory, formalism refers to critical approaches that analyze interpret or evaluate the inherent features of a text Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (ˈʃlaɪɐmaxɐ ( November 21, 1768 &ndash February 12, 1834) was a German theologian Wilhelm Dilthey (ˈdɪltaɪ November 19, 1833 &ndash October 1, 1911) was a German Historian, Psychologist Hans-Georg Gadamer (ˈgaːdamɐ February 11, 1900 &ndash March 13, 2002) was a German Philosopher of the continental Erich Auerbach ( November 9, 1892 &ndash October 13, 1957) was a German philologist and comparative scholar Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing Literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Valentin Nikolaevich Voloshinov (Валенти́н Никола́евич Воло́шинов (1895&ndash June 13, 1936) was a Soviet /Russian Raymond Henry Williams ( 31 August 1921 &ndash 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic Novelist and Critic. Terence Francis Eagleton (born 22 February, 1943, Salford then in Lancashire) is regarded by many as Britain's most influential living Literary Fredric Jameson (born April 14, 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s William Kurtz Wimsatt Jr ( November 17, 1907 – December 17, 1975) was an American professor of English literary theorist and critic Frank Raymond Leavis CH ( 14 July 1895 - 14 April 1978) was an influential British Literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth John Crowe Ransom ( April 30, 1888, Pulaski Tennessee - July 3, 1974, Gambier Ohio) was an American Poet Cleanth Brooks ( October 16, 1906 - May 10, 1994) was an influential American literary critic and professor Robert Penn Warren (April 24 1905 &ndash September 15 1989 was an American poet Novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. New Historicism developed in the 1980s primarily through the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence in the 1990s Stephen Jay Greenblatt (born November 7, 1943) is a Literary critic, theorist and scholar Louis Adrian Montrose is an American literary theorist and academic scholar Jonathan Goldberg is a literary theorist and was until recently the Sir William Osler Professor of English Literature at Johns Hopkins University. Aram Veeser
• Postcolonialism - focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature, especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less developed countries and indigenous peoples by western nations
  • Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd
• Post-modernism - criticism of the conditions present in the twentieth century, often with concern for those viewed as social deviants or the Other
  • Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari and Maurice Blanchot
• Post-structuralism - a catch-all term for various theoretical approaches (such as deconstruction) that criticize or go beyond Structuralism's aspirations to create a rational science of culture by extrapolating the model of linguistics to other discursive and aesthetic formations
  • Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva
• Psychoanalysis (see psychoanalytic literary criticism) - Explores the role of the subconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text
  • Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Slavoj Žižek, Viktor Tausk
• Queer theory - examines, questions, and criticizes the role of gender identity and sexuality in literature
  • Judith Butler, Eve Sedgewick, Michel Foucault
• Reader Response - focuses upon the active response of the reader to a text
  • Louise Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Iser, Norman Holland, Hans-Robert Jauss, Stuart Hall
• Russian Formalism
  • Victor Shklovsky, Vladimir Propp
• Structuralism and semiotics (see semiotic literary criticism) - examine the underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures
  • Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Mikhail Bakhtin, Jurij Lotman, Antti Aarne, and morphology of folklore
• Eco-criticism - Explores cultural connections and human relationships to the natural world. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24 1942) is an Indian Literary critic and theorist. Declan Kiberd (born 24 May 1951) is a professor literary theorist author and journalist who lives and teaches in Dublin. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in Continental philosophy, opposed to the Same Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Roland Barthes ( November 12, 1915 &ndash March 25, 1980) (ʀɔlɑ̃ baʀt was a French Literary critic, literary Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Maurice Blanchot ( September 22, 1907  &ndash February 20, 2003) was a French Writer, Philosopher, and Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Roland Barthes ( November 12, 1915 &ndash March 25, 1980) (ʀɔlɑ̃ baʀt was a French Literary critic, literary Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Julia Kristeva (Юлия Кръстева (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian - French Philosopher, Literary critic, Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Psychoanalytic literary criticism refers to Literary criticism which in method concept theory, or form is influenced by the tradition of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic Viktor Tausk (1879/1880 Žilina - July 3, 1919) was a pioneer Psychoanalyst and Neurologist. Queer theory is a field of Gender Studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of gay and Lesbian studies and feminist studies Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American Post-structuralist philosopher who has contributed to the fields of Feminism Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (born May 2 1950 is an American theorist in the fields of Gender studies, Queer theory ( Queer studies) and Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Reader-response criticism is a school of Literary theory that focuses on the reader (or " Audience " and his or her experience of a Literary Louise Michelle Rosenblatt ( August 23[[ 904]] - February 8[[ 005]] was an American literary critic Norman Holland is an American literary critic and theorist who has focused on humans' responses to literature film and other arts Jauss redirects here See Jauss (disambiguation for other uses of Jauss Hans Robert Jauss ( 21 December 1921 – 1 March Stuart Hall (born February 3 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican cultural theorist and Sociologist who has lived Russian formalism was an influential school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky (or Shklovskii Виктор Борисович Шкловский Saint Petersburg,; Moscow, 6 December 1984) Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Semiotic literary criticism, also called literary semiotics, is the approach to Literary criticism informed by the theory of signs or Semiotics. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist Roman Osipovich Jakobson, (Russian Роман Осипович Якобсон) ( 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist. Roland Barthes ( November 12, 1915 &ndash March 25, 1980) (ʀɔlɑ̃ baʀt was a French Literary critic, literary Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin ( Russian: Михаил Михайлович Бахти́н mʲɪxʌˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪʨ bʌxˈtʲin ( November 17, 1895 Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( Russian: Юрий Михайлович Лотман Estonian: Juri Lotman ( 28 February 1922 in Petrograd Antti Amatus Aarne ( December 5, 1867 &ndash February 2, 1925) was a Finnish Folklorist. Morphology, broadly is the study of form or structure Folkloristic morphology, then is the study of the structure of folklore and fairy tales Eco-criticism is a form of Literary criticism based on an Ecological perspective
• Other theorists: Robert Graves, Alamgir Hashmi, John Sutherland, Northrop Frye, Leslie Fiedler, Kenneth Burke, Paul Bénichou, Barbara Johnson

See also

• List of literary terms
• List of literary movements

Notes

1. ^ Culler 1997, p. Robert Graves (24 July 1895 &ndash 7 December 1985 was an English Poet, Translator and Novelist. Alamgir Hashmi ( Urdu: عالمگیر ہاشمی) (also known as Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi (born November 15, 1951) is a major English John Sutherland may refer to John Sutherland (author John Sutherland (Canadian writer (1919-1956 John Sutherland (physician Herman Northrop Frye, CC, MA (Oxon, DD, DLitt, FRSC ( July 14, 1912 &ndash January 23, 1991 Leslie Aaron Fiedler ( March 8, 1917 &ndash January 29, 2003) was an American literary critic known for his interest in Mythography Kenneth Duva Burke ( May 5 1897 – November 19 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Paul Bénichou French writer intellectual critic and literary historian (born September 19, 1908, in Tlemcen French Algeria; died May 14 Barbara Johnson (born 1947 is an American Literary critic and translator The following is a list of literary terms; that is those words used in discussion classification criticism and analysis of Literature. This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. 1
2. ^ Culler 1997, p. 1
3. ^ Bakhtin 1981, p. 8

References

• Culler, J. (1997) Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford university Press.
• Bakhtin, M. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin ( Russian: Михаил Михайлович Бахти́н mʲɪxʌˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪʨ bʌxˈtʲin ( November 17, 1895 M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.

External links

• Aristotle's Poetics (350 BCE)
• Longinus' On the Sublime (1st century CE)
• Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie (1595)
• "A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology", by José Ángel García Landa
• "Some Literary Criticism quotes", by Tim Love
• The Litcrit Toolkit
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Literary Theory," by Vince Brewton
• Annotated bibliography on literary theory
• David Chandler, Semiotics for Beginners

References

• Peter Barry. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP is a free Online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995 Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. ISBN 0-7190-6268-3.
• Jonathan Culler. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 0-19-285383-X.
• Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: An Introduction. ISBN 0-8166-1251-X.
• Terry Eagleton. After Theory. ISBN 0-465-01773-8.
• Jean-Michel Rabaté. The Future of Theory. ISBN 0-631-23013-0.
• The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. ISBN 0-8018-4560-2.
• Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge and Nigel Wood. 2nd Ed. ISBN 0-582-31287-6
• Theory's Empire: An Anthology of Dissent. Ed. Daphne Patai and Will H. Corral. ISBN 0-231-13417-7.

Further reading

• Carroll, J. (2007). Evolutionary Approaches to Literature and Drama. In Robin Dunbar and Louise Barrett, (Eds. ), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Chapter 44. Full text

• Castle, Gregory. Blackwell Guide to Literary Theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

• Culler, Jonathan. The Literary in Theory. Jonathan Culler (born 1944 is Class of 1966 Harvard graduate and Professor of English at Cornell University Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.

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